Search

This study aimed to explore the heterogeneity in the symptoms of pathological Internet use. The predictive role of online cognitions and online dissociative experiences on pathological Internet use were investigated. Three hundred and ninety Turkish undergraduate students (261 females) participated in the study. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed. Items responses on the 26-item Chen Internet Addiction Scale were subjected to LCA. The LCA identified three latent classes: (1) Normal Internet Users ( n = 141, 36.15%), (2) Problematic Internet Users ( n = 148, 37.95%), and (3) Pathological Internet Users ( n = 101, 25.90%). The multinomial regression analysis showed that online cognitions, anxious arousal, and online dissociation were significantly associated with pathological Internet use. Our findings showed that the online dissociation as measured by the Van Online Dissociative Experiences Schedule and mental dissociation as indexed by the Dissociative Experiences Scale are qualitatively different constructs in relation to addictive behaviors on the net. Online dissociation and online cognitions seem to be crucial vulnerability factors for pathological Internet use.

Childhood trauma and dissociative experiences are suggested to be predisposing transdiagnostic factors for attention deficit /hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as many psychiatric disorders. Trauma-related symptoms such as motor restlessness, emotional instability, and concentration problems can mimic, trigger, or exacerbate ADHD symptoms. Moreover, given the relationship between ADHD and trauma-induced distress, it has been suggested that dissociative experiences and attention problems may reveal overlapping characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between dissociative experiences and attention deficits by carrying out mixture analysis. A thousand and thirty-seven participants volunteered to the online investigation. Participants completed a test battery that included a sociodemographic form as well as the Adult ADHD Severity Rating Scale (ASRS), Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), and Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ). Item responses on the DES and attention deficit symptoms as indexed by the ASRS were subjected to latent class analysis. The three-latent-class model outperformed alternative mixture models. Mixture analysis classified the sample into three homogenous subgroups as follows: (1) No/low dissociation or attention problems; (2) Moderate dissociation with attention problems; and (3) High dissociation with attention problems. High dissociators with attention problems were characterized by heightened scores on somatoform dissociation and emotional neglect. No/low dissociation or attention problems latent class reported significantly lower scores on hyperactivity/impulsivity, depression, attention deficit in childhood, and sexual abuse than both moderate and high dissociation latent classes. High dissociators and moderate dissociators significantly differed on conduct problems and physical abuse. We concluded that impulsive hyperactivity, depression, and childhood sexual abuse were common features in heightened dissociation latent classes, as well as attention deficit.

A body of accumulating evidence showed that dissociation, obsessive-beliefs, and poor self-esteem are causally implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adult samples. This study aimed at expanding and refining the current evidence in children and adolescents. A total of 41 patients with OCD and 51 healthy individuals, aged between 11 and 17, were included in the study. The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI), Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES), Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale – Child Version (RCADS- CV), and Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire - Child Version (OBQ-CV) were completed by participants. The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version DSM-5 (K-SADS PL DSM-5) and Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS-C) were further administered among juvenile OCD patients. Specific phobias (39.0%), depressive disorders (22.0%), social phobia (17.1%), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (12.2%) were the more prevalent comorbid clinical conditions in the OCD group. A-DES scores were significantly associated with both obsessions and compulsions subscales of the CY-BOCS-C in the clinical group. OCD-afflicted youths had lower levels of general self-esteem than healthy controls (HC). Most and foremost, low general self-esteem and maternal psychopathology significantly contributed to the development and maintenance of juvenile OCD. We found no support for the significant associations of obsessional beliefs with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Compared to healthy youths, the results suggested that juvenile OCD seems to pursue a different developmental pathway concerning dissociative symptomatology and self-concept.

The main objective of this study was to explore the associations between character strengths and internalising and externalising problems. One thousand, one hundred thirty-eight adolescents, comple...

We compared gender dysphoria (GD) patients and their same-sex siblings in terms of their 2D:4D ratios, which may reflect prenatal exposure to androgen, one of the possible etiological mechanisms underlying GD. Sixty-eight GD patients (46 Female-to-Male [FtM]; 22 Male-to-Female [MtF]), 68 siblings (46 sisters of FtMs; 22 brothers of MtFs), and 118 heterosexual controls (62 female; 56 male) were included in the study. FtMs were gynephilic and MtFs were androphilic. We found that 2D:4D ratios in the both right hand (p < .001) and the left hand (p = .003) were lower in male controls than in female controls. Regarding right hands, FtM GD patients had lower 2D:4D ratios than female controls (p < .001) but their ratios did not differ from those of their sisters or male controls. FtM GD patients had no significant difference in their left-hand 2D:4D ratios compared to their sisters or female and male controls. While there was no significant difference in right hands between FtM's sisters and male controls, left-hand 2D:4D ratios were significantly higher in FtM's sisters (p = .017). MtF GD patients had lower right-hand 2D:4D ratios than female controls (p

