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Online learning is rapidly becoming the preferred study option for many higher education students, due to its accessibility, convenience and flexible teaching arrangements. For other students who have access to a university campus, their preferred option is to attend on-campus classes, where advantages include synchronous interaction with peers, lecturers and access to practical experiences, materials, and resources. The impact of COVID-19 resulted in interruptions to social, economic, cultural, and educational life, with social distancing measures and health and well-being concerns leading to widespread restrictions in numerous different contexts. Universities throughout Australia restricted access to campuses and shifted their teaching of classes to purely online delivery. This shift posed many challenges for students and staff as ways of teaching and learning were reconceptualised. This paper examines the experiences of two different cohorts of pre-service teachers from two different universities who were studying full-time on-campus at the time when the restrictions were applied and reports the impact the shift to online had on cognitive, social and teaching presence within a model of community of inquiry. The findings indicate that despite the challenges involved with the rapid transition to online delivery, participants were able to identify the presence of core elements of the model, and how these factors impacted upon their engagement with the course.

The majority of schools across Australia rapidly implemented online education during the first wave of COVID-19 restrictions. The school closure disproportionately affected the routines and socialisation of vulnerable students, including those with a refugee background. Refugee-background students have been impacted by COVID-19 as school closures interrupted face-to-face education, including English language and tutorial support and counselling services. School shutdown also impeded refugee-background students' activities outside the home, which could render adverse effects on their physical, mental and social wellbeing. Holistic efforts are urgently needed in Australia to support refugee-background students in order to prevent further learning loss and promote health and wellbeing. [The page range (71-91) on p. 71 of the .pdf is incorrect. The correct page range is p71-76.]

There is a need to investigate didactic strategies that can enhance engagement in science and mathematics education. This paper reports on the introduction of WebQuests, as part of collaborative inquiry, to enhance students' engagement in their mathematics lessons in Qatar. We present interview data gathered from eight student focus groups (grades 5 to 9) before and after the introduction of WebQuest lessons. Constant comparative analysis was used to examine students' reactions to using WebQuests in developing student-directed learning and collaboration in relation to support for learning. The analysis identified prospective reactions that were often confirmed retrospectively following the WebQuest lessons. These reactions were further analysed as external expressions of affect encoded by trait-like emotions that were similar to Goldin et al.'s (2011) notion of engagement structures. We suggest that the confirmation of reactions and emotions was influenced by students' levels of tolerance for ambiguity as a common element across engagement structures.

The present study aimed to examine lower secondary students? images of mathematics comprised of stated attitudes to and perceived needs for mathematics, and their views about mathematicians and their work. A group of 1284 lower secondary students drew a picture of mathematicians and described their drawings. The students? drawings fell into two distinct groups: drawings where students depicted a mathematician at work, and drawings where students depicted a mathematician as a mathematics teacher. In both cases students drew both negative ("creature" or "monster") depictions and positive ("smiley") depictions. This article presents the data on "creature" teachers or "monster" mathematicians in relation to the students? stated attitudes to mathematics. Trends that emerged for this sample suggested that more students who represented creature teachers disliked mathematics or had mixed feelings related to the need to learn mathematics.

In March 2020, COVID-19 restrictions required our university courses to be offered in online mode only. This quick transition meant that lecturers were suddenly tasked with adapting their classroom-based teaching approaches and materials to the online space. For mathematics teacher educators (MTEs), whose on-campus classes were characterized by participation in interactive activities, the challenge was to devise alternative ways to provide their learners with appropriate mathematical experiences. This article examines how two different MTEs utilized technological tools to adapt their courses online. It looks at the features of these tools and considers how they contributed to students' learning, particularly in terms of the Substitution, Augmentation, Modification and Redefinition (SAMR) model.

