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Background: Physical activity (PA) has emerged as a promising approach to delay Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, but the optimal intensity of PA to improve cognitive health remains unknown. Objective: To evaluate the association between duration and intensity of PA and cognitive domains (executive function, processing speed, and memory) in aging Americans. Methods: Linear regressions in hierarchical blocks for variable adjustment and the size of effect (η2) were analyzed by using the data of 2,377 adults (age = 69.3±6.7 years) from the NHANES 2011–2014. Results: Participants with 3–6 h/week of vigorous- and > 1 h/week of moderate-intensity PA scored significantly higher in executive function and processing speed domains of cognition compared to inactive peers (η2 = 0.005 & 0.007 respectively, p

Purpose: This study aims to investigate and evaluate the position of modal school songs used in singing activities in our schools, and in music education, in line with expert opinions. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied to music teachers, choir conductors and academicians working in the field to investigate the teaching and learning situations of modal school songs in music lessons. Materials and Methods: Before the implementation, the items in the questionnaire were tested by consulting expert opinion. Seventy-four experts were reached in the survey study, and their opinions were recorded. In the study, the song types in the song repertoire were explained separately according to their genres, and it was stated which of these genres belonged to the modal song type. A descriptive general survey method was used in the research. The content validity of each item in the questionnaire was analyzed with the Lawshe technique. The experts answered all the items in the questionnaire, considering the expressions corresponding to the numbers 1 to 5. In the findings and comment section, the solution to the research problems was analyzed and evaluated with statistical methods. Findings: In the expert opinions on the teaching of modal songs, it was determined that the students could quickly learn the songs, they are catchy and are sung in a motivated way by the students, while it is determined that the modal school songs are included in the music curriculum adequately and contain the necessary qualifications in terms of education. Highlights: In light of the results, based on the music curriculum's approach to maqam songs, the use of such melodies in educational music composing classes, in composing studies in the form of Turkish music, in maqam (hearing-speaking-writing) works, in state broadcasting organs such as radio and TV, and in cultural activities carried out by the Ministry of Culture, It has been suggested that the number of scientific studies on this subject should be increased and that modal song genre should gain a universal quality with these applications.

Meskhetian Region is a Turkish settlement area located in Georgia today, bordering our province of Ardahan, and has an ancient history. As a result of the wars in 1828, the Meskhetian region was captured by the Russians, and unfortunately, the exile life of our relatives began. Since this date, a life of exile and longing for homeland have become Meskhetian Turks' destiny. Undoubtedly, music culture is one of the most crucial building blocks of the cultural phenomenon that has made nations into nations and has reached the present day by touching knot by knot from the past. Wherever societies went, they carried their cultural treasures with them. The musical culture of the Meskhetian Turks, who were exposed to inhuman acts many times, exiled to various parts of the world, and settled in various provinces of our country, constitutes the subject of our research. Unfortunately, due to the permanent exile of the Meskhetian Turks, the sources about their culture are scarce. In this context, this research on the musical cultures of the Meskhetian Turks is fundamental in terms of being a source for future research. In the research, fieldwork was carried out in Posof district of Ardahan, Şavşat and Yusufeli districts of Artvin, and Oltu and Şenkaya districts of Erzurum. In the field study, information was obtained about the Meskhetian Turks' music cultures, traditions, and customs, and folk songs were compiled. The collected information was brought together into a meaningful whole. The compiled songs have been presented by analyzing mode, rhythm, method, form, and melody. Suggestions were made as a result of the investigations. Keywords: Meskhetian Turks, music culture, mode, rhythm