2-s2.0-85092013878 High comorbidity of anxiety and depression poses challenges to research and treatment in clinical settings. The current study was set out to investigate whether respondents can be separated into discrete depressive and anxious subgroups or reveal a continuous distribution throughout the population based on the symptoms of depression and anxiety. In addition, we also explored the role of rumination, automatic thoughts, dysfunctional attitudes, and thought suppression as transdiagnostic factors. Psychometric instruments including Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ), Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale-Revised (DAS-R), Ruminative Response Scale – Short Form (RRS-SF), and White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) were completed by 310 undergraduates. Item responses to the BDI and BAI were subjected to latent class analysis (LCA). The LCA showed that three homogenous subgroups exist: normal, subclinical, and psychopathology latent classes. Findings supported the dimensional model rather than the categorical distinction between anxiety and depression. Strong covariances between anxious and depressive symptoms across latent subgroups were observed. Having controlled for age and gender, automatic thoughts, dysfunctional thinking, rumination, and thought suppression were all found significant transdiagnostic factors. Anxiety and depression, as frequently co-occurring clinical conditions, can be best understood in a continuum rather than taxonomic classifications. Individuals more prone to use maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies seem to be at greater risk of psychopathology. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

The aim of the study was to explore the relationships among cyberchondria, fear of COVID-19, health anxiety, obsessions, sleep quality, and negative affect in a national community sample of Turkish participants. A sample of 8,276 volunteers, aged between 18 and 65, were recruited via an online platform. The Perceived Vulnerability about Diseases Questionnaire, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Cyberchondria Severity Scale, Short Health Anxiety Inventory, Depression Stress Anxiety Scale-21, Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were completed by participants. Data were analyzed using mixture structural equation modelling approach. Results revealed that perceived vulnerability to disease was found to be positively related with cyberchondria, poor sleep quality, health anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Negative affect was positively associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, fears of COVID-19, cyberchondria severity, and poor sleep quality. Additionally, fear of COVID-19 was positively related to health anxiety. Also, cyberchondria severity was found to be positively associated with poor sleep quality and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Mixture analysis classified participants into six latent classes: 1) Risk-Aversive Healthy Group, 2) Incautious Healthy Group, 3) Infection Obsessions Group, 4) Health Anxiety Group, 5) Negative Affect Group, and 6) General Psychopathology Group. The national survey data showed that perceived vulnerability to diseases, negative affect, fear of COVID-19, cyberchondria, health anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and sleep quality appeared to be at the center of pandemic health anxiety. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [120K443] This research has been supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK). Project Number: 120K443.

The main focus of this study was to investigate links between the diathesis-stress hypotheses of the quadripartite model and the helplessness-hopelessness theory of depression. Simultaneously the study tested the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Learned Helplessness Scale (LHS). To this end, the LHS was initially administered to a pilot sample consisting of 440 college students. Next, the LHS, Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were administered to 191 college students. Factor structures extracted from the data on the initial sample was tested on the validation sample and a three-factor structure containing "Internal and Stable Appraisals", "Losing Control" and a "General Helplessness" was confirmed. Considering the differentiation between anxiety and depression along with the hypothesis of helplessness-hopelessness theory, it appeared that hopelessness and poor self-esteem constituted specific dimensions of depressive symptomatology. Poor sleep quality was a non-specific component of both anxiety and depression. Helplessness was strongly associated with low self-worth. The results of the present study are discussed in light of quadripartite and helplessness-hopelessness models of depression.

A dissociative tendency in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has long been documented. It is recognized that dissociative symptoms in OCD may interfere with response to treatment. The current study investigated whether cognitive vulnerability factors are differentially associated with dissociative experiences and obsessive-compulsive (O-C) symptoms in a general population sample. Moreover, using the mixture structural equation modeling (MSEM) approach, we explored whether a latent psychopathological profile exists that may differ in severity of dissociation, O-C symptoms, and cognitive vulnerability factors in the sample. The structural equation analysis showed that probabilistic inferences directly contributed to the variances of both dissociative and O-C symptoms. Probabilistic inferences mediated the relationships of meta-cognitions with both dissociation and O-C symptoms. Obsessional beliefs were directly associated with O-C symptoms and indirectly contributed to dissociation via obsessions. Two latent profiles emerged in the MSEM: a healthy group and a psychopathological group. Participants classified into the latent psychopathological profile were high in O-C symptoms and dissociation as well as cognitive vulnerability factors of meta-cognitions, obsessional beliefs, and probabilistic inferences. The mixture analysis provided further support for the significant associations between the variables of interest. Further research is needed to better understand the underpinnings of the relationships between O-C symptoms and dissociation.

The aim of the study is to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the SLEEP-50 Questionnaire (SLEEP-50), designed to assess probable caseness of sleep disorders in general population based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition Text Revision. Five hundred and twenty-two college students, aged between 18-44 years, participated in the study. Using the cutoff values informed by initial validation study, we detected the prevalence rates of sleep disorders. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the SLEEP-50 were evaluated. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was administered along with the questionnaire to assess convergent validity. The internal consistency of the overall questionnaire was excellent (Cronbachs α=.91). Substantial kappa values showed that temporal stability of the SLEEP-50 was adequate. All sleep disorders detected by the SLEEP-50 were found to be significantly associated with the poor sleep quality as indexed by the PSQI. The Turkish version of the SLEEP-50 revealed adequate psychometric properties. [JCBPR 2018; 7(3.000): 127-132]