Recent research has indicated that the results of the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) may be affected by certain facets of the measure. The current research explores the use of response options in the IRAP and their potential influence on the responding of college students (N = 40) across two similar IRAPs. The IRAPs differed solely in the different types of response option used: contextually cued relational responses ([C.sub.rels]) or relational coherence indicators (RCIs). The terms 'same'/'opposite' served as [C.sub.rel] response options whereas the RCI response options were 'right'/'wrong.' The expected IRAP effect was evident on D-scores from both IRAPs. This effect was shown to be stronger when [C.sub.rel] response options were used (Wilk's Lambda = .86, F (1, 36) = 6.05, p = .02, [[eta].sub.p.sup.2] = .14.), however, there was no statistically significant effect shown for the order of their presentation, nor were any other interaction effects detected. Potential implications and possible avenues for future research are discussed. Keywords IRAP * Response options * RCIs * [C.sub.rels], The implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP; Barnes-Holmes et al., 2006) is a computerized behavior-analytic measure of relational responding. The program presents participants with two stimuli (i.e., a label stimulus, for [...]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to extract key learning from intervention studies in which qualitative aspects of dosage, "dose form," have been examined for children with developmental language disorder (DLD)--in vocabulary, morphosyntax, and phonology domains. This research paper emerged from a pair of systematic reviews, aiming to synthesize available evidence regarding qualitative and quantitative aspects of dosage. While quantitative aspects had been experimentally manipulated, the available evidence for "dose form" (tasks or activities within which teaching episodes are delivered) was less definitive. Despite this, the review uncovered insights of value to DLD research. Method: A preregistered systematic review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42017076663) adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was completed. Included papers were quasi-experimental, randomized controlled trial, or cohort analytic studies, published in any language between January 2006 and May 2019; oral language interventions with vocabulary, morphosyntax, or phonology outcomes; and participants with DLD (M = 3-18 years). The intention was to include papers in which dose form was experimentally manipulated or statistically analyzed, while quantitative dosage aspects were controlled, such that definitive conclusions about optimal dose form could be drawn and gaps in the evidence identified. Results: Two hundred and twenty-four papers met the above inclusion criteria; 27 focused on dose form. No study controlled for all quantitative aspects of dosage such that we could effectively address our original research questions. Despite this, key points of learning emerged with implications for future research. Conclusions: There is tentative evidence of advantages for explicit over implicit instruction and of the benefits of variability in input, elicited production, and gestural and other visual supports. With careful design of dose form, there is potential to design more efficient interventions. Speech-language pathology research would benefit from an agreed taxonomy of dose form components and standardized reporting of intervention studies, to enable cross-study comparisons and a systematic accrual of knowledge to identify optimal dose form for clinical application.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the degree to which quantitative aspects of dosage (dose, dose frequency, and total intervention duration) have been examined in intervention studies for children with developmental language disorder (DLD). Additionally, to establish the optimal quantitative dosage characteristics for phonology, vocabulary, and morphosyntax outcomes. Method: This registered review (PROSPERO ID CRD42017076663) adhered to PRISMA guidelines. Search terms were included in seven electronic databases. We included peer-reviewed quasi-experimental, randomized controlled trial or cohort analytical studies, published in any language between January 2006 and May 2020. Included articles reported on participants with DLD (M = 3-18 years); oral language interventions with phonology, vocabulary, or morphosyntax outcomes; and experimental manipulation or statistical analysis of any quantitative aspect of dosage. Studies were appraised using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Results: Two hundred forty-four articles reported on oral language interventions with children with DLD in the domains of interest; 13 focused on experimentally/statistically manipulating quantitative aspects of dosage. No article reported phonological outcomes, three reported vocabulary, and eight reported morphosyntax. Dose frequency was the most common characteristic manipulated. Conclusions: Research is in its infancy, and significant further research is required to inform speech-language pathologists in practice. Dosage characteristics are rarely adequately controlled for their individual effects to be identified. Findings to date suggest that there is a point in vocabulary and morphosyntax interventions after which there are diminishing returns from additional dosage. If dose is high (number of learning opportunities within a session), then the literature suggests that session frequency can be reduced. Frequent, short sessions (2/3 × per week, approximately 2 min) and less frequent, long sessions (1 × per week, approximately 20 min) have yielded the best outcomes when composite language measures have been used; however, replication and further research are required before clinicians can confidently integrate these findings into clinical practice.

