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Muscari heldreichii Boissier (1859: 109) (Fig. 1) ≡ Botryanthus heldreichii (Boissier) Jordan & Fourreau (1870: 24). [Muscari hymenophorum Heldreich ex Boissier (1859: 109), nom. inval. pro syn.]. Lectotype (designated here): —[GREECE]. In m. Parnassi reg. infer. Inter lapides mobiles nuper nive obductos supra Rachova alt. 3000’, 22 April 1857, J. Guicciardi s.n., De Heldreich Herbarium Graecum Normale 662 (G00753524 photo! Fig. 1; isolectotypes: B 10 1158044!, MPU014552 photo!, MPU014553 photo!, JE00020018 photo!, S-G-7334 photo!, WU0079234 photo!). Protologue citation: —“Hab. in regione inferiori montis Parnassi inter lapides mobiles nive nuper obductos suprà Rachova alt. 3000’ fine Aprilis 1857. cl. Guicciardi.—Descr. e specim. vivis e bulbis Parnassicis vere 1858 enatis”. Additional specimens examined: — GREECE. Arcadia [Achaia], [Kalavryta], in regio superiori mt. Chelmos (Aroania vet.) supra pagum Sudena, alt 2000–2200 m, 20 July 1893, de Halácsy s.n (B 10 1201991!); [Kreta], [Rethymnon], M. Ida: im Felsgerölle der Gipfelregion, 29 May 1904, Dörfler 951 (B 10 9008653!); Prov. Peloponnisos, Nom. Achaia: Chelmos (Aroania), Nordhänge in der Nähe des Kataphygion des Alpin-Klubs Kalavrita. Felsschutt Schrofen, Kalk, 2100–2200 m, 18 June 1986, M. Erben s.n. (B 10 1016481!); m. Chelmos: in regione alpine, nives, 7000’, 29 July 1848, n.a. (G00753534 photo!). Notes: — This small alpine species is probably among the least known members of the genus Muscari. It shares some morphological similarities with Muscari botryoides in which it was synonymized by some authors, but is smaller with generally fewer flowers and those are of a brighter colour with faint white stripes. Additionally, the species is found only in alpine habitats above 2000 m of elevation in the mountains of central Greece, the Peloponnese mountains as well as on Crete. Muscari botryoides is usually absent in elevation above 2000 m and is further barely documented from Peloponnese and missing on Crete. The original description was made by E. Boissier (1859) in his Flora Orientalis based on a gathering made by J. Guicciardi near mount Parnassus in present Kentriki Ellada province. The respective gathering was distributed under exsiccate nr. 662 of the Herbarium Graecum Normale of T. Heldreich. Seven specimens of this gathering are located in different herbaria, namely Berlin (B), the Boissier herbarium held in Geneva (G-BOIS), Jena (JE), Montpellier (MPU), Stockholm (S) and Vienna (WU). Among those seven specimens, the one in Stockholm is by far the most complete one incl. multiple well-preserved plants, however, the specimen held in Geneva (G-BOIS) must be regarded as the lectotype since it is presumably the one that was used to make the description, hence it is here selected as lectotype and the others as isolectotypes. Some confusion may arise from the fact that the specimens referring either to the name M. heldreichii or to M. hymenophorum. Obviously, T. Heldreich regarded his gathering 662 as a new species and designated on his herbarium labels a new name, but Boissier did not follow and named the new taxon in honour of T. Heldreich., Published as part of Böhnert, Tim & Lobin, Wolfram, 2023, Lectotypification of Muscari heldreichii (Asparagaceae) from Greece, pp. 130-132 in Phytotaxa 584 (2) on page 130, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.584.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7639390, {"references":["Boissier, E. (1859) Diagnoses Plantarum Orientalium Novarum. 3,4. Herrmann, Ramboz, Lipsiae, Geneve, 146 pp. Available from: https: // www. digitale-sammlungen. de / en / view / bsb 10301137? page = 108,109 (accessed 31 October 2022)","Jordan, A. & Fourreau, J. P. (1870) Icones ad Floram Europae. F. Savy, Paris, 52 pp. Available from: https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 96713046 / f 3. item (accessed 31 October 2022)"]}

The study was conducted in the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Field Crops Department of Agricultural Faculty of the Ege University in 2020-2021. Bulbs of Muscari neglectum collected from nature were used as genetic material in the study. These bulbs were cultured in nutrient media containing MS (Control) and MS+ TDZ (Thidiazuron) and BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0 for the regeneration. When the results were estimated; the highest means were obtained in MS+4.0 mg/l TDZ medium in terms of shoot number (8.2), shoot length (4.9 cm). MS+1.0 mg/l BAP medium had the highest means for root number (7.5), root length (3.3 cm). The shoots developed from these media were sub cultured in media containing MS+IBA for rooting. The media containing MS+2.0 mg/l IBA was found to be the highest in terms of plant number (8.3), plant height (8.7 cm) and root number (6.0). Muscari neglectum's bulbs have regeneration potential under in vitro conditions. The possibilities of using this plant as an ornamental or medicinal plant can be increased by using this technology

Background Grape hyacinth (Muscari spp.) is one of the most important ornamental bulbous plants. However, its lengthy juvenile period and time-consuming transformation approaches under the available protocols impedes the functional characterisation of its genes in flower tissues. In vitro flower organogenesis has long been used to hasten the breeding cycle of plants but has not been exploited for shortening the period of gene transformation and characterisation in flowers. Results A petal regeneration system was established for stable transformation and function identification of colour gene in grape hyacinth. By culturing on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) with 0.45 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 8.88 μM 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), during the colour-changing period, the flower bud explants gave rise to regeneration petals in less than 3 months, instead of the 3 years required in field-grown plants. By combining this system with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, a glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) was delivered into grape hyacinth petals. Ultimately, 214 transgenic petals were regenerated from 24 resistant explants. PCR and GUS quantitative analyses confirmed that these putative transgenic petals have stably overexpressed GUS genes. Furthermore, an RNAi vector of the anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase gene (MaGT) was integrated into grape hyacinth petals using the same strategy. Compared with the non-transgenic controls, reduced expression of the MaGT occurred in all transgenic petals, which caused pigmentation loss by repressing anthocyanin accumulation. Conclusion The Agrobacterium transformation method via petal organogenesis of grape hyacinth took only 3–4 months to implement, and was faster and easier to perform than other gene-overexpressing or -silencing techniques that are currently available.