Bu çalışmada yer bilimleri alanında önemli eserler üretmiş olan Birûnî’nin Fiziki Coğrafya konusunda ortya koyduğu katkılar incelenmiştir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda Bîrûnî’nin günümüze kadar ulaşan Türkçe yada İngilizceye çevrilen bazı kitapları esas alınmıştır. Tahdid (Tahdîdü Nihâyâti’l-Emâkin), Hindistan (Tahkiku Mâ li’l Hind), Maziden Kalanlar (El-Âsar el-Bâkiye) aratırmamıza kaynaklık eden eserlerdir. Harizm’in Kat şehrinde doğan Bîrûnî, Coğrafya, Astronomi, Matematik, Felsefe, Din Bilimleri ve diğer birçok alanda çalışmalar yaparak eserler üretti ve açıklamalarda bulundu. Özellikle Fiziki Coğrafyaya yadsınamayacak düzeyde katkı sağladı. Yerkürenin şekli, boyutu ve hareketlerini tartıştı ve günüze yakın sonuçlara ulaştı. Dünya yüzeyinin nasıl şekillendiği ve hangi güçlerin etklili olduğu konusunda gözlemler yaptı ve çağının ilerisinde teoriler geliştirdi. Yer kabuğunun özellikleriyle birlikte erozyon, taşıma ve birikme süreçlerini açıkladı. Güneşin zenital hareketlerini ele aldı. Dünyanın hemde kendi hemde güneş etrafında dönüp ya da dönmediğine dair tartışmalar yaptı. İzostasi ve yer çekimi kuvvetine dair değerlendirmelerde bulundu. Kendi dönemine kadar fiziki coğrafya konusunda yazılmış eserde yer almayan bir çok kavram üzerinde durdu. Hindistan’ın Fiziki coğrayasını yazdı. Hint okyanusundan esen Muson rüzgarlarının özelliklerini, değişim zamanlarını ve çeşitli yönlerdeki hareketlerini değerlendirdi. Yağış oluşum mekanizmalarından birisi oaln orografik tipi ilk açıklmaya çalışan düşünür oldu. Akarsuların yeryüzeyini şekillendirmedeki rollerini inceleyerek fluviyal Jeomorfolojinin temellerini attı. Denizlerin kökenleri, seviyeleri, tuzluluk özellikleri gibi konularda açıklamalarda bulundu. Ayrıca büyük bir denizin Akdeniz ile Hint okyanusu arasındaki bölgeyi kapladığını tespit etti. Denizlerden uzakta ve yüksekte bulunan kayaların içerisinde bulunan canlı kalıntıları olan fosillerin varlığını gözlemledi ve dünya tarihi açısından önemlerini açıkladı. Gelgit hareketlerinin Ay’ın evreleriyle ilişkisini ortaya koydu. Birçok mineralin yoğunluk değerini yüksek doğrulukta belirledi.

Hyperspectral remote sensing data have certain disadvantages as well as being a widely used tool for investigating biophysical and biochemical characteristics in grasslands due to its many advantages. Most importantly, some external influences have negative effects on the signals obtained from the canopy. Studies conducted in recent years have revealed that one of these negative externalities is the flowering on the canopy. The purpose of this study is to show how spectral reflectance readings are affected in samples with different flowering rates. The following procedure in the given order was carried out, and this procedure was repeated for a total of 46 measurements from within 10 quadrats: (1) placing quadrats of 50 × 50 cm on selected sampling areas, (2) performing spectral measurements in the quadrats, (3) measuring the chlorophyll content, (4) taking photographs of the quadrats and (5) subtilization of some of the flowers in the quadrats. Vegetation indices were also generated from collected spectral data during the data processing stage, and the flowering rate in each canopy was determined by the supervised classification method. Relations between flowering rate and spectral data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression models. The results show that there was a linear relationship between the flowering rate and the spectral reflectance in the red and green regions, whereas there was no statistically significant relationship with the reflectance in the NIR region. Moreover, all vegetation indices, especially REP, were affected from flowering variations. This effect was found to be lower in heterogeneous samples and higher in homogeneous samples. Evidence was found that the basic factor governing this effect was the fact that the flowers formed an obstacle to the detection of chlorophyll content by covering a certain part of the canopy.

Bu makale, Aydınlanma Çağı'nın başından 19. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar süreçte Jeomorfoloji tarihini tartışmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, aydınlanma çağında Jeomorfoloji biliminde meydana gelen gelişmeler ve değişimler çeşitli zaman dilimlerine bölünerek değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma periyodu boyunca Jeomorfoloji ‘nin düşünce yapısında çok belirgin ve hatta dramatik olarak düşünülebilecek dönüşümler ve değişiklikler meydana geldi. Dünya'nın nasıl şekillendirildiğine dair ilk düşünceler Mısır, Çin ve Mezopotamya'da ortaya çıktı. Daha sonraki dönemlerde, söz konusu medeniyetlerle etkileşime giren antik Yunan dünyasında bilimsel düşünce doğdu. Orta çağ boyunca Avrupa’da göz ardı edilen bilimsel bakış açısı İslam dünyasında varlığını devam ettirdi. Ancak yer yüzeyinin nasıl şekillendiği meselesi 15. Yy’ dan itibaren Avrupalı düşünürlerin ilgi odağı haline gelmeye başladı. Özellikle Kopernik’ le başlayan süreç, Da Vinci ile devam ederek Dekart’la birlikte önemli aşama kaydetti. Yer bilimleri (Jeoloji ve Jeomorfoloji) ayrı birer bilim dalı olarak kendi prensip ve teorilerine ilk defa 1669’da Nicolaus Steno sayesinde sahip oldu. Dönemin filozofları gerçek gözlemlere dayanarak yerküre ile ilgili bilgiyi sistematikleştirme, genelleştirme ve teorileriler üretme çabasına girdiler. İlk zamanlarda İncil’in etkisinden kurtulamayarak yer yüzeyini Katastrofik olaylar ve süreçlerin şekillendirdiği fikri kabul gördü. Ancak 18 yy. sonlarına doğru James Hutton’la birlikte yeni bakış açısı ortaya çıktı. Katastrofizmin karşıtı bir düşünce akımı olarak Üniformiteryanizm benimsenmeye başladı. İlk başlarda yavaş bir gelişim gösteren Jeomorfoloji ancak 19. Yüzyılın Ortalarına doğru Lyell’in de katkılarıyla önemli aşama kaydetti.