The focus of this study was twofold. The first aim of the study was to investigate psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS). Second, we explored the relations between Internet Addiction, Attachment Style Emotion Regulation, Depression and Anxiety among college students. A total of 754 college students participated in the study. The CIAS, Young Internet Addiction Test (YIAT), Experiences in Close Relationship-Revised (ECR-R), Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) were administered in the study. The CIAS was subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. The associations between Internet addiction, attachment styles, difficulty in emotion regulation, anxiety and depression were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance and logistic regression analysis. The signal detection analysis showed that a cut value of 64 for the CIAS, with diagnostic accuracy of 97.1% and a cut value of 40 for the YIAT, with diagnostic accuracy of 86.9% were evaluated to be best diagnostic cutoff points. Considering univariate relationships between variables of interest, fearful and preoccupied attachment were significantly associated with pathological Internet use. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that being male, difficulties in emotional regulation, anxiety and depression statistically significantly contributed to the risk for development of Internet addiction. Internet addiction as indexed by the CIAS cutoff is a highly debilitating mental disorder. © 2019 Kure Iletisim Grubu A.S. All rights reserved.

Objective: Even though the internet is a valuable resource for medical information, it has the potential to increase anxiety, fear or obsessive-compulsive behaviours, particularly among individuals more prone to health related anxiety. Researchers have found that health anxiety, hypochondria, and online health searches are associated with increased anxious symptomatology. The aim of this study is to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Cyberchondria Severity Scale, a measure of online health anxiety. Method: Three hundred thirty-seven university students with an age range of 16-55 were included in the study. The Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS), Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory-3 (ASI-3), and Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI) were administered to participants. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that five-factor solution best fit to the data. The overall and subscales of the CSS had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach ? = 0.91, for the overall measure, and Cronbach ? values ranged from 0.78 to 0.87), with an exception of 'mistruct of medical professional' subscale (Cronbach ? = 0.64). The total and subscales of the CSS had generally good convergent validity. Conclusion: The CSS is a newly developed screening tool to assess online health anxiety, and present study demonstrated that the Turkish version of the scale had promising psychometric properties. © 2017 Springer Verlag. All rights reserved.

There has been a growing interest in determining the antecedents of the significant associations between dissociative symptomatology and sleep. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediation effect of a tendency to elicit uncontrollable and excessive worry on the relationship between dissociation and poor sleep quality among non-shift working health staff. Eighty-five participants with a mean age of 31.19 ±7.14 (ranging from 18 to 54) involved within the study. The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a demographic questionnaire were administered. Mediation regression models were utilized to evaluate direct and indirect associations between worry, dissociation and sleep quality after controlling for age, gender, marital status, education, prior psychiatric disorders, familial loading and time spent watching TV series in a week. Regression models indicated that direct dose-response relationship between dissociative symptomatology and sleep quality was not statistically significant. However, indirect effects of dissociative symptoms though pathological worry were substantial. More specifically, we found that the DES total, absorption/imaginative involvement and dissociative amnesia had significant indirect effects on poor sleep quality via excessive worry as measured by the PSWQ. We concluded that dissociative symptoms are indirectly associated with sleep through negative repetitive thoughts such as pathological worry. Therefore, new generation therapeutic approaches particularly mindfulness therapy should be considered in the first-line treatments of sleep disturbance.

WOS: 000407497300015, Objective: The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist is one of the most widely used screening tool in assessing PTSD symptomatology. Several changes to PTSD definition were made in the recent revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The aim of the study was to assess psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the revised version conforming to the advances in DSM-5. Method: Psychiatric outpatients with PTSD (n = 29) and major depressive disorder (n = 73) and a community group (n = 360) included in the study. Respondents completed the PCL-5, Trauma Symptom Checklist-40, Life Events Checklist for DSM-5, Dissociative Experiences Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory and Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory. Results: We found a four-factor solution best fit to the data providing support for the vast array of PTSD research. The PCL-5 demonstrated good reliability with composite reliability coefficients of re-experiencing (.79-.92), avoidance (.73-.91), negative alterations (.85-.90) and hyper-arousal (.81-.88) and temporal reliability with two-week test retest intra-correlation coefficients of .70, .64, .78, and .76, respectively. Strong associations of the total and sub-scale scores of the PCL-5 with other measures of trauma-related symptoms were indicative of construct validity of the screening tool. The current investigation suggested a cut-off score >= 47 for PTSD diagnosis, with .76 sensitivity and .69 specificity. Conclusion: The PCL-5 is a promising screening tool with sound psychometric properties.

Recently, there has been increased interest in chronotypes and clinical differences between them. However, there is limited information about the potential influence of the chronotypes on clinical manifestations and symptom intensity of somatic diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of biological rhythm differences and sleep quality on benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and larengo pharyngeal reflux (LPR) severity. Forty-four LPR patients, 43 BBPV patients and 42 controls were included in the study. The morningness-eveningness questionnaire was used to determine chronotypes, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess subjective sleep quality. Both patient groups reported a significantly greater tendency to eveningness diurnal preferences compared to healthy controls. As with the circadian preferences, patients with BPPV or LPR characterized by poorer sleep quality and worse insomnia than non-patient individuals. It can be concluded that the circadian rhythm and sleep quality are related to the severity of LPR and BPPV.

