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Pica and rumination disorder are described under the heading of nutrition and eating disorders in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. In children and adolescents there is limited epidemiological data for both disorders. Psychosocial and biochemical factors come to the forefront in etiology. Particularly low socioeconomic level, neglect, abuse, inadequate maternal-child interaction and strong association of disorders have been shown. The relationship between pica and micronutrient deficiencies, including iron, calcium and zinc, is well defined. Children with developmental disabilities are more at risk for many problem behaviors, but pica is especially important because it can result in life-threatening medical consequences. It is thought that oesophageal reflux may be a predisposition to ruminating behavior but is the main cause of psychosocial problems and / or impairment of operant conditioning. Even though spontaneous remission is frequent in rumination disorder, secondary complications such as progressive malnutrition, dehydration and resistance to diseases may develop. Currently, no evidence-based treatment protocol exists specifically for pica and rumination disorders. The treatments emphasize psychosocial, environmental, behavioral and family guidance approaches. There is a need for randomized controlled trials to develop strong clinical recommendations for the treatment of these disorders. Suggestions for future research include identifying supported therapies and prevention programs focused on early determinants of nutrition and eating disorders. This review, based on recent research, summarizes diagnostic criteria, clinical features and treatment options for both disorders.

Zorbalık,özellikle çocuk ve ergenlerin gelişim süreçlerini sekteye uğratıp gelecekyaşantılarına ömür boyu devam edebilen olumsuz izler bırakır. Bunun yanındazorbalık birçok psikopatolojilerin ortaya çıkmasını tetikleyebilen bir zeminoluşturması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu perspektifte akran zorbalığı,duygusal zorbalık ve siber zorbalık kavramlarını içinde barındıran iki olguile tartışılmıştır. Olguların her ikisinde de depresif belirtiler ön planaçıkmış ve aile tutumlarında sorunlar olduğu görülmüştür. Bunlarınyanında zorbalığa karşı koruyucu tedbirlerin ve faydalı olabilecekampirik sosyal destek türünün dikkatle ele alınması katkı sağlayacaktır., Bullying impedesdevelopment process of particularly in children and has been documented to have many negative effects. Furthermore theseeffects typically follows an unremitting course across the life span inchildren and adolescence. Moreover bullyingmay play a precipitating role in the onset of some psychopathologies. In this respect, peer bullyingwhich involves emotional bullying and cyber bullying, were evaluated with twoclinical cases. Depressive symptoms were more prominent and deficiency onparents' attitudes have been observed in both cases. In addition payingparticular attention to the ways in which different forms of social support maybuffer the harmful effects of bullying as well as methods of prevention may contribute.