Uluslararası ticaretin giderek arttığı bugünün dünyasında, şirketler varlıklarını sürdürebilmek için geleneksel üretim sistemlerinin yerine yeni üretim tekniklerini öğrenmek, uygulamak ve bunların sürekliliğini sağlamak ya da var olan sistemi sürekli iyileştirmek zorundadırlar. Geliştirdiği yaklaşımla Altı Sigma, süreçlerin yeniden tasarlanması ve geliştirilmesinde şirketlerin tercih ettiği teknikler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Altı Sigma ve kullanım alanları hakkında literatür araştırması yapıldıktan sonra süreçlerin iyileştirilmek istendiği tekstil işletmesinde uygulaması yapılmıştır. Altı Sigma felsefesinin TÖAİK adımları gerçekleştirilerek ve SIPOC diyagramı, ölçüm sistemleri analizi, kök neden analizi gibi tespit araçları kullanılarak, işletmenin müşteriye sevk ettiği ürünlerin zamanında üretim oranlarının istenen seviyedeki değerlerine ulaşılması hedeflenmiştir.

Drought is a normal and recurrent feature of the any climate and happens in all climatic regions, but its characteristics vary substantially from region to region. Because of its environmental and socio-economic results, it is one of the most important natural events to focus on. Central Anatolia region, is one of the sensitive to precipitation changes, including drought conditions in Turkey. In this study, drought events in various time scales (1, 3, 6, 12 months) were examined in Sivas Province in the Central Anatolian region during the period 1964-2018. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and cumulative deviation curve methods were used to assess drought conditions. The results revealed that moist and dry periods show a cyclical character in the study area. However, it has recently been determined that dry conditions tend to increase in their frequencies. Analyzes of precipitation series used in this study show that long-term and frequent drought events are encountered for the recording period in which the precipitation characteristics of the region are taken into consideration. It is understood that although there is a slight decrease in annual precipitation totals in a part of the research area, the precipitation pattern has changed. Cumulative deviation and SPI results reveal that a significant number of arid periods were experienced in Sivas Province in the 1964-2018 period. According to these results, precipitation has decreased in all stations in the last ten years.

The use of blood flow restricted (BFR) exercise has become an accepted alternative approach to improve skeletal muscle mass and function and improve cardiovascular function in individuals that are not able to or do not wish to use traditional exercise protocols that rely on heavy loads and high training volumes. Blood flow restricted exercise involves the reduction of blood flow to working skeletal muscle by applying a flexible cuff to the most proximal portions of a person’s arms or legs that results in decreased arterial flow to the exercising muscle and occluded venous return back to the central circulation. Safety concerns, especially related to the cardiovascular system, have not been consistently reported with a few exceptions, however, most researchers agree that BFR exercise can be a relatively safe technique for most people that are free from serious cardiovascular disease, as well as those with coronary artery disease (CAD), and also for people suffering from chronic conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s, and osteoarthritis. Potential mechanisms to explain the benefits of BFR exercise are still mostly speculative and may require more invasive studies or the use of animal models to fully explore mechanisms of adaptation. The setting of absolute resistive pressures has evolved, from being based on an individual’s systolic blood pressure, to a relative measure that is based on various percentages of the pressures needed to totally occlude blood flow in the exercising limb. However, since several other issues remain unresolved, such as the actual external loads used in combination with BFR, the type of cuff used to induce the blood flow restriction, and whether the restriction is continuous or intermittent, this paper will attempt to address these additional concerns.

