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The article considers the Adriatic bora as a phenomenon of flow around real mountains using a nonlinear analytical two-dimensional model. The atmosphere is presented as three layers: the lower layer represents the troposphere, and the other two represent the influence of the upper atmosphere. The shape of the relief is taken into account accurately, the interaction of the flows in the studied layers is approximate. It has been deduced that disturbances over the main ridge and in the leeward zone over the mountains are often characterized by the presence of a zone with rotors in the form of closed vortices and extended sections of vertical movements. The energy of the disturbances beyond the mountains is estimated by the jet stream velocity at the leeward slope. It has been deduced that its value lies in the range of 19–40 m/s. It’s been deduced that the characteristic cold snap during the bora is determined by the arrival of a colder air mass in the region, and not by the flow process itself. The height and the steepness of the leeward slope of the mountains, as well as the effects of turbulization of movements in the leeward zone are determining factors in increasing the velocity in the surface layer over the mountains.

The main part of the territory of the Republic of Adygea is located in the mountain-valley relief. The state of the atmosphere over complex relief is controlled by synoptic-scale processes, mesoscale circulations caused by thermal effects, and turbulent processes. The chapter explores the key features of the structure and dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer over mountainous terrain. The main features of the mountain-valley circulation, the causes and characteristics of slope and valley winds are presented. Special attention is paid to the Novorossiysk bora and exchange processes over reservoirs. The territory of the Republic of Adygea is unique in terms of the variety of landscapes and can become a good testing ground for a comprehensive study of the features of complex wind circulation and validation of models from eddy-resolving to regional numerical models of weather forecasting. This will contribute not only to improving the quality of weather forecasts and dangerous meteorological phenomena, but also to improving the ecological state of the region through more competent planning of economic activities, taking into account the landscape and climatic features of the region.

The concluding chapter of the book “The Republic of Adygea Environment” briefly summarizes the content of the book which comprises 28 chapters devoted to different physicogeographical characteristics, geological processes, ecological conditions of soils, anthropogenic loads, environmental issues, climate and vegetation change, geo-ecological monitoring of rivers and water bodies, ecological tourism, renewable energy, as well as to mechanisms of legal, ecological and economic regulation and environmental insurance in the Republic of Adygea. International activities of Maykop State Technological University are briefly described and prospects of future collaboration in the environmental research in the framework of the EU Black Sea Cross Border Cooperation are presented.

The Krasnodar Reservoir is the largest complex water management facility in the North Caucasus. The issue of its safe operation is the control of its normal retaining level and the level of dead volume. To study the reservoir level regime, we used data from the altimetry measurements of the Jason-1/-2/-3 satellites for 2002–2019, the processing of which was carried out according to the regional adaptive retracking algorithm. According to remote sensing data, the maximum seasonal water level anomaly of the Krasnodar Reservoir is observed in April (+1.54 ± 0.52 m), and the minimum is observed in November (−1.79 ± 0.64 m). The mean difference between the level gauge measurement and satellite altimetry data of the seasonal variability of the upstream and downstream Krasnodar Reservoir water level anomalies equals to 12.54 ± 6.95 cm. The calculation results show that the interannual variability of the Krasnodar Reservoir water level amounted to +1.03 ± 0.02 cm/year for the period from 2002 to 2019, which corresponds to the reservoir safe operation.

Current state of ecological tourism, its development models in Russia, and prospects of ecotourism development in the Republic of Adygea have been studied in the chapter. Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) of the Republic of Adygea and their main natural characteristics as sites of ecological tourism have been considered. Recreational capacity and loads of SPNA of the mountainous part of the Republic have been estimated.

This chapter considers airflow around mountain systems as a mesoscale atmospheric phenomenon. It presents a nonlinear stationary dimensional theoretical model of the airflow of the Northwest Caucasus Mountains, taking into account characteristics of a real mountain terrain. The chapter further discusses the results of the calculations of the speed field of the airflow and general regularities of the origin and the scale of the rotary-wave deformation of the airflow over the mountains. The flow over the mountain greatly smoothed, and the rotor area completely disappeared. Flight safety indicators over the mountains of the Republic of Adygea for two types of aircrafts (light-engine and speed) were calculated on the basis of the obtained data. In certain conditions, flights for both high-speed and single-engine aircrafts can be considered dangerous.

This article considers airflow around mountain systems as a meso-scale atmospheric phenomenon. It presents a non-linear stationary dimensional theoretical model of the airflow of the North-West Caucasus Mountains, taking into account characteristics of a real mountain terrain. The article further discusses the results of the calculations of the speed field of the airflow and general regularities of the origin and the scale of the rotary-wave deformation of the airflow over the mountains. The calculation results have shown that for the model scenario I at wind speed U=15 m/s the disturbances are the most intense over the ridge crests, where they are characterized by the zone with rotors. The total length of the rotor zone downwind is more than the length of its nucleus and is close enough in value to the extent of the lee part of the terrain (downwind from the main top). The area of maximum amplitudes is located in the windward side of the rotor zone. These amplitudes are several times higher than the maximum height of the mountains. For the model scenario II (U=19 m/s) wave disturbances slightly increased in length downwind, but minimally changed in amplitude. The rotary zone changed and moved downstream. The model scenario III (U=22 m/s) is accompanied by sharp transformation of the rotor zone. Closed vortices disappear; there is no purely vertical and backward motion. The flow over the mountain greatly smoothed, and the rotor area completely disappeared. Flight safety indicators over the mountains of the Republic of Adygeya for two types of aircrafts (light-engine and speed) were calculated on the basis of the obtained data. In certain conditions, flights for both high-speed and single-engine aircrafts can be considered dangerous

Climate changes in the Black Sea basin and its water area are reflected in changes in the main parameters of the sea state: sea level and sea surface temperature (SST). To study these changes, satellite altimetry and radiometry data were used that allow analyzing the spatial-temporal variability of the interannual rate of change of these parameters over a long time interval. To study the spatial-temporal variability of the rate of SST climatic variability used remote sensing data for two intervals in 1982–2015 and 1993–2015. The results of the study showed that over the time interval 1982–2015 that the SST near the coast of the Krasnodar Krai increase at an average rate of 0.079±0.005°C/yr, and the coast of the Republic of Abkhazia at a rate of 0.072±0.002°C/yr. At the same time, the growth rate of SST decreased from the Kerch Strait (0.082° C/yr) to Adler(0.076 °C/yr), and along the coast of the Republic of Abkhazia decreased from Adler (0.076°C/yr) to Ochamchire (0.071°C/yr). In the shorter time interval of 1993-2015, which coincided with the time interval for the study of the rate of measurement of the Black Sea level, the rate of change in SST also decreased in the direction from the Kerch Strait to the border with Georgia. The results showed that for the time interval of 1993–2015. Sea level off the coast of the Krasnodar Krai increase at an average rate of 0.29±0.03 cm/yr, and the coast of the Republic of Abkhazia – at a rate of 0.27±0.02 cm/yr. The rate of increase in the level of the Black Sea increased from the Kerch Strait (0.28 cm/yr) to Adler (0.31 cm/yr), and along the coast of the Republic of Abkhazia, on the contrary – decreased from Adler (0.31 cm/yr) Up to Ochamchira (0.24 cm/yr).