WOS: 000403941900011, Background: In the subsequent revision of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) symptoms of diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are defined in four clusters and the number of PTSD symptoms was expanded to 20. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) is the most widely used structured clinical interview and recognized as the golden standard in PTSD diagnosis. The final revision of the clinical interview form as the CAPS for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) was advanced in line with the recent revisions in DSM-5 with regards to the PTSD definition. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of CAPS-5 in clinical samples and healthy controls. Methods: In the present study, 30 inpatients with PTSD and 30 inpatients with major depressive disorder consecutively presented to the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic Yuzuncu Yil University Research Hospital, and 30 healthy controls were enrolled. All participants were included if only they reported an index trauma in the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) that bothered them during the past month. Subjects were administered a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) along with the LEC-5, CAPS-5 and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). We used confirmatory factor analysis to compare a structured clinical interview (CAPS-5) and a self-report measure, the PCL-5 and to examine DSM-5 implied four-symptom clusters and several factor structures proposed in the literature to understand which model best represents the latent factor structure of PSTD symptoms. Using multivariate analysis of covariance, concurrent validity of both self-report and structured clinical interview was evaluated. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was utilized to obtain an optimal cut-off value of the PCL-5 scores in order to use in demarcating cases with non-cases. Results: Even though DSM-5 implied four-factor model adequately fit to either data collected using self-report or clinician-administered measures of PTSD, the latent structure of PTSD symptoms measured by either CAPS-5 or PCL-5 were best represented by six-factor Externalizing Behaviors model, particularly compared to seven-factor Hybrid model. In comparison to depressive and control groups, PTSD patients reported greater scores on the PCL-5, DES, BDI, and BAI and McNemar.2 values between two applications with two weeks interval were unsubstantial. Additionally, PTSD patients exhibited greater symptom endorsement on B, C, D, E, F, G symptom clusters and dissociative subtype than depressive patients and controls. Using signal detection analysis, a significant area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for the PCL-5 (AUC = 0.87 p < 0.001 asymptotic 95% Confidence Interval = 0.798-0.942). The PCL-5 had excellent diagnostic utility with 0.90 sensitivity and 0.80 specificity on a cut-off score >= 47. Conclusion: Turkish versions of the CAPS-5 and PCL-5 are demonstrated to have very good psychometric properties. Implications regarding the findings are discussed.

This study aims to assess the latent dimensional structure of sleep quality as measured by seven components of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and evaluate its diagnostic utility in discriminating individual differences on circadian preferences. Three hundred sixty-seven subjects, aged 17-58 years (mean 22.3 +/- 6.3) and 55% female, participated in the study. The PSQI and Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) were administered, and latent class analysis was run to assess latent homogeneous subgroups according to seven components of the PSQI. Latent class analysis revealed that sleep quality is multifaceted, and data distribution fits best to two-class model. About two-thirds of the subjects (n = 289) were classified into poor sleep quality class and 78 participants were grouped into good sleep quality class. A PSQI total >= 5 was identified as the cut-off value for an optimal discrimination between these two latent classes. Three-step regression analysis did not demonstrate a significant relationship between circadian preferences and sleep quality. Finally, signal detection analysis showed that the PSQI total cut-off value had low diagnostic utility with respect to the individual variation in circadian preferences. Sleep quality is a distinct psychological construct from circadian preferences. Sleep problems were prevalent in the study population and developmentally sensitive sleep programs are required.

Objective: The current study was designed to investigate differences between patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls regarding sleep quality, worry, and dissociative experiences. We also explored the potential correlates of functional impairment in this group.Method: Eighty-eight patients with MS and 139 healthy adults participated in the study. The mean age was 30.96 (standard deviation=8.88) years. The Expanded Disability Status Scale, Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were completed by clinical and nonclinical subjects. Binary logistic and multiple regression analyses were performed.Results: Of the MS patients, 55.7% were identified as poor sleepers. However, total scores on the PSQI did not differ significantly between clinical and nonclinical subjects. Logistic regression analysis showed that patients with MS reported significantly lower levels of habitual sleep efficiency than healthy controls. Interestingly, healthy adults reported higher scores on pathological worry than patients with MS. Patients with MS and healthy adults did not differ in the DES scores. Duration of illness and worrisome thoughts were significant predictors of the functional impairment occurring during the course of the illness.Conclusion: Patients with MS had poor habitual sleep efficiency, which may be a significant risk factor for management and improvement of the illness. Pathological worry seems to be associated with disability status. Cognitive behavioral interventions including sleep-informed instructions should be integrated into clinical practices to enhance positive outcomes during the course of the treatment in this group.