Today, it is known that processes such as artificial intelligence, data mining and data processing are gaining more and more value. There are many algorithms and learning models in artificial intelligence processes. It is important that these models are selected according to the data that is desired to get the meaning, and also the data is prepared according to the model to be used in training. It is observed that artificial intelligence makes analytical approaches and facilitates and accelerates different studies in different sectors with automated structures, thus providing a significant savings in terms of cost and labor. These structures are making a name for themselves in different businesses and sectors, from recommendation systems to health services. Intelligent virtual assistants are at the forefront of these automated structures. Intelligent virtual assistants are also known as chatbots. In this study, a smart virtual assistant has been developed that can answer the most frequently asked questions about the university, such as department, fee, academic staff, transportation, and scholarship opportunities. For the data set to be used in the study, 387 different questions were collected from the frequently asked questions on the official websites of 70 different universities in Turkey. In addition to these questions, the dataset includes 4 daily speaking questions and a total of 391 different questions. In addition to the existing questions, variations of the questions were produced to strengthen the training data, and a total of 1236 questions were prepared. The most important difference of this study from similar smart virtual assistant applications is that it is specific to the Turkish language. Thanks to the flexibility of the platform, the developed smart virtual assistant can serve university students in the preferred period both through the mobile application and the website. It is thought that the performance of the smart virtual assistant, which was revealed within the scope of the study, can be increased by enriching the data set in the future and it can provide one-to-one counseling support to the students throughout the education process.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine haemodynamic and arterial elasticity responses to aerobic exercise of varying durations. METHODS Eighteen male subjects (age = 23·4 ± 2·0) performed a maximal aerobic fitness (VO2max ) test. Participants met in the laboratory following an overnight fast for three randomly assigned sessions. Assessments for large and small arterial elasticity (SAE), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), total vascular impedance (TVI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), pulse pressure (PP) and cardiac ejection time (CET) were performed using applanation tonometry at the radial artery. Following baseline measurements, participants executed aerobic exercise on a treadmill at 65% of their respective VO2max for 30, 45 or 60 min on three different occasions. Postexercise measurements were performed immediately, 10, 20 and 40 min postexercise cessation. RESULTS The 60-min exercise bout resulted in significantly increased SAE values (P

In today's world of increasing international trade, companies are suggested to learn, implement and maintain new production techniques in place of traditional production systems in order to sustain their assets. In this approach, we have worked on “Six Sigma”, one of the strongest components of these so-called systems. Within the scope of this study, Six Sigma and its application areas are investigated, and as a result of the obtained findings, six sigma applications have been made in the textile industry where the quality is desired to be improved. In the study, conducted by following the six sigma's DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control) steps, using the detection tools such as SIPOC (Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, Customers) diagrams, measurement systems analysis, root cause analysis, determination of poor quality sources and improvement on the basic problem have been made. The variation of the strips from the card and cer machines in the plant created great quality problems. Before the six sigma project, the average coefficient of variation value of the card machines was 2.02. With this project, the average coefficient of variation value of the card machines is aimed to be reduced to 0.5-1.5 range. After the six sigma project, the average voefficient of variation value of the card machines was reduced to 1.03.

Bu çalışmada, Malatya’daki gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) kuluçkahanelerinin yapısal, biyolojik ve teknik yönleri araştırıldı. Gerçek zamanlı olarak işletmelerdeki yetkili kişi ve çalışanlarla yüz yüze yapılan anket çalışmalarıyla veriler elde edildi. Sonuçlara göre, Malatya’daki aktif olarak çalışan yavru gökkuşağı alabalığı kuluçkahanelerinin 5 adeti küçük (˂2 milyon adet yavru/yıl), 3 adeti orta (2-10 milyon adet yavru/yıl) ve 2 adeti ise büyük (>10 milyon adet yavru/yıl) kapasitelidir. Bu işletmelerin yönetim yapısı %50 şirket-ortaklık, %40 şahıs-aile ve %10 kooperatif şeklindedir. Küçük, orta ve büyük ölçekli işletmelerin toplam kapasite içerisindeki paylarının sırasıyla %4.18, %44.15 ve %51.68 olarak bulundu. Bu kuluçkahanelerin projelendirilmiş toplam kapasitesinin yıllık 52 994 292 adet yavru balık olduğu belirlendi. Bununla birlikte işletmelere ait yavru balık üretim miktarı yıllık toplam 21 514 292 adettir. Bu kuluçkahanelerdeki ortalama kapasite kullanım oranı %40.6’dır. Küçük, orta ve büyük ölçekli işletmeler için bu oran sırasıyla %59,85, %42,22 ve %38,34’dır (p˂0,05). Bununla birlikte küçük (%76.7) ve orta kapasiteli (%70.2) işletmeler, büyük kapasiteli işletmelere (%63.61) göre daha yüksek üretim verimliliğine sahiptir (p˂0,05). Bu işletmelere ait ortalama üretim verimliliği ise %74.44 olarak bulunmuştur.