In this research, pollen micromorphology and ultrastructure of eight species belonging to genera including Alrawia, Bellevalia, Fessia, Muscari, Othocallis, Prospero, Puschkinia, and Zagrosia were ...

In the Flora of Turkey, the taxonomic concept of Muscari massayanum sensu Davis & Stuart was given based on five herbarium specimens and a photograph. In the original study, type location of the species was not specified, but its photograph and brief morphological features were included. In current study, herbarium samples given by Davis & Stuart under the description of the species in the Flora of Turkey were examined, and as a result of field studies conducted at the locations where these samples were collected, it was determined that the aforementioned description included M. massayanum, as well as the later published M. erdalii, and a new taxon yet to be named. As a result of comparative and detailed morphological studies to solve this confusion, a new species, Muscari erzincanicum (Asparagaceae) from Turkey, is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to M. massayanum and M. erdalii, but differs from both by the flower, fruit and seed characteristics.

A new species, Muscari inundatum (Asparagaceae) from Turkey, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to M. neglectum and M. adilii, but differs mainly by its shouldered fertile flowers with erect to slightly recurved lobes at maturity. In this study, a comprehensive description, diagnostic characters, original photographs, detailed illustration, geographical distribution, conservation assessment, identification key, and taxonomic comments on the new species are presented.

Systematic and phylogenetic status of Muscari – valuable ornamental and melliferous genus of flowering plants, still unclear despite numerous explorations. Therefore, the aim of the work was to carry out a critical analysis of publications devoted to phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Muscari and to clarify its taxonomic position. The article provides a brief overview of the main publications dedicate to phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus. The systematic position of the genus Muscari in the early phylogenetic systems, taxonomic systems of the XX century and modern molecular phylogenetic systems is observed. Modern phylogenetic systems developed by Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III, APG IV) and based on DNA sequence analysis. They show that Muscari belongs to the subfamily Scilloideae, family Asparagaceae s.l., order Asparagales, clusters Monocots. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Muscari is difficult and controversial. In general, there are two main concepts of the genus Muscari division into subgenus. The first was developed by F. Speta in 1999 and is based on molecular data. In it, the genus is considered in a broad sense (s.l.), and divided into 4 subgenera: Muscari, Leopoldia, Muscarimia and Pseudomuscari. The second, more modern concept was developed by R. Govaerts and presented in the «World Checklist of selected plant families». According R. Govaerts, Muscari is divided into 3 separate genera: Muscari s.str. (=Muscarimia, Botryanthus), Leopoldia and Pseudomuscari. Paleobotanical data analysis established that the ancestral forms of modern Muscari originated approximately 3,29 million BC in the Mediterranean and spread to other regions of the world. The closest phylogenetic relatives of Muscari are the genera Scilla and Bellevalia. Chouardia and Nectaroscilla are also highly related. Comprehensive studies of morphological, biogeographical, molecular and other peculiarities of critical taxa are needed to clarification of the systematic position and phylogenetic relationships within the genus Muscari.

A new species, Muscari muglaensis Eker, H.Duman & Yıldırım sp. nov. (Asparagaceae) from Turkey, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to M. weissii, M. comosum, M. cycladicum and M. elmasii, but differs mainly by its large bulbs and fruit structure from M. weissii and M. comosum, and long pedicels of fertile flowers and transversely growing raceme in fruit from M. cycladicum and M. elmasii. In this study, a comprehensive description, diagnostic characters, original photographs, detailed illustration, geographical distribution, conservation assessment, identification key, observations, and taxonomic comments on the new species are presented.

Grape hyacinths (Muscari spp.) are popular spring flowering bulbs in Europe and also in Hungary. In the spring of 2017, we came across grape hyacinth plants showing mosaic symptoms, which indicated viral infection. Currently Hyacinth mosaic virus (genus Potyvirus), a proposed member of the genus named Muscari mosaic virus, Arabis mosaic virus (genus Nepovirus), Cucumber mosaic virus (genus Cucumovirus) and Tobacco rattle virus (genus Tobravirus) are known to infect grape hyacinth. Leaf samples of symptomatic grape hyacinths were observed, collected and the presence of potyviruses was proved with potyvirus specific monoclonal antibody by ELISA and by potyvirus specific RT-PCR. Laboratory host plants and seed grown Muscari plants were inoculated with leaf sap and symptoms were recorded. Nucleotide sequences of the cloned fragments were compared to GenBank data. In the case of Muscari ‘Helena’ the highest nucleotide identity in the coat protein coding region was found with two Muscari mosaic virus isolates (95.51% and 95.79%). In the case of the clones derived from Muscari ‘Pink Sunrise’ plant, the highest identity was recorded with Muscari mosaic virus isolates (57.65% and 57.80%) and with a Tulip breaking virus strain (55.13%) indicating the existence of a novel potyvirus species, tentatively named Muscari chlorotic mottle virus. The coat protein sequences were aligned and Maximum Likelihood trees were built to analyze phylogenetic relationships.

The family Liliaceae (Cronquist system) contains various important ornamental plants. We have been examining for about 20 years the establishment of plant regeneration and genetic transformation systems in liliaceous ornamental plants for their biotechnological breeding and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms determining ornamental traits. In this review, studies on in vitro plant regeneration in 7 genera and on Agrobacterium-mediated production of transgenic plants in 4 genera are described. Plant regeneration was achieved via callus cultures in Agapanthus, Hemerocallis, Hosta, Lilium, Muscari and Tricyrtis. Auxins (2,4-dichrolophenoxyacetic acid, α-naphthaleneacetic acid and/or picloram) were effective for inducing regenerable calli. Tulipa species and cultivars were very recalcitrant to callus induction and plant regeneration. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was examined in Agapanthus, Lilium, Muscari and Tricyrtis, and transgenic plants were obtained in all genera by using regenerable calli as a target material for Agrobacterium inoculation, inoculation and co-cultivation with Agrobacterium in the presence of acetosyringone, and selection of transgenic tissues and plantlets on hygromycin-containing media. Among 4 genera, Tricyrtis has several advantages for transformation studies: higher transformation efficiency, relatively small plant size, ease of cultivation, and taking only 1 year from in vitro regeneration to flowering. We are now investigating the molecular mechanisms for determining plant form, flower color and flower form by using Tricyrtis spp. as liliaceous model plants.