WOS: 000481069500001, In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between compulsive buying (CB), biological rhythm, impulsivity, and fear of missing out (FoMO). The data in the research was collected from 493 university students using a package of psychological tools including the personal questionnaire, the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOs), Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). One-way analysis of variance was used to investigate the differences in scales scores across chronotypes, and hierarchical regression analysis to understand the relationships of compulsive buying scores with socio-demographic characteristics and scales scores. Morning-typeindividuals reported lower scores on the CBS, impulsivity, FoMOs, anxiety, and stress than evening-types or neither-types. According to the hierarchical regression analyses, compulsive buyers reported significantly greater levels of impulsivity, depression, anxiety, and fear of missing out. The results showed that evening-type individuals were more likely to compulsive buying behaviors, impulsivity, and FoMO. In conclusion, this study revealed pioneering findings in terms of CB-related factors. It also showed the relationship between consumers' compulsive buying behavior, and FoMO and the effect of circadian preferences in biological rhythms on this relationship.

The paper discusses the associations between adult attachment and OCD symptoms in light of current cognitive-behavioural theories of OCD. The role of attachment system in OCD has been increasingly recognised. The aim of this paper was to investigate and evidence for direct and indirect relations between attachment insecurities, obsessional beliefs and OCD symptoms. Data were collected from a sample of university students (N = 334) in a cross-sectional research design. Adjusting for age, sex, income, paternal education and maternal education, attachment anxiety and avoidance in combination with obsessional beliefs (responsibility/threat estimation, perfectionism/certainty and importance/control of thoughts) were regressed onto obssessionality using logistic regression analysis. One-way MANOVA comparisons of obsessionality and obsessive beliefs were run across four attachment styles. Finally, the affect regulation model of attachment theory was refined and tested in relation to OCD symptomatology. Attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance significantly contributed to severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. More specifically, respondents with fearful and preoccupied attachment styles reported greater scores on obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and obsessional beliefs. Using a structural modelling approach, we found responsibility/threat estimation significantly contributed to obsessional symptomatology via attachment anxiety and avoidance. © 2016, © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Our main aim was to investigate whether a taxonomic or a continuum model best fit to the associations between positive and negative aspects of trait psychological constructs. Using a factor analytic approach, we found that positive aspects of personality, perfectionism, coping, and locus of control were discernible from negative aspects of these constructs. Adhering to latent profile analysis procedure, we found four latent homogenous subsets among which individuals differentiated in their levels of positive traits. These four latent homogenous groups were labeled as ‘Extremely low positive traits with high agreeableness’, ‘Low positive traits’, ‘High positive traits with high agreeableness’, and ‘High positive traits’. Latent class analyses demonstrated that participants who reported greater scores on positive traits were classified into two groups based on agreeableness scores (latent class 3 vs latent class 4). However, these two high positive traits groups did not significantly differentiate in other positive or negative traits. At the other extreme, those who scored extremely low on positive traits were also distinguishable from ‘Low positive traits’ group (latent class 2) dependent on high agreeableness scores (latent class 1) and at higher risk in terms of lowest positive traits among these four latent homogenous groups. It was appeared that agreeableness operates counterproductively among low positive individuals. It is concluded that multidimensional trait constructs seem to have two aspects including positive and negative facets rather than operating along a continuum or being simple opposites.

Objective: Most of the theoretical models of addictive behaviors of Internet use based on the social cognitive model and suggested that Internet addiction is associated with a deficit in self-monitoring and self-regulation. On the other hand, researches have consistently reported associations between addictive Internet behaviors and a tendency to dissociate in clinical and non-clinical samples. Given the accumulating evidence in the literature, dissociative experiences may be a predisposing factor in the formation and perseverance of maladaptive use of the Internet. Within this context, the present study introduces a new psychometric instrument, the Van Online Dissociative Experiences Schedule (VODES), designed to assess online dissociative experiences. Method: Seven hundred eighteen undergraduates (71.7% were female) volunteered to participate in the study. The mean age of the sample was 20.69 (SD ± 2.14). Participants completed the Van Online Dissociative Experiences Schedule (VODES) and Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS). Results: The result of principal components analysis showed that the four-factor (Identity confusion, Escapism/Detachment, Impairment in reality monitoring/Absorption, and Losing the sense of reality) solution explained 60.34% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the four-factor model excellently fit data, and all items of the VODES loaded strongly (0.53 to 0.86) onto the respective latent factors. Moreover, VODES had excellent internal reliability (?s= 0.93 to 0.98) and test-retest reliability (r= 0.79 to 0.90). In addition, all four dimensions of the VODES were strongly associated with the addictive use of Internet. Conclusions: This study showed that VODES is a promising and sound measure of online dissociation. © 2019, Istanbul Universitesi. All rights reserved.

A body of evidence has supported that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have increased rates of various neurological soft signs (NSS) compared to controls. Various lines of research has documented robust relationships between OCD and dissociative symptomatology. The study aimed to examine the associations between obsessive-compulsive symptoms, dissociative experiences alexithymia, and NSS. The study included thirty OCD patients and thirty healthy controls, matched for age, marital status, education, and income. The Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES), Padua Inventory-Revised (PI-R), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) were administered. In comparison to healthy controls, patients with OCD had difficulty sequencing for complex motor acts and greater absorption/ imaginative involvement. Using latent class analysis, the study sample was classified into two homogenous subsets as mild NSS (n = 45) and severe NSS (n = 15). Majority of the participants who were grouped into severe NSS latent class were OCD patient (n = 14, 93.3%). Furthermore, those with severe NSS reported greater levels of alexithymia and more severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms, particularly precision. We concluded that relationships between OCD severity and NSS appear to be of crucial importance. Our data along with accumulated evidence suggest that OCD associated with pronounced NSS may represent a specific subtype of the disorder.