Fifty-two participants walked on a treadmill at 4.8 km/h for 500 steps while wearing four Samsung Galaxy S4 smartphones on the arm, waist, pocket, and hand while each phone simultaneously ran five ...

İşletmeler, piyasanın artan rekabet koşullarında devamlılıklarını sürdürebilmek için üretim planlama ve kontrol fonksiyonuna çok önem vermektedir. Bu kapsamda müşteri memnuniyetini sağlamak için; yüksek kalite düzeyine sahip, maliyet açısından uygun ürün ve hizmet üretmek zorundadırlar. Bu kapsamda bütünleşik üretim planlama tekniği, üretim planlama ve kontrol çalışmalarında faydalanılan tekniklerden bir tanesidir. Bütünleşik üretim planlamayla, üretim hızları, işgücü düzeyleri, fazla mesai ve diğer kontrol edilebilir değişkenler ayarlanıp tahmin edilen talep en iyi şekilde karşılanmaktadır. Bütünleşik üretim planlamasında yer alan birden çok ve karmaşık amaçları çözümlemek için, hedef programlama yöntemi geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, bütünleşik bir üretim planlama uygulamasının hedef programlama yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, hedef programlama ile uygulamanın gerçekleştirildiği işletmenin önceliklerine uygun matematiksel bir model geliştirilmiştir. Modelin geliştirilmesi sürecinde, işletmenin hedeflediği kâr düzeyine ulaşabilmek için üretilmesi gereken ürün miktarları ve işgücü değerleri göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Oluşturulan model Winqsb programı kullanılarak çözümlenmiş ve optimum çözüm elde edilmiştir.

Küresel iklim değişikliği bağlamında bir bölgedeki yağış miktarı kadar yağış türü de önemlidir. Özellikle kar şeklindeki yağışlar kullanılabilir su temini ve akarsu rejimlerinin düzenliliği başta olmak üzere birçok açıdan hayati önem taşımaktadır. Türkiye’de kar yağışı en çok Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde görülmekle birlikte en güçlü akarsuların bir kısmı da bu bölgede yer almaktadır. Bu bakımdan çalışmada amaç; Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde uzun yıllar (1970-2020) aylık kar örtülü gün sayısı ve kar yağışlı günler sayısında azalma veya artma eğiliminin olup olmadığını Mann-Kendall Trend Analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirmek ve kar yağışlı günler ile kar örtülü günler sayısında bir ilişkinin olup olmadığını Pearson Korelasyon Yöntemi ile sınamaktır. Bunun için Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (MGM)’nden Malatya, Muş, Tunceli, Van, Elazığ, Erzincan, Bingöl, Erzurum, Bitlis, Hakkâri, Ağrı, Iğdır, Kars, Ardahan meteoroloji istasyonlarına ait uzun yıllar (1970-2020) aylık kar örtülü gün sayısı ve kar yağışlı günler sayısı verileri ile Mann-Kendall Trend Analizi yöntemi ve Pearson Korelasyon Yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; yıllık kar örtülü gün sayısındaki değişimlerin tamamının azalma eğiliminde olduğu ve bunlardan büyük bir bölümünün istatistiksel açıdan % 95 güven aralığında anlamlı olduğu görülür. Kar yağışlı günler sayısındaki değişimlerin kar örtülü gün sayısına göre çeşitli olduğu; azalışların yanı sıra artışların da varlığı dikkati çeker. Özellikle Kars ve Muş istasyonlarının kar yağışlı günler sayısında anlamlı artışa sahip olması, analizlerde karşılaşılan tek örnektir. Anlamlı azalmaların Malatya’dan başlayarak Muş’a kadar bir hat üzerinde görülmesi de ayrıca dikkat çekicidir. Onun dışında diğer illerde anlamlı olmayan artış ve azalış eğilimleri görülmektedir. İstasyonların ve periyotların büyük bölümünde kar örtülü gün ve kar yağışlı günler arasında istastistiksel açıdan anlamlı, orta düzeyde ve pozitif bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi, Kar yağışı, Trend Analizi.