In this study, morphological, anatomical, palinological characteristics of naturally distrubuted Muscari inconstrictum Rech. fil., M. comosum L., M. babachii Eken & Koyuncu and M. neglectum Guss. species in Hatay Province (Turkey) have been studied. Morphological studies include to examination on characters such as bulb, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. The seed characters were found ovate-eliptic in M. inconstrictum and spheroidal in the others, with entire, rugose and ribbed ornamentation. Palynological analysis showed that pollen apertures were generally sulcate, subprolate and oblate in shape, and reticulate-subreticulate ornamentation. In anatomical studies, cross-sections were taken from the roots, stems and leaves of the species by paraffin method. Prepared preparations were photographed under light microscope and their anatomical features were determined., Bu çalışmada, Hatay’da doğal yayılış gösteren Muscari inconstrictum Rech. fil., M. comosum L., M. babachii Eken & Koyuncu ve M. neglectum Guss. türlerinin morfolojik, anatomik ve palinolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Morfolojik çalışmalarda soğan, yaprak, çiçek, meyve ve tohum gibi yapıların özellikleri incelenmiştir. Tohum özellikleri incelendiğinde tohum büyüklüklerinin farklı, tohum şekillerinin M. inconstrictum’da ovat-eliptik diğer türlerde sferoidal olarak ve yüzey şekilleri entire, rugose ve ribbed olarak belirlenmiştir. Palinolojik analiz sonuçları polenlerin apartürleri sulkat, polen tipi subprolate ve oblate (basık) şekilde ve retikulat-subraretikulat ornamentasyona sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Anatomik çalışmalarda, türlerin kök, gövde ve yapraklarından parafin yöntemiyle enine kesitler alınmıştır. Hazırlanan preparatlar ışık mikroskobu altında fotoğraflanarak anatomik özellikleri belirlenmiştir.

Homoisoflavonoids are in the subclass of the larger family of flavonoids but have one more alkyl carbon than flavonoids. Among them, 5,7,8-trioxygenated homoisoflavonoids have not been extensively studied for synthesis and biological evaluation. Our current objective is to synthesize 2 5,7,8-trioxygenated chroman-4-ones and 12 5,7,8-trioxygenated homoisoflavonoids that have been isolated from the plants Bellevalia eigii, Drimiopsis maculata, Ledebouria graminifolia, Eucomis autumnalis, Eucomis punctata, Eucomis pallidiflora, Chionodoxa luciliae, Muscari comosum, and Dracaena cochinchinensis. For this purpose, 1,3,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene and 4′-benzyloxy-2′,3′-dimethoxy-6′-hydroxyacetophenone were used as starting materials. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation using Noyori’s Ru catalyst provided 5,7,8-trioxygenated-3-benzylchroman-4-ones with R-configuration in high yield and enantiomeric excess. By selective deprotection of homoisoflavonoids using BCl3, the total synthesis of natural products including 10 first syntheses and three asymmetric syntheses has been completed, and three isomers of the reported dracaeconolide B could be provided. Our research on 5,7,8-trioxygenated homoisoflavonoids would be useful for the synthesis of related natural products and pharmacological applications.

Due to the unique blue color and perennial growth habit, Muscari can be cultivated as a bedding plant, pot plant, or cut flower. Meanwhile, there is lack of information about genetic variations of Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten.; consequently, the diversity of nine populations (90 accessions) belonging to M. neglectum was evaluated by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker, start codon targeted (SCoT) marker and morphological marker. Ten ISSR primers used in this experiment amplified 142 reproducible bands with 137 (96.4%) polymorphism; and ten SCoT primers amplified 165 bands with 151 (91.12%) polymorphism. Both ISSR and SCoT analyses indicated a high level of genetic variation in the wild population of M. neglectum. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) revealed a higher genetic diversity within the geographic group (0.69%) compared to the genetic variation among populations (0.31%). The gene flow between populations was low, while there was a greater gene flow between close areas. Morphological data divided nine populations into three clusters, while molecular data separated the populations into five groups, which were confirmed with structure analysis and discriminant analysis of principal component (DAPC) analysis. Our investigation showed that first, SCoT and ISSR markers are suitable for evaluation of genetic variation in Muscari genus, and there is appropriate genetic diversity among M. neglectum populations. Our results suggest some information to conserve the genetic resources and improve breeding program based on genetic data.

Muscari pallens (M.Bieb.) Fisch. Muscari pallens (M.B) Fischer. [Type specimen: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E), E00326157], Hyacinthus pallens No: 8520 [Syntype: Herbarium Universitatis Mosquensis (MW), MW0591727]. Muscari pallens [Geneva Herbarium���Boissier���s Flora Orientalis (G-BOIS), G00753346, G00753347]., Published as part of Uysal, Tuna, Aksoy, Ahmet, Bozkurt, Meryem & Ertu��rul, Kuddisi, 2022, A new grape hyacinth from East Anatolia (Turkey) Muscari vanensis (subgenus Botryanthus), pp. 53-71 in Phytotaxa 536 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6224240