Introduction Cognitive theories of psychopathology have generally proposed that early experiences of childhood abuse and neglect may result in the development of early maladaptive self-schemas. Maladaptive core schemas are central in the development and maintenance of psychological symptoms in a schema-focused approach. Psychosocial dysfunction in individuals with psychological problems has been consistently found to be associated with symptom severity. However, till date, linkages between psychosocial functioning, early traumatic experiences and core schemas have received little attention. The aim of the present study was to explore the relations among maladaptive interpersonal styles, negative experiences in childhood and core self-schemas in non-clinical adults. Methods A total of 300 adults (58% women) participated in the study. The participants completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, Young Schema Questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Interpersonal Style Scale. Results Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the Disconnection and Rejection and Impaired Limits schema domains were significant antecedents of maladaptive interpersonal styles after controlling for demographic characteristics and childhood abuse and neglect. Associations of child sexual abuse with Emotionally Avoidant, Manipulative and Abusive interpersonal styles were mediated by early maladaptive schemas. Early maladaptive schemas mediated the relations of emotional abuse with Emotionally Avoidant and Avoidant interpersonal styles as well as the relations of physical abuse with Avoidant and Abusive interpersonal styles. Conclusion Interpersonal styles in adulthood are significantly associated with childhood traumatic experiences. Significant relations between early traumatic experiences and maladaptive interpersonal styles are mediated by early maladaptive schemas.

Objective: Sleep is one of the most significant of human behaviors, occupying roughly one third of human life. Sleep is a process the brain requires for proper functioning. Sleep hygiene can be described as practices to ease sleep and to avoid factors which decrease sleep quality. Inadequate sleep hygiene generally results in disturbance of daily life activities due to inability to sustain sleep quality and daytime wakefulness. Therefore, the importance of development and utilization of measures of sleep hygiene increases. The aim of the study was to assess psychometric properties of the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) in clinical and non-clinical Turkish samples. Method: Data were collected from 106 patients with major depression consecutively admitted to the psychiatry clinic of Yüzüncü Yıl University School of Medicine and 200 were volunteers recruited from community sample who were enrolled at the university. The SHI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were administered to the subjects. Factor structure of the SHI was evaluated with explanatory and multi-sample confirmatory factor analyses. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients of the SHI with the PSQI, ISI and ESS were computed. Item analyses, internal consistency coefficients and intra-class correlations between two repeated applications in both patient and healthy subjects were calculated. Results: The SHI revealed a unidimensional factor structure. Significant strong partial associations of the SHI with depression, insomnia and poor sleep quality and a modest partial association with sleepiness were detected. Cronbach's alphas for the SHI in community sample and patients with major depression were 0.70 and 0.71, respectively. Additionally, we found acceptable three-week temporal reliability in terms of intra-correlation coefficients of r = 0.62, p

A growing body of research evidence documents the substantial associations between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and dissociation. This article describes the development and preliminary psychometric properties of the Van Obsessional Dissociation Questionnaire (VOD-Q). Obsessional dissociation is defined as a tendency to dissociate in reaction to distressing, unwanted and intrusive thoughts, images and impulses. The screening tool is conceptualized to tap obsessional dissociation across three dimensions: obsessional absorption, obsessional depersonalization/ derealization and obsessional amnesia. The VOD-Q, the Padua Inventory-Revised (PI-R), the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), and the Obsessive Belief Questionnaire (OBQ-44) were administered in this study. The results showed that the VOD-Q had excellent test-retest reliability (ranging from 0.73 to 0.90) and internal consistency (ranging from 0.90 to 0.97). The VOD-Q total and subscale scores were significantly associated with measures of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and dissociative experiences. OCD patients scored significantly higher on the VOD-Q than community participants. Based on the present findings, the VOD-Q appears to be a reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of obsessional dissociative experiences.

The study examined the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the DASS-21. Thirty patients with major depression and 30 patients with anxiety disorders and 250 health controls participated in the study. We tested six alternative models using CFA. We found that tripartite model comprised of anhedonia and physiological hyperarousal along with a general negative affectivity outperformed alternative models. The DASS-21 distinguished clinical groups from healthy controls. The scale had excellent internal reliability, with Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.87 to 0.90, and temporal stability, with intra-correlations ranging from 0.82 to 0.93. The Turkish version of the DASS-21 appears to have adequate psychometric properties in clinical and non-clinical samples.