The effects of global warming are not the same in every region of the world. Turkey in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin is one of the areas affected by this warming. Summer drought significantly felt in Turkey, where climatic conditions are constantly changing due to global warming. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously observed phenological events in the climate control. Various methods such as remote sensing systems, meteorological observations and species-based local evaluations are used in the investigation of phenological events. Growing degree-days (GDD) is one of the phenological prediction models based on meteorological variability. In this study, daily maximum and daily minimum temperature records of 147 meteorological observation stations were used to determine annual and seasonal trends of GDD in Turkey. GDD trends in various periods were determined by Mann-Kendall sequential statistics method. According to the survey, seasonal and annual trends in from 1970 to 2018 GDD are positive characters. In this process in the control of climate change, important phenological shifts have occurred in Turkey. BDG increases observed in summer; In agriculture and forestry, it may have increased drought-based heat stress even more. The positive trends in the study are thought to be effective on natural ecosystems through industry, agriculture, settlement, and natural resources. For this reason, basic climatic parameters such as temperature and precipitation need to be collected at more local scales., Küresel ısınmanın etkileri, dünyanın her bölgesinde aynı şiddette değildir. Doğu Akdeniz Havzasında bulunan Türkiye, bu ısınmadan etkilenen alanlardan birisidir. Yaz kuraklığının önemli derecede hissedildiği Türkiye’de, küresel ısınma nedeniyle iklimsel koşullar sürekli olarak değişmektedir. Bu yüzden, iklim kontrolündeki fenolojik olayların sürekli olarak gözlenmesi gerekmektedir. Fenolojik olayların araştırılmasında, uzaktan algılama sistemleri, meteorolojik gözlemler ve tür bazlı lokal değerlendirmeler gibi çeşitli metotlar kullanılmaktadır. Büyüme derece günleri (BDG), meteorolojik değişkenliği esas alan fenolojik tahmin modellerinden birisidir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de BDG’lerdeki, yıllık ve mevsimsel trendleri belirlemek için 147 adet meteoroloji gözlem istasyonun günlük maksimum ve günlük minimum sıcaklık kayıtları kullanılmıştır. Çeşitli periyotlardaki BDG trendleri, Mann-Kendall sıralı istatistik metoduyla belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, 1970’ten 2018 yılına kadar BDG’deki mevsimsel ve yıllık eğilimler pozitif karakterdedir. İklimsel değişimlerin kontrolündeki bu süreçte, Türkiye’de önemli fenolojik kaymalar meydana gelmiştir. Yaz mevsiminde gözlenen BDG artışları; tarım ve ormancılıkta, kuraklığa dayalı sıcaklık stresini daha da arttırmış olabilir. Çalışmada bulunan pozitif eğilimlerin endüstri, tarım, yerleşme, doğal kaynaklar vasıtasıyla doğal ekosistemler üzerinde etkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle sıcaklık ve yağış gibi temel iklimsel parametrelerin daha lokal ölçeklerde toplanması gerekmektedir.

Today, gaining computer programming skills and understanding the logic of algorithm has become important not only for those working in this field but also for those working in almost every profession. However, various difficulties are encountered in programming education for many reasons. In order for students to overcome these difficulties, they have to solve many sample programming questions. Although there are some English-based resources on exercise questions for those trying to learn programming, there is not yet a comprehensive and sufficient resource for Turkish. In order to fulfill this need, a web-based algorithm exercise and assessment management system with Turkish content was developed in this study. In the system called AlgoBug, users solve the practice questions of many programming languages in order from easy to difficult. Users’ solutions are assessed by other users in the role of evaluator who are more advanced in that programming language, and detailed feedback is given to them. In addition to written feedback, solutions are scored between 1 and 10 points, and solutions scoring 7 or more are considered “correct”. In order to carry out tasks such as introducing the system to new users in the system and guiding them in the programming learning process, the former users who have completed all the questions in a programming language are also given a consultancy role. With the AlgoBug system, people who are new to programming are provided with the opportunity to practice abundantly on the topics they have learned, while helping them to understand and correct their mistakes and shortcomings with the detailed feedback they receive on their solutions. While the users continue to improve themselves by solving the questions in a programming language, on the other hand, evaluating the solutions of the lower level users in the evaluator role enables them to further consolidate what they have learned with the “learning by teaching” approach. It is thought that the AlgoBug system will contribute to reducing the difficulties encountered in programming education.