Personalised learning is generally understood to be of benefit to students' learning. In addition, the flexible nature of mobile technologies (MTs) and the variety of available apps are seen to respond to the needs of individual students, and hence have the potential to support personalised learning. This paper reports on an aspect of a larger research project that investigated the use of mobile technologies in primary mathematics classrooms. Personalised learning was determined as one theme that emanated from the teachers' and students' use of MTs, and this paper aims to investigate how personalised learning was evidenced within the practice of three teachers. Video data of classroom practice were used to analyse the use of MTs within the theme of personalised learning. Four pathways to personalised learning emerged, enabling a more practical understanding of different types of personalisation afforded by MTs.

AbstractTheoretical and practical interest in how classroom talk can aid thinking and learning has increased in recent decades. Key studies have identified three types of talk that characterise student collaborations in group learning tasks, namely disputational, cumulative, and exploratory talk. Exploratory talk is described as the most productive for thinking and learning, and key to this is the opening of dialogic spaces in which students explore and interrogate possible solutions and reach consensus. Despite its importance, few studies have focused on what constitutes a dialogic space or how it enhances dialogue from a linguistic perspective. This article focuses on the influence of student talk on dialogic spaces. We argue that precise methods for pinpointing linguistic choices that open, expand, contract, and close dialogic spaces can assist teachers and researchers to identify nascent exploratory talk and foster its development. Informed by systemtic functional linguistics, we use the Engagement framework to reveal linguistic patterns in examples of the three types of talk published in researhc articles by field experts. The study indicates how linguistic tools can more closely show how dialogic spaces are opened, expanded, contracted, and closed and so identify students’ early development of exploratory talk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers' attitudes towards common disorders such as ADHD and anxiety are important to investigate, given that teachers play a significant role in the lives of young children. Implicit attitudes have not previously been investigated in this area. The current research aimed to explore teachers' implicit and explicit gender-biased attitudes towards children with ADHD and anxiety. The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) was used to measure implicit bias, and results were analyzed in relation to explicit measures. Results indicated that teachers (N = 38) showed implicit and explicit gender biases, however there were no significant relationships between the implicit and explicit measures. The research adds to the small pool of existing literature on the topic and has potential implications regarding teachers' understanding of ADHD and anxiety. Keywords Teachers * Implicit * Gender bias * IRAP * ADHD * Anxiety, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders have high prevalence rates among school going children, with ADHD at 3%-5% (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2020) and anxiety disorders at 2.5%-5% [...]

This paper reports on the reflections of twenty-one primary preservice teachers following a microteaching experience that focused on the use of talk and collaborative group work, as part of a primary mathematics specialist education programme. Based on the didactic strategies of exploratory talk, the experience intended to develop knowledge for teaching mathematics in a contingent way. Preservice teachers' reflections from an online survey and from written recounts were analysed in relation to noticing students' learning and behaviour. Whilst the preservice teachers indicated that the microteaching experience impacted on their teaching, some reflections revealed tensions in noticing student learning and in balancing a focus on both collaborative talk and mathematics content. These tensions suggest that resistance to change in the practice of novice teachers may not be due just to a conceptualisation of teaching mathematics, but also to awareness of student mathematical thinking as "knowing-to."

This paper presents data collected as part of an intervention research project to develop exploratory talk and collaborative group work with six and seven year-old students in mathematics. A discursive approach was used to analyse and interpret variations in the way that three case-study teachers, involved in the project, managed the group work and developed the students' talk. Analysis suggested that the intervention required, not just a change in practice, also but a shift in ideologies for these teachers. Ideologies are seen as discourses that legitimate and maintain a social pattern, and the paper explores how a research-based intervention can create conflicts between researchers' and teachers' ideologies.

Attractiveness bias has been well-documented in social domains, however, an investigation into the attractiveness-bias effect on employability has not been conducted using implicit measures. In Study 1 (N= 24) the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) and a number of explicit measures (e.g., self-report questionnaires) were used to investigate the attractiveness-bias effect on employability using stimuli of high and low attractiveness. Results from Study 1 indicated that there was a significant bias in the direction of attractive-employable on explicit and implicit measures. In Study 2, (N = 52) these measures were used to investigate the attractiveness-bias effect on employability using stimuli of high and medium attractiveness. Results from Study 2 indicated that there was a significant bias in the direction of attractive-employable on explicit measures and a significant bias in the direction of attractive-employable and medium-attractive-unemployable on implicit measures. There was no effect of participant gender on D-scores for either study. Findings are discussed in relation to previous research and implications for the use of implicit measurement to measure attractiveness bias in the domain of employability. Keywords implicit attitudes * IRAP * attractiveness bias * employability * RFT, Dion, Berscheid, and Walster (1972) provided one of the most influential quotes on research in physical attractiveness, that in our perceptions of other people 'What is beautiful is good' (p. [...]

