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In addition to the typical type of coastal vertical wall structure, such as caissons and walls with piles and sheet piles, a steel-rod tied concrete panels' vertical wall was recently introduced. Its patented original design is in the form of steel-rod tied vertically arranged pairs of concrete panels with bulk materials fill in between the panels. This concrete panel structure has been applied as a not-too-high retaining wall in land and river locations and is claimed to be economical and well-performed about the design state. To assess its potential implementation for marine transportation infrastructure, such as breakwaters, harbor docks, or for retaining walls along the coast transportation road, a structure analysis was carried out. In the present research, the structural concept of steel-rod tied concrete panels' vertical wall is applied to design a typical vertical breakwater. The loads used in this study include the structure weight, the bulk filling material load, the vehicle load, the hydrostatic load, the wave load (H = 2.93 m and T = 12.53 seconds), and the earthquake load. The total structure height is 10.5m at a location with a water depth of 5.0m. Analysis of the load and structure interaction was carried out with the help of SAP2000 software, while the PLAXIS 2D software was used to analyze the structure and foundation interaction. The results show that, in general, the application of this type of structure for a large vertical breakwater needs further investigation. The modeled structures tend to be unstable for the slimmer shape. The original diagonal cross configuration of the steel tie-rod required a greater diameter compared with the modified all-horizontal rod configuration which performs a more efficient cross-section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sea Tolls (Tol Laut) Policy is an implementation to perceive Indonesia's 2045 Vision of sustainable economic and equitable development. The Sea Tolls are expected to increase national economic growth as part of the logistics system. Experts say 90% of global trade uses sea transportation as the primary mode, and about 40% passes through Indonesian waters. The disparity in the price of basic needs has become the spirit of the issuance of the sea toll. In its implementation, it is necessary to evaluate and identify obstacles to implement mitigation towards a direction more aligned with field conditions and needs. Its implementation requires evaluating and identifying mitigating obstacles towards a direction more aligned with field conditions and needs. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The literature review is used to identify sea tolls performance, which includes existing conditions, fleet development, routes, and freight and field constraints. Further analysis was carried out to obtain the influence factor on the low performance of several routes serving underdeveloped (tertingggal), remote (terpencil), outermost (terluar) and border (perbatasan), abbreviated as (3TP), as recommendations for strengthening the sustainability of the sea tolls program freight. The growth of sea toll service routes is increasing yearly; in the last five years, routes have reached 21.15%, and cargo performance has grown by 20.51% in the last five years. The performance of sea tolls to reduce price disparities is still relatively small. Ports in the 3TP area served by the sea toll program are only 59.23% of the total ports served by sea tolls. The main problems faced in implementing the current sea tolls are divided into three aspects, namely aspects of service, infrastructure, commodities, and freight. Therefore, the sustainable improvement of sea tolls performance requires issuing technical regulations and synchronization related to transportation route planning and developing adequate port infrastructure. To support the freight transportation program, improving human resources, micro, small and medium industries in 3TP areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]