Muscari vanensis Uysal sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 3 and 6) (Subgen. Botryanthus (Kunth) Rouy) M. vanensis is partly similar to M. botryoides and at less with M. armeniacum, but the former differs in its dwarf appearance and patent leaves, shorter scape, densely globose-oblong raceme, globose urceolate and swollen fertile flowers (Table 2). Type:��� TURKEY. B9 Van: Gevaş, Deveboynu Peninsula, southeastern slopes facing the lake, stony rocky openings, 1750 m, T. Uysal 4261 & A. Aksoy (Holo.: KNYA). Bulb 15���25 mm long, 15���20 mm wide, without bulblets; outer tunic papery, dark or blackish brown; inner cream or beige and with white dots over, membranous. Leaves (2���)4���5(���8), patent or erect-falcate, linear, 5���16 cm long, 1���4(���6) mm wide, usually longer than scape or rarely equal, canaliculate, apex subacute to acute, upper surface glaucous, outer shiny, without a median line and green and reddish suffused at margins. Scape 1 or 2, 4���8(���12) cm long, sometimes slightly flexuous and pale reddish upwards. Raceme �� ovoid-oblong, dense, rarely globose, 1���2.5 cm long, 0.8���1.5 cm wide in flower, with (10���)20���30(���40) flowers, slightly elongated in fruit. Sterile flowers mostly concolorous, globose or obconic to oblong, 1.2���1.5(���2) mm long, 1���1.4 mm wide; pedicels 0.1���0.5 mm long, white or ice blue. Fertile flowers 10���28, globose-urceolate to swollen ovoid-urceolate, 2.8���3(���3.2) mm long, 1.5���2(���2.2) mm wide, constricted distally, white or whitish lilac, ice blue, sky or pale blue; lobes whitish, minute, slightly recurved and having rarely longitutionally blue midvein in outer; pedicels pendulous, 1���3 mm in flower, 3���4(���5) mm in fruit. Stamens subuniseriate or biseriate, arising the middle of the tube; filaments 0.5���0.8 mm long, anthers 0.5���0.6 mm long, 0.4���0.5 mm wide, blackish purple. Gynoecium 2.3���2.7(���3.2) mm long, ovary 1.3���1.5(���2) mm long, 1.1���1.3(1.6) mm wide, ovoid, trigonous at ventral part, yellow or yellowish-green; style 1���1.2, whitish; stigma capitates and purple. Capsule 3���4 mm long, 4���5 mm wide, obcordate, somewhite compressed, with triangular valves. Seed subglobose, 1���1.2 mm long, 1 mm wide, bright black. Flowering in May. Eponymy: ���The name of the new species was given to the province of Van, which is a city with unique natural and historical beauties in our Eastern Anatolia Region in Turkey. The Turkish name of the new species is Van S��mb��l�� which name is suggested according to the guidelines of Menemen et al. (2016). Distribution and ecology: ��� Muscari vanensis is a local endemic species restricted to the Gevaş district of Van, East Anatolia (Turkey). It is a geophyte species of the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region. It is specific to the calcareous soils (marble recrystallized limestone) at elevations between 1700 and 1750 m. It grows together with Acantholimon caryophyllaceum Boissier, Aethionema grandiflorum Boissier & Hohenacker, Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boissier, Artemisia vulgaris Linnaeus, Astragalus pinetorum Boissier, Astragalus zohrabi Bunge, Astracantha microcephala (Willd.) Podlech, Atraphaxis billardieri Jaubert & Spach, Campanula stevenii M. Bieb. subsp. beauverdiana (Fomin) Rech. f. & Schiman-Czeika, Cruciata laevipes Opiz, Daphne kurdica (Bornm.) Bornm��ller, Fritillaria minuta Boissier & No��, Gagea bulbifera (Pall.) Salisbury, Galium incanum Sm. subsp. elatius (Boiss.) Ehrendorfer, Holosteum umbellatum Linnaeus, Hypericum scabrum Linnaeus, Juniperus excelsa M. Bieberstein, Juniperus oxycedrus Linnaeus, Linum austriacum Linnaeus, Melica persica Kunth, Minuartia juniperina (L.) Maire & Petitmengin, Ononis spinosa L. subsp. leiosperma (Boiss.) ��irjaev, Polygala anatolica Boissier & Heldreich, Puschkinia scilloides Adams, Ranunculus damascenus Boissier & Gaillardot, Salvia virgata Jacquin, Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. Karyology: ���According to our counts, Muscari vanensis has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 18 and its karyotype formula is 14 m + 2 sm+2 smsat (Table 3). According to Lima De Faria (1980), the new species has 2 pairs of medium and 7 pairs of small chromosomes in its karyogram and from medium to small ones their chromosomes suddenly minimize and seven pairs small ones get by degrees shorter. (Fig. 7). According to the indices used herein, it has both symmetric and asymmetric chromosomes (Table 4; AI: 4.19, A 1: 0.24, A 2: 0.36, CV CL: 36.9 and CV CI: 11.37). R: Range, SC: shortest chromosome length, LC: longest chromosome length, p: mean length of the long short arm, q: mean length of the long arm, CL: mean chromosome length, TCL: total haploid complement length, CI: mean centromeric index, SD: standart deviation, KF: karyotype formula, m: metacentric, sm: submetacentric, st: subtelocentric. A 1: intrachromosomal asymmetry index, A 2: interchromosomal asymmetry index, CV CL: coefficient of variation of chromosome length, CV CI: coefficient of variation of centromeric index, AI: karyotype asymmetry index, M CA: mean centromeric asymmetry. The conservational status: ���According to our observations, the population area of Muscari vanensis is small and the number of mature individuals is less than 1000 in total. To reach a certain judgement with regards to the conservation status of the species, it is necessary to known whether the presence of other populations of M. vanensis might throughout the Deveboynu Peninsula or not. According to the herbarium records, it is thought that the new species may have a distribution between Altınsa��, G��r��nd�� and İnk��y�� villages and this partial distribution may be along a line of approximately 8���10 kilometers as the Bird���s Flight. However, the similarity of the records reported by different collectors and the similar altitudes given suggest that there may be a single location. During our field studies, the distribution of the species was not found between Altınsa�� and Ink��y, and the species could only be collected throughout a line which extent from calcerous slopes to Juniperus formations marked on the map (Fig. 2, B). In this situation, it is not possible to make very comprehensively an evaluation about the threat category of the species, merely it can be inferred that the distribution area of the species is less than an area of 5 square kilometers and it is known from a single locality. It is expressed that ���Overgrazing��� is the major cause of soil degradation worldwide (Oldemann et al. 1991) and may be resulted in the damage or even disappearance of a preferred plant or vegetation cover (Bardgett et al. 1995). As mentioned above, the population of the new species is quite open to anthropogenic and grazing pressures, as it is located both close to the villages and on the slope facing the road connecting the villages. Therefore, we can suggest that the species might be potentially critically endangered (CR), but need more fieldwork to measure or estimate its actual conservation status., Published as part of Uysal, Tuna, Aksoy, Ahmet, Bozkurt, Meryem & Ertu��rul, Kuddisi, 2022, A new grape hyacinth from East Anatolia (Turkey) Muscari vanensis (subgenus Botryanthus), pp. 53-71 in Phytotaxa 536 (1) on pages 55-59, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6224240, {"references":["Stuart, D. C. (1966) Muscari and allied genera. A Lily group discussion. The Lily Year Book 29: 123 - 128.","Karlen, T. (1987) Muscari sandrasicum (Liliaceae), a new species from Turkey. Willdenowia 16: 375 - 382.","Menemen, Y., Aytac, Z. & Kandemir, A. (2016) Turkce Bilimsel Bitki Adlandirma Yonergesi. Bagbahce Bilim Dergisi 3: 1 - 3. [in Turkish]","Lima De Faria, A. (1980) Classification of genes, rearrangements and chromosomes according to the chromosome field. Hereditas 93: 1 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1601 - 5223.1980. tb 01043. x","Oldemann, L. R., Hakkeling, R. T. A. & Sombroek, W. Cl. (1991) World Map of the Status of Human-induced Soil Degradation: An Explanatory Note, 2 nd revised edn. International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Nairobi / United Nations Environment Programme, Wageningen.","Bardgett, R. D., Marsden, J. H. & Howard, D. C. (1995) The extent and condition of heather moorland in the uplands of England and Wales. Biological Conservation 71: 155 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0006 - 3207 (94) 00042 - O"]}

Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker Konya, Seydişehir - Manavgat Yolu, Madenli K��y�� girişi, 1430 m, T . Uysal 3312 (KNYA!). Konya, Tınaztepe - Bozkır yayla yolu, Pinus nigra orman a��ıklıkları, T . Uysal 3315 & K . Ertuğrul, M . Bozkurt (KNYA!). Konya, G��neysınır, Yılanlı T . Uysal 3916 (KNYA!). Antalya Konya altı, T��bitak g��zlem evinin g��ney doğusu 1839 m, 20 iv 2018, T . Uysal 3542 & A . Aksoy (KNYA!). Antalya, Gevne vadisi, Cırlasun mevkii, Pinus nigra orman a��ıklıkları, 1320 m, T . Uysal 3330 & K . Ertuğrul, M. Bozkurt (KNYA!). Antalya, Ibradı- ��z��mdere vadisi-Kumcak arası, 580 m, T . Uysal 3362 & K . Ertuğrul, M. Bozkurt (KNYA!). Antalya, Şakıroğlu-Ibradı tozluk kayalık yama��lar Ardı��-katran orman a��ıklığı 1364 m, T . Uysal 3479 (KNYA!). Isparta, Eğridir-Aksu yolu, Eğridir���den 8-10 km meşe a��ıklıkları 1040 m, T . Uysal 3788 & H . Demirelma (KNYA!). Kayseri, Develi, Kulpak k��y��nden Erciyes Dağına ��ıkarken batı yama��ları, ıslak nemli eğimli ��ayırlıklar, 1850m, T . Uysal 4248 & A . Aksoy (KNYA!). Malatya, Ak��adağ, Levent kanyonu, ��ay��z�� k��y��n��n Doğu yama��ları, 1170 m - 1200 m, T . Uysal 3614 (KNYA!). Kahramanmaraş, G��ksun-Elbistan arası, Malatya yolu, yolun 500 m. i��erisinde kalan Asar tepeler seki a��ıklıkları, 1277 m, T . Uysal 3601 (KNYA!). Denizli, Denizli-Honaz dağı, zirveye yakın 60 derece kayalık meyilli yama��lar, T . Uysal 3933 & H . Demirelma (KNYA!). Kastamonu, Taşk��pr��, Bekdemirekşi k��y��, kavak bah��eleri a��ıklıkları, 745 m, T . Uysal 3851 & H . Demirelma (KNYA!). Tunceli, Tunceli-Ovacık, Tunceli���den Ovacık���a 2-3 km, meşe a��ıklığı ��ayırlıklar, 907 m, T . Uysal 3878 (KNYA!). Artvin, Murgul, korucular k��y��, 716 m, bah��elikler, T . Uysal 3892 (KNYA!). Bartın, G��ğeren t��rbesine giden orman yolu, ��ayırlık alanlar, 1070 m, T . Uysal 3839 & H . Demirelma (KNYA!). Izmir, Izmir-Kemalpaşa, Yukarı Kızılcadan Mahmut dağına ��ıkış yolu, Akkaya altı, vadi i��i, P. brutia altları, 340 m, K . Ertuğrul 5660 (KNYA!)., Published as part of Uysal, Tuna, Aksoy, Ahmet, Bozkurt, Meryem & Ertu��rul, Kuddisi, 2022, A new grape hyacinth from East Anatolia (Turkey) Muscari vanensis (subgenus Botryanthus), pp. 53-71 in Phytotaxa 536 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6224240

Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. Konya, Derbent yolu, Derbent���e bir km kala, 1598 m, 29 iv 2021, T . Uysal 4215 A & M . Bozkurt, E. N. Şimşek Sezer (KNYA!). Van, Hoşap, G��zelsu k��y��nden-Başkale���ye doğru, 7-8 km, yolun sağında kalan ıslak ��ayırlıklar T . Uysal 4270 & A . Aksoy (KNYA!). Van, Edremit, Bah��eler, T . Uysal 4273 & A . Aksoy (KNYA!). Erzurum, Erzurum-Artvin yolu, Dumluk��y��, Yakutiye civarı, ıslak ��ayırlıklar, 1760 m, 12 v 2018, T . Uysal 3694a,b & H . Demirelma, M . Bozkurt (KNYA!). Trabzon, Araklı - Bayburt arası, Kayalık yama��lar, 510 m, 22 iv 2019, T . Uysal 3897 (KNYA!). Sivas, Erzincan karayolu g��lete bakan kuzeydoğu yama��lar Astragalus microcephalus birlikleri eğimli yama��lar, 1690-1700 m, 12 v 2018, T . Uysal 3674 & H . Demirelma, M . Bozkurt (KNYA!)., Published as part of Uysal, Tuna, Aksoy, Ahmet, Bozkurt, Meryem & Ertu��rul, Kuddisi, 2022, A new grape hyacinth from East Anatolia (Turkey) Muscari vanensis (subgenus Botryanthus), pp. 53-71 in Phytotaxa 536 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6224240

Приведены результаты изучения параметров 2 видов и 2 сортов Muscari в Ботаническом саду-институте Поволжского государственного технологического университета (Республика Марий Эл, г. Йошкар-Ола) в 2022 году. Определены значения изученных параметров: высота цветоносов, количество цветоносов у одного растения, длина и ширина соцветий. Наибольшими количественными показателями характеризовался M. armeniacum, наименьшими - M. azureum. Установлено, что более высокие мускари имели большее количество цветоносов и более длинные соцветия., The study results of 4 Muscari species and varieties parameters in the Botanical Garden-Institute of Volga State University of Technology (the Mari El Republic, Yoshkar-Ola) in 2022 are presented. The values of the studied parameters were determined: the height of the peduncles, the peduncles amount of one plant, the length and width of the inflorescences. M. armeniacum had the highest quantitative indicators, M. azureum had the lowest ones. It was found that taller muscari had a larger amount of peduncles and longer inflorescences.

In this study, the taxonomic status of Muscari wallii, considered as a synonym of Muscari tenuiflorum in previous studies, is re-evaluated based on morphological and chorological studies. Muscari wallii is morphologically similar to M. tenuiflorum and M. babachii. However, it is discussed that M. wallii differs mainly by its seed characteristics, posture of pedicels of sterile flowers at maturity and bulb shape from both taxa. It is also distinguished from M. tenuiflorum by the colour of shoulders of fertile flowers and colour of young intermediate flowers, and from M. babachii by the fruit shape, colour of sterile and young intermediate flowers, shape and length of fertile flowers and scabrid leaf margin. A comprehensive description, diagnostic characters, original photographs, geographical distribution, identification key, observations, and taxonomic comments on the resurrected species are presented.

The taxonomical status of Muscari haradjianii from Turkey was reevaluated in this study. We provide here a detailed morphological description, including pollen and seed features, distribution range, and chromosome number. There has been frequent confusion regarding the differences between M. haradjianii and its congeners M. longipes and M. tenuiflorum. Here, we clarify the differences among these species. In addition, it was determined that M. ufukii is a synonym for M. haradjianii.

A new species from Turkey, Muscari pamiryigidii Eker sp. nov. (Asparagaceae), is described and illustrated here. Diagnostic characters, description, original photographs, detailed illustration, geographical distribution, conservation assessment, observations, and taxonomic comments on the new species are presented. The new species is compared to the closely related species M. armeniacum, M. aucheri and M. bourgaei.

Introduction. This article discusses the composition of biologically active compounds in aboveground organs and bulbs of Armenian Muscari (Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin) of the Asparagaceae Juss family and the possible pharmacotherapeutic effects of drugs based on it. Materials and methods . The present study involved various sources of information: electronic search engines (Google, Google Academy), scientific literature, electronic databases (e-Library, Pubmed, Wiley, Springer, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science). Results and discussion . By reviewing the structure of the basic composition of biologically active substances in different parts of M. armeniacum, including anthocyanins (cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives), homoisoflavonoids, pyrrolizidine polyhydroxylated alkaloids (hyacinthacines A1, A2, A3, B3), oligoglycosides (muscaro-sides), ribosome-inactivating proteins (musarmins). The biological activity of M. armeniacum is also characterized by a considerable diversity: for various extracts of M. armeniacum, an antioxidant, antimutagenic, specific glycosidase inhibitory activity were noted. Conclusions. On the basis of the studied data, M. armeniacum can be recommended for the production of potential anticancer, antiviral, antidiabetic and anti-obesity drugs. It should be noted that for more information on the use of drugs based on this plant in clinical practice, as well as for the development of methods for standardization of the raw material of M. armeniacum, additional pharmacological and pharma-cognostic studies are needed.

This study presents the first in-depth evaluation of the morphological and anatomical characters, as well as their taxonomic importance, of the seeds of 36 taxa in subgenera Muscari, Leopoldia, Pseudomuscari and Botryanthus of the genus Muscari in Turkey, where 24 of the taxa are endemic. The results indicate that the taxa generally differ from each other in terms of seed shape and dimension. Seed dimensions vary between 1.66 mm and 3.21 mm in length, and between 1.12 mm and 2.63 mm in width. The seed surface ornamentation is grouped into nine forms: ruminate, reticulate, reticulate-areolate, reticulate-foveate, alveolate, scalariform, rugose, verrucate and areolate. The most common type is ruminate, while areolate, reticulate-foveate and scalariform ornamentation forms were found to be taxon-specific. Testa structures of the taxa examined consist in general of two different layers: the epidermis and the subepidermis in scleranchymatous or parenchymatous structures. The subepidermis may be absent in some of taxa. The structure and thickness of the epidermis and the subepidermis are very important characteristics that disclose interspecific relations among the examined taxa. We also provide a key for the identification of the studied taxa based on seed features.