Objective Familial loading and crucial outcomes of family history of psychopathology in psychiatric disorders have long been recognized. There has been ample literature providing convincing evidence for the importance of family psychopathology in development of emotional disturbances in children as well as worse outcomes in the course of psychiatric disorders. More often, maternal psychopathology seems to have been an issue of interest rather than paternal psychopathology while effects of second-degree familiality have received almost no attention. In this study, we addressed the relations between affected first- and second-degree relatives of probands and categories of psychiatric disorders. Method Subjects were 350 hospitalized psychiatric inpatients, consecutively admitted to psychiatry clinics in Van, Turkey. Mean age was 34.16 (SD ± 12) and 51.4% of the sample consisted of male patients. Assessment of psychopathology in psychiatric probands was conducted based on DSM-IV TR. Familial loading of psychiatric disorders amongst first- and second-degree relatives of patients were initially noted primarily relying on patients' retrospective reports, and confirmed by both phone call and following official health records via the Medical Knowledge System. We analyzed the data using latent class analysis approach. Results We found four patterns of familial psychopathology. Latent homogeneous subsets of patients due to familial characteristics were as paternal kinship psychopathology with schizophrenia, paternal kinship psychopathology with mood disorders, maternal kinship psychopathology and core family psychopathology. Conclusion Family patterns were critical to exerting variation in psychiatric disorders of probands and affected relatives. Probands with a core family pattern of psychopathology exhibited the most colorful clinical presentations in terms of variation in psychopathology. We observed a specificity of intergenerational transmission of psychiatric disorders when family patterns of psychopathology were taken into consideration, even second-degree relatives of psychiatric probands.

This study involved the examination of the relationship between childhood trauma and both psychotic symptoms and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia after controlling for the possible confounding factors, such as clinical features, depression, and sleep quality. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the suicidality subscale of Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) were administered to 199 patients with schizophrenia. We used sequential multiple stepwise regression analyses in which positive symptoms, negative symptoms, overall psychopathology, total symptoms of schizophrenia, and suicidality were dependent variables. Depressive symptomatology and childhood physical abuse significantly contributed to positive, negative, general psychopathology, and global schizophrenia symptomatology. Interestingly, general psychopathology scores were negatively associated with childhood physical neglect. Also, subjective sleep quality significantly contributed to positive schizophrenia symptoms. Although prior suicide attempts and depression were significant antecedents of suicidal ideation, no association between suicidality and both childhood trauma and sleep was found. Childhood physical abuse could have an impact on psychopathology in schizophrenia. In addition to childhood trauma, depression, sleep disturbances, and clinical features should be considered and inquired about in the course of clinical care of schizophrenia patients.

Individuals who differ markedly by sleep chronotype, i.e., morning-type or evening-type also differ on a number of psychological, behavioral, and biological variables. Among several other psychological functions, dissociation may also lead to disruption and alteration of consciousness, which may facilitate dream-like experiences. Our study was aimed at an inquiry into the effects of individual biological rhythm differences on sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in conjunction with dissociative experiences. Participants were 372 undergraduate college students, completed a package of psychological instruments, including the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, Dissociative Experiences Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Using logistic regression models, direct relations of pathological dissociation with sleepiness, sleep quality and circadian preferences were investigated. Poor sleep quality and sleepiness significantly contributed to the variance of dissociative symptomatology. Although there was no substantial linear association between circadian preferences and pathological dissociation, having evening-type preferences of sleep was indirectly associated with higher dissociation mediated by poor sleep quality. Poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness seems to be significant antecedents of pathological dissociation. Sleep chronotype preferences underlie this relational pattern that chronobiological characteristics seem to influence indirectly on dissociative tendency via sleep quality.

Child maltreatment is a public health issue that is a well-established risk factor for many psychological conditions, including bipolar disorder. The current study is one of the first to investigate associations among child maltreatment, dissociative symptomatology, alexithymia, anxiety, depression, and attachment insecurities. 40 patients with bipolar disorder-I and 40 healthy subjects matched for age, gender, and education participated in the study. The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) were completed by participants. In comparison to control participants, patients with bipolar disorder-I reported significantly more frequent abusive experiences in childhood, higher levels of attachment insecurities, more severe pathological and somatoform dissociation, as well as higher scores on measures of alexithymia, anxiety, depression and psychological stress. Reports of psychopathology among first-degree relatives (OR = 102.169, 95%IC = 4.596-2271.255; P < 0.01) and childhood emotional trauma (OR = 1.032; 95%CI = 0.782-1.363, P = 0.05) significantly contributed to bipolar disorder-I diagnosis. In contrast, absorption was negatively associated with bipolar illness (OR = 0.852; 95% CI = 0.747-0.973, P < 0.05). Our results showed significant associations between childhood trauma exposure and risk of bipolar disorder. Moreover, the results demonstrate that emotional abuse exposure predicts bipolar illness.

Background The current study aimed at investigating the latent dimensional structure of sleep quality as indexed by the seven components of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), as well as latent covariance structure between sleep quality, circadian preferences and depressive symptoms. Methods Two hundred twenty-five patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), with an average age of 29.92 ± 10.49 years (aged between 17 and 63), participated in the study. The PSQI, Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to participants. Four sets of latent class analyses were subsequently run to obtain optimal number of latent classes best fit to the data. Results Mixture models revealed that sleep quality is multifaceted in MDD. The data best fit to four-latent-class model: Poor Habitual Sleep Quality (PHSQ), Poor Subjective Sleep Quality (PSSQ), Intermediate Sleep Quality (ISQ), and Good Sleep Quality (GSQ). MDD patients classified into GSQ latent class (23.6%) reported the lowest depressive symptoms and were more prone to morningness diurnal preferences compared to other three homogenous sub-groups. Finally, the significant association between eveningness diurnal preferences and depressive symptomatology was significantly mediated by poor sleep quality. Limitation The cross-sectional nature of the study and the lack of an objective measurement of sleep such as polysomnography recordings was the most striking limitation of the study. Conclusions We concluded sleep quality in relation to circadian preferences and depressive symptoms has a heterogeneous nature in MDD.