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted on schools globally with closures and the implementation of online learning (UNESCO, 2020). This rapid shift has resulted in a significant change to traditional modes of delivery, including classroom teaching and professional learning opportunities for teachers, as well as thinking differently about how families can support learning at home. COVID-19 restrictions meant that teachers were suddenly tasked with online modes of delivery, necessitating the uptake and use of digital technologies and resources. Parents have found themselves taking on the role of home educators, rather than assisting with homework tasks, which may have formed the basis of previous 'home learning'. Understandably, teachers, families, and students turned to digital resources to supplement this rapid shift to online learning. In this article, the authors discuss the Victorian Government's Birth to Level 10 Numeracy Guide, an online self-determined professional learning resource for educators and families, which aims to foster dynamic approaches to developing student numeracy in schools and at home.

Research in science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM) education suggests development of STEM competency requires effective learning environments, including the use of varied representations (e.g., visual, symbolic) and opportunities for students to make connections among them. Although such practices have been advocated in the teaching of mathematics and science for some time, there has been a renewed focus on representations in the teaching and learning of STEM (e.g., Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], 2018a; Glancy & Moore, 2013). Working with representations plays a critical role in helping students develop flexible thinking and problem solving, and provides multiple entry points and access to individual STEM subjects such as mathematics (Huinker, 2015). This article describes the experiences of a peer learning circle as they developed their understanding of representational fluency in mathematics. The outcomes of this learning circle suggest useful approaches for pre-service teacher education, and development of teacher knowledge and expertise in the use of varied representations.

Background: Phonological difficulties are prevalent in children with speech and/or language disorders and may hamper their later language outcomes and academic achievements. These children often form a significant proportion of speech and language therapists' caseloads. There is a shortage of information on evidence‐based interventions for improving phonological skills in children and adolescents with speech and language disorder. Aims: The aim of this systematic literature review and meta‐analysis was to systematically examine the effects of different intervention approaches on speech production accuracy and phonological representation skills in children with speech and language disorders. Methods: A preregistered systematic review (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews ID: CRD42017076075) adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines was completed. Seven electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, ERIC, PsychINFO, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS and Linguistics & Language Behavior Abstracts) were searched for studies related to oral language interventions with children with developmental speech and/or language disorder (mean age ranging from 3–18 years) published between January 2006 and August 2022. The included articles reported intervention studies with a group design in which speech production accuracy was the outcome measure. Studies were appraised using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and individual effect sizes were calculated using standardised means differences when enough data was available. A meta‐analysis was conducted obtaining the average standardised mean difference d. Heterogeneity, influence of possible moderator variables and publication bias were explored. Results: The 23 studies that met the inclusion criteria presented low‐medium risk of bias. Nine effect sizes were obtained from seven of these studies that presented a pre‐post‐test with a control group design. Medium‐high average effect sizes were found in phonological accuracy. Heterogeneity was found between individual effect sizes. Significant moderator variables and publication bias were not detected. Conclusions: The results of this meta‐analysis indicate positive effects on speech production accuracy. Based on this review, further improvements in the quality of reporting for intervention research are required in developing the evidence base for practice. What this paper adds: What is already known on the subject: An increasing number of interventions is available for children and adolescents with developmental speech and/or language disorders. Previous reviews suggest relatively low levels of evidence of interventions having phonology as an outcome measure. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge: This review and meta‐analysis summarise the intervention evidence from a substantial body of group design studies, indicating positive results from a range of interventions with phonological outcomes. It highlights the need to systematically implement and replicate different intervention procedures to understand factors that will maximise positive outcomes and to grow the evidence base for best practice. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this study?: Tentative evidence is emerging for the effectiveness of various approaches in enhancing speech production accuracy skills of children and adolescents with developmental speech and/or language disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]