Muscari comosum L. bulbs are commonly used as food in South Italy and also in folk medicine. By evaluating in vitro antioxidant activity and biological activities of their aqueous and methanol extracts, we shed light on the potential role, including both the nutraceutical and health benefits, of this plant. Total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were evaluated by the Folin&ndash, Ciocalteu method and by the aluminum chloride method, respectively. Antioxidant activity was investigated by three in vitro assays and relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI) was calculated to compare results obtained by different tests. The extracts were tested to evaluate their possible involvement in redox homeostasis, using the human hepatoma (HepG2) cell line used as model. The extracts exhibited concentration/solvent dependent radical scavenging activity, as well as dysregulation of some genes involved in redox pathways by promoting Nrf2, SOD-2, GPX1, ABCC6 and ABCG2 expression. NMR metabolomics analysis suggests that HepG2 cells treated with Muscari comosum extracts experience changes in some metabolites involved in various metabolic pathways.

Bu çalışma ile Türkiye’nin İç Anadolu bölgesi için endemik olan K. wagenitzii (Aellen) Freitag & G. Kadereit, M. adilii M. B. Güner & H. Duman ve V. gypsicola Vural & Aydoğdu türlerinin popülasyon yapıları ve yayılış alanlarının belirlenmesi ve bunların sonucunda IUCN tehlike kategorilerinin tekrardan değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu türlerin seçilmesinin nedeni sahip oldukları sınırlı yayılış alanları ile insan faktörü sonucu yüksek oranda yok olma riski taşımalarıdır. Çok yıllık halofitik K. wagenitzii türünün Tuz Gölü çevresinde 5 lokalitede yayılışı belirlenmiş ve toplam olgun birey sayısı 6458 olarak belirlenmiştir. Yaşam alanları toplamı 36 km2 olmasına karşın yayılış alanı 213 km2 dir. Tarım amaçlı kontrolsüz su kaynaklarının kullanılması önemli bir tehdit faktörüdür. K. wagenitzii türünün tehdit kategorisi IUCN Kırmızı Liste kriterlerine göre EN olarak değerlendirilmiştir. M. adilii marnlı toprakları tercih etmekte ve habitat tipi P. nigra ve meşe ormanlarının yıkımı sonucu oluşan steplerdir. Nallıhan-Beypazarı çevresinde 3 lokaliteden bilinmekte ve olgun birey sayısı 6144 olarak belirlenmiştir. Yaşam alanları toplamı ve yayılış alanı sırasıyla 12 km2 ve 28 km2 dir. Tür üzerindeki baskılar yol inşası ve tarım alanlarının büyümesi, ağaçlandırma çalışmaları ve fabrika kurulumu olup CR kategorisinde değerlendirilmiştir. V. gypsicola marnlı topraklarda yayılmaktadır. Beypazarı-Nallıhan çevresinden 3 lokalite ve Sivirihisar-Eskişehir’de bir lokalite yayılışı bulunmaktadır. Olgun birey sayısı 2755 olarak belirlenmiştir. Yaşam alanları toplamı 16 km2 ve yayılış alanı 269 km2 dir. Aşırı otlatma ve tarım alanlarının büyümesi ile birlikte fabrika kurulumu tür üzerindeki baskılar olup EN olarak değerlendirilmiştir., In this study, we aimed to determine the population size and distribution areas and to re-evaluate IUCN threat categories of Kalidium wagenitzii (Aellen) Freitag & G. Kadereit, Muscari adilii M.B. Güner & H. Duman and Verbascum gypsicola Vural & Aydoğdu, which are endemics of the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The three species have limited distribution areas and high risk of extinction as a result of human impact. The perennial halophytic species K. wagenitzii was found in 5 localities around Salt Lake (Tuz Gölü) and a total number of 6458 mature individuals were determined. The area of occupancy of the species is 36 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 213 km2. Uncontrolled use of water resources for agricultural purposes is a serious threat factor for the species. Kalidium wagenitzii is listed in EN category according to the IUCN Red List criteria. Muscari adilii prefers marly soils and its habitat type is formed by secondary succession after the destruction of Pinus nigra and oak forests. It is known from 3 localities around Nallıhan-Beypazarı with a population size of 6144 mature individuals. The area of occupancy and the extent of occurrence of the species is 12 km2 and 28 km2, respectively. The pressures on the species are road construction and increase of farmland, afforestation and factory establishment. According to the IUCN Red List criteria, the species is listed in CR category. Verbascum gypsicola is distributed on marly soils. It is known from 3 localities around Nallıhan–Beypazarı and one locality in Sivrihisar-Eskişehir with 2755 mature individuals in total. The area of occupancy of the species is 16 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 269 km2. Overgrazing and expansion of agricultural land, together with factory establishment are the major threats for this species, which is listed as EN in IUCN Red List.

Premise A set of polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci was developed and tested for use in population genetic analyses of Anthericum ramosum (Agavaceae) and related species. Methods and Results Sequences of 110 primers were extracted in silico from Illumina MiSeq genome skimming data. The degree of polymorphism of 19 loci was tested in four A. ramosum populations collected in Central and Eastern Europe. The average number of alleles per loci ranged from two to 17, and levels of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 1.000 and from 0.100 to 0.900, respectively. Primers were successfully amplified in the closely related species A. liliago (12 loci) and Chlorophytum comosum (six loci), whereas they mostly failed to amplify in the phylogenetically more‐distant species Muscari comosum (three loci) and M. tenuiflorum (no amplification). Conclusions This newly developed set of polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers will be useful for population genetic investigation of A. ramosum and closely related species.