As the amount of content on the websites increases, automatic content extraction from Web pages becomes more important. Although many studies have been done in the literature on this subject, a method that fully solves the problem has not been revealed due to the flexible structure of HTML. The performances of the methods that show success at certain rates also decrease over time with the changing and developing Web structure. In this study, a browser extension was developed to automatically download text content on Web pages. This developed extension provides an output with 100% recall rate by cleaning the text content on the Web page from all tags and codes with a parser that utilizes the Document Object Model (DOM) structure. This browser extension that operates independently from the language has been tested on different types of popular Web sites in Turkey and has been shown to work successfully.

Background/Study Context: Approximately one third of older adults over the age of 65, and over 40% of those over 80 years, fall each year, leading to fractures, morbidity, and mortality. Annual direct medical costs due to falls in the United States are approximately $19.2 billion. The identification of new treatable risk factors for falls has the potential to advance their prevention and rehabilitation. Methods A cross-sectional study of 127 community-dwelling adults aged 67-99 years was conducted. An electronic gait walkway was used to assess gait coordination, measured as the Phase Coordination Index during normal speed walking. A motion capture system was used to assess rhythmic interlimb antiphase ankle coordination, measured as the standard deviation of ankle relative phase. Having fallen in the previous year was self-reported retrospectively. Odds ratios for falling as a function of coordination quartiles were determined using multivariable logistic regression. Results Adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, number of chronic conditions, Mini-Mental State Examination score, gait speed, and the variability of step length, time, and width, the odds ratios for falling based upon being in the 4th (the poorest) quartiles of gait or ankle coordination were 5.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-24.7) and 8.2 (95% CI: 2.2-31.3), respectively, and 3.7 (95% CI: 1.0-13.8) for the 3rd quartile of gait coordination, compared with the best (the 1st) coordination quartiles. Similar results were found in regression without adjustment for gait characteristics. Conclusion The results support the hypothesis that impaired gait and rhythmic interlimb ankle coordination are associated with a history of falls in the past year. Prospective longitudinal research is needed to determine the possible direction of causality between falls and impaired coordination.

To determine if poorer gait variability and gait coordination among mobility-limited older adults is related to their slower walking speed.Cross-sectional analysis.University research laboratory.Community-dwelling adults (N=69) 68 years or older with (Short Physical Performance Battery score ≤9; n=37) and without (n=32) mobility limitations.Not applicable.The variability of step length, swing time percent, and step width. Gait coordination was assessed along with the Phase Coordination Index.The usual pace gait speed of those without mobility limitations was faster (1.22±0.14m/s vs 0.71±0.14m/s; P.001) and less variable in all gait characteristics (all P.001), with the exception of step width (P=.185), than those with limitations. When those without limitations slowed their walking pace (0.71m/s±0.14), their gait coordination became poorer (P.001), and the variability of all gait characteristics increased (all P.001) except for step width, which decreased (P=.002). When those without mobility limitations walked at a slow pace, they had better gait coordination (P=.008) and less variable step length (P=.014) and swing time percent (P=.036). The variability of stride time (P=.260) and step width (P=.385) were not significantly different than that of their peers with limitations.Increased variability in some gait characteristics of mobility-limited older adults appears to be related to their slower walking speed. Gait coordination and the variability of step length and swing time percent may reflect intrinsic differences in mobility-limited older adults that are independent of walking speed.

This articledeals with the history of geomorphology from the distant past to the periods ofthe Age of Enlightenment in Europe. Geomorphology, whose origin is as old asthe history of mankind, has been transformed into a very significant ordramatic transformation and change. In this study, developments and changesoccurring in the early stages of geomorphology were evaluated by dividing intodifferent time periods. The first ideas about how the earth was shaped were inEgypt, China and Mesopotamia. In later periods, scientific thought was born inthe ancient Greek world, which entered into interaction with the mentionedcivilizations. In the beginning, the discussions which started with cosmology,astronomy, and the shape and location of the globe have been expanded and thesubject of Geomorphology has been taken into consideration. In the early daysthere is no specialization in any subject among thinkers. Because, according tothe perspective of the period, the thinker has to produce ideas on everysubject. Therefore, views on landforms were included in both Geography andCosmology books. However, even though an individual specialization did notarise in these early times, it was seen that subject-based books were written.In this period; Ancient Greek philosophers systematized, generalized andproduced knowledge without relying on actual observations. But what we call sciencein the modern sense; with new methods (experiment, observation, andmeasurement) emerged in the Islamic world unused by previous philosophers. As aresult, the first scientific ideas about geomorphology were born in the Islamicworld and spread all over the world during the Middle Ages. Geomorphology,which showed a slow development between the 12th and 16th centuries, became anindependent discipline in the 19th century., Bu makale, Jeomorfoloji ’nin uzak geçmişinden başlayıp Avrupa’daAydınlanma Çağı’nın başladığı dönemlere kadar olan tarihçesini ele almaktadır.Kökeni neredeyse insanlık tarihi kadar eski olan Jeomorfoloji ‘nin düşünceyapısında da çok belirgin hatta dramatik sayılabilecek dönüşüm ve değişimlermeydana gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Jeomorfoloji ‘nin erken dönemlerinde meydanagelen gelişmeler ve değişmeler çeşitli zaman dilimlerine ayrılarakdeğerlendirilmiştir. Yeryüzünün nasılşekillendiği konusu ile ilgili ilk düşünceler Mısır, Çin ve Mezopotamya’daortaya çıkmıştır. Daha sonraki dönemlerde ise sözü edilen medeniyetlerleetkileşim içerisine giren Antik Yunan dünyasında bilimsel düşünce doğdu.Başlangıçta ağırlıklı olarak Kozmoloji, Astronomi, yer kürenin şekli ve konumuile başlayan tartışmalar daha da genişleyerek Jeomorfoloji ‘nin konusunu daiçerisine alır hale gelmiştir. İlk zamanlarda düşünürler arasında herhangi birkonuda uzmanlaşma yoktur. Çünkü dönemin bakış açısı gereğince düşünür herkonuda fikir üretmek durumundadır. Bu yüzden yer şekilleriyle ilgili görüşlerhem Coğrafya hem de Kozmoloji kitaplarında yer almıştır. Ancak bu erkenzamanlarda bireysel bir uzmanlaşma ortaya çıkmasa da konu temelli kitaplaryazıldığı da görülmektedir. Bu periyotta; Antik Yunan filozofları gerçek gözlemleredayanmadan bilgiyi sistematikleştirdiler, genelleştirdiler ve teorilerilerürettiler. Ancak modern manada bilim dediğimiz şey; yeni metotlarla birlikte(deney, gözlem, ölçme) önceki filozoflar tarafından kullanılmayan bir biçimdeİslam dünyasında ortaya çıktı. Bunun neticesinde de Jeomorfoloji ile ilgilibilimsel nitelik taşıyan ilk düşünceler İslam dünyasında doğdu ve Orta Çağboyunca bütün dünyaya yayıldı. 12. ve 16. yüzyıllar arasında yavaş bir gelişimgösteren Jeomorfoloji ancak 19. yüzyılda bağımsız bir disiplin haline geldi.

To determine whether older Mexican-Americans who cannot speak and/or understand spoken English have higher rates of mobility limitations or fear of falling than their English-speaking counterparts.We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 1169 community-dwelling Mexican-Americans aged 72-96 years from the 2000-2001 wave of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly. Mobility limitations were defined as having a Short Physical Performance Battery score ≤9, and fear of falling by participant report of being somewhat, fairly, or very afraid of falling. We determined the rates and odds ratios, for having mobility limitations and fear of falling as a function of English ability in those who were 72-96,80, and ≥80 years of age.Among participants who were unable to speak and/or understand spoken English 85.7% had mobility limitations and 61.6% were afraid of falling, compared to 77.6% and 57.5%, respectively, of English speakers. Before adjusting for covariates, participants who did not speak and/or understand spoken English were more likely to have mobility limitations (odds ratio: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3-2.4) but not fear of falling, compared to English speakers. Among those aged ≥80 years, but not those80 years, who did not speak or understand English were more likely to have mobility limitations (odds ratio: 4.8; 95% CI:2.0-11.5) and fear of falling (odds ratio: 2.0; 95% CI:1.3-3.1).Older Mexican-Americans who do not speak or understand spoken English have a higher rate of mobility limitations and fear of falling than their English-speaking counterparts.

SummaryPurpose This study aimed to compare haemodynamic, rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate responses during resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) compared with traditional high-intensity resistance exercise in hypertensive older women. Methods Eighteen hypertensive women (age = 67·0 ± 1·7 years.) undertook three random sessions: (i) three sets; 10 repetitions; 20% of one repetition maximum (1RM) with BFR; (ii) three sets; 10 repetitions; 65% of 1RM; without BFR; and (iii) no-exercise with BFR. The exercise sessions were performed on knee extension equipment. Results Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) were significantly higher (P