Bu tez çalışmasında, Türkiye'de doğal yayılışı olan Muscari Mill. (Asparagaceae) cinsine ait taksonların morfolojisi, palinolojisi ve tohum yüzeyi özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Taksonların betimlemeleri yapılmış, teşhis anahtarı hazırlanmış, habitat özellikleri ve arazi gözlemlerine dayalı tehlike kategorileri IUCN kriterlerine göre yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Taksonların palinolojik özellikleri ışık mikroskobu ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu ile belirlenmiştir. Muscari cinsine ait taksonların polenleri monad, monosulkat, şekilleri subprolat-prolat ve ornamentasyonları retikulat olarak tespit edilmiştir. Taksonlara ait tohum yüzeyi özellikleri taramalı elektron mikroskobu ile belirlenmiştir.Tez çalışmasında M. botryoides türü ülkemizden yeni kayıt olarak verilmiştir. M. artvinense ile M. tauricum türleri M. botryoides türünün, M. tuzgoluensis türü M. neglectum türünün sinonimi olduğu yapılan detaylı incelemeler sonucunda tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca Türkiye'den tanımlanan ve daha sonra sinonim yapılan M. haradjianii türü geçerli isim yapılmış, M. sabihapinari türü de bilim dünyasına yeni bir tür olarak kazandırılmıştır.Bu tez çalışması kapsamında Muscari cinsinin ülkemizdeki tür sayısının 39 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. In this thesis study, morphological, palynological and seed surface characteristics of taxa belonging to the genus Muscari Mill (Asparagaceae) which is naturally spreading in Turkey were investigated. Descriptions of taxa were made, identification key was prepared and threatened categories based on habitat characteristics and field observations were rearranged according to IUCN criteria. Palynological features of taxa were determined by light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The pollens of the taxa belonging to the genus Muscari were determined in monads, monosulcate, subprolate-prolate shaped and ornamentation as reticulate. Seed surface properties of taxa were determined by scanning electron microscope.In this thesis study, M. botryoides was given as new record from our country. As a result of detailed examinations, it was determined that M. artvinense and M. tauricum are the synonym of M. botryoides and M. tuzgoluensis is the synonym of M. neglectum. In addition, M. haradjianii, which was previously published from our country but later made synonymous was resurrected to the species level, and M. sabihapinariae was introduced as a new species to scientific world.Within the scope of this thesis, it was determined that the number of Muscari species is 39 in our country. 541

Muscari turcicum, endemic to south Anatolia, Turkey, represents an unexplored crop plant, with potential therapeutic uses related to its phytochemical composition. In this work, the in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity of flower, leaf and bulb extracts, obtained using different extraction methods were evaluated. A comprehensive polyphenolic and sesquiterpene lactones profiling of the different extracts was also undertaken. For this purpose, UHPLC-QTOF mass spectrometry allowed us to putatively annotate 280 phytochemical compounds of which 162 were polyphenols and 118 were sesquiterpene lactones. The most abundant polyphenols were flavonoids (77 compounds), phenolic acids (34 compounds), and low molecular weight phenols (38 compounds). Muscari turcicum leaf methanol extract possessed the highest concentrations of low-molecular-weight phenolics, phenolic acids, and sesquiterpene lactones (20.61, 7.00, and 3.44 mg standard equivalent/g, respectively). The water extract of M. turcicum flower obtained by infusion showed prominent reducing (120.52 mg Trolox equivalent [TE]/g mg TE/g for both CUPRAC and FRAP) and radical scavenging potential (91.39 mg TE/g, for DPPH assay). Besides, M. turcicum flower methanol extract (13.44 mg EDTA equivalent/g) showed the highest metal chelating activity. Interestingly, methanol extracts obtained by Soxhlet extraction and maceration actively inhibited tyrosinase (129.36 mg kojic acid equivalent/g) and cholinesterases (5.15 mg galantamine equivalent [GALAE]/g and 6.16 mg GALAE/g, for acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase) respectively. Strong correlations (p

Background: Muscari inconstrictum Rech. f. is an ornamental and bulbous species with various medicinal and biological effects. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-malarial activities of M. inconstrictum as one of the Iranian species of Muscari genus. Additionally, preliminary phytochemical investigation of the extracts with different polarity was performed. Methods: M. inconstrictum bulbs were extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol (MeOH) by Soxhlet apparatus, in the order of their polarity. Next, vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) was used for the fractionation of extracts. Free radical scavenging and anti-malarial activities were investigated via DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and cell-free β-hematin formation methods. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for the characterization of potent fractions. Results: Among different extracts of M. inconstrictum, bulbs, chloroform, and n-hexane extracts were the most potent anti-oxidant and anti-malarial extracts, respectively. Moreover, methanolic, 80% and 100% ethyl acetate/n-hexane VLC fractions of chloroform extract showed significant anti-oxidant activities, which can be related to the presence of flavonoid and coumarin structures. Furthermore, 40% ethyl acetate/n-hexane VLC fraction of n-hexane extract with saponin structures is introduced as the most potent anti-malarial part. GC-MS analysis of methanol fraction of chloroform extract, 40% ethyl acetate/n-hexane VLC fraction of n-hexane extract, and the volatile oil of plant demonstrated the presence of phenolic monoterpenoid, fatty acid derivatives, and sesquiterpenoid structures as the main ingredients, respectively. Conclusions: It seems that more studies on M. inconstrictum are necessary to focus on pure compounds and their biological activities.

In this study, Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. (Asparagaceae) is recorded for the first time from the East Anatolia region (B9 Van) of Turkey. The description of Muscari botryoides is given and habitus photos of related species are presented. Geographical distribution is mapped, and IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) threat categories at the regional scale of the populations are discussed.

This study was focused on investigation of phenolic compounds, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of some wild onions (Crocus chrysanthus (SDA1), Hyacinthella campanislata (SDA2), Muscari armaniacum (SDA3), Ornithogalum armeniacum (SDA4), Gagea granatelli (SDA5), Hyacinthella heldreichii (SDA6), Muscari neglectum (SDA7), Ornithogalum lanceolatum (SDA-8). SDA-3 had the maximum total phenolic content, with the range of 88.19 mg/100 g, followed by SDA-1 (82.50 mg/100 g). SDA-1 (29.32%) exhibited the best antioxidant activity, followed by SDA-3 (27.92%). The major phenolic compound of SDA-3, SDA-4, SDA-5, SDA-6 and SDA-8 was (+)-catechin, with the ranges of 35.23, 30.76, 33.72, 44.42 and 50.85 mg/100 g, respectively. The dominant phenolic acid of SDA-1 (86.15 mg/100 g) and SDA-7 (22.07 mg/100 g) was determined as gallic acid. Additionally, SDA-2 contained the highest content of isorhamnetin (53.87 mg/100 g). Results indicate that the bulbs of studied plants are potential sources of phenolic compounds and their methanolic extracts have antioxidant activity.