OBJECTIVE: The concept of thought-action fusion has long been recognized as a cognitive vulnerability factor for psyhopathology that given its clinical relevance and importance reliable assessment of this phenomenon seems to be essential. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Thought-Action Fusion Inventory for Children (TAFIC) among Turkish children and adolescents. METHODS: Five hundred and ninety-one subjects (mean age=14.16±2.08 years) participated in the study. Voluntered subjects completed the TAFIC, Magical Ideation Scale (MIS), Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders Revised–Child Self-Report (SCARED-R-CV), and Metacognitions Questionnaire for Children (MCQ-C). RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the original four-factor structure excellently fit the data on the Turkish version of the TAFIC. Internal reliability of the instrument was acceptable to excellent, with Kuder-Richardson coefficients ranging from 0.70 to 0.89. The convergent validity of the TAFIC was adequate, with significant correlation coefficients with magical ideation, meta-cognitions, depression, and anxiety related emotional problems. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, we concluded that the Turkish version of the TAFIC has promising psychometric properties in assessing thought-action fusion among children and adolescents.

There is growing evidence that shift-work schedules cause severe disturbances to circadian rhythms and the sleep-wakefulness cycle, and that these changes in turn lead to cognitive and behavioral problems. The objective of this study is to explore the relationships between biological rhythm differences (chronotype) and impulsive behaviors and attention-deficit hyperactivity symptoms in shift workers. Seventy-nine nurses working in the daytime and 127 nurses working on night shifts were evaluated with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS), and Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire for identifying circadian preference. It was found that shift workers had more attention deficit (p.05) and impulsivity (p.01) when compared with daytime workers. Morning-type workers reported lower hyperactivity and ASRS total scores than evening- and intermediate-type workers. The mean impulsivity score of evening-type workers was higher than both the other groups (p.05). It has been shown that attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity levels that appear as a result of working shifts might change in accordance with the individual's chronotype. It might, therefore, be desirable to evaluate an individual's chronotype to establish suitability for working shifts.

INTRODUCTION There has been a burgeoning literature considering the significant associations between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and dissociative experiences. In this study, the relationsips between dissociative symtomotology and dimensions of obsessive-compulsive symptoms were examined in homogeneous sub-groups obtained with latent class algorithm in an undergraduate Turkish sample. METHOD Latent profile analysis, a recently developed classification method based on latent class analysis, was applied to the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) item-response data from 2976 undergraduates. Differences in severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety and depression across groups were evaluated by running multinomial logistic regression analyses. Associations between latent class probabilities and psychological variables in terms of obsessive-compulsive sub-types, anxiety, and depression were assessed by computing Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients. RESULTS The findings of the latent profile analysis supported further evidence for discontinuity model of dissociative experiences. The analysis empirically justified the distinction among three sub-groups based on the DES items. A marked proportion of the sample (42%) was assigned to the high dissociative class. In the further analyses, all sub-types of obsessive-compulsive symptoms significantly differed across latent classes. Regarding the relationships between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and dissociative symptomatology, low dissociation appeared to be a buffering factor dealing with obsessive-compulsive symptoms; whereas high dissociation appeared to be significantly associated with high levels of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the concept of dissociation can be best understood in a typological approach that dissociative symptomatology not only exacerbates obsessive-compulsive symptoms but also serves as an adaptive coping mechanism.

Objective Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is probably a heterogeneous condition. To date, research investigating the symptom structure of OCD has generally focused on variable-classification approaches, primarily factor analysis. Our aim was to use the latent class analysis, an advanced individual-classification method, in order to define homogeneous sub-groups based on the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale Check List (Y-BOCS CL) assessments within 193 outpatients with OCD. Method Latent class analysis of 13 obsessive–compulsive symptom-clusters measured by the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale Check List was performed. Associations of demographic and clinical features with latent class membership were tested by using logistic regression models. Differences in severity of obsessive–compulsive symptoms, obsessive beliefs, and depressive symptomotology between latent classes were evaluated with the chi-square likelihood test. Results Latent class analysis models of best fit yielded 3 latent classes: “autogenous obsessions”, “reactive obsessive–compulsive”, and “reactive obsessions”. Outpatients in reactive obsessive–compulsive group reported significantly higher scores on the Y-BOCS global, obsessions, and compulsions scales than outpatients in other two sub-groups. Participants in reactive obsessive–compulsive group were predominantly female, single, and had a history of family psychopathology; whereas autogenous and reactive obsessions groups were predominantly male. There were no differences in severity of depression and obsessive belief domains. Conclusions The results provide support for the validity of autogenous/reactive distinction for OCD. These three classes may have important implications for research and clinical purposes.

We surveyed 1,293 employees working in the Ministry of National Education using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Of these, 680 participants were school counselors (52.59 %), 371 were office staff (28.69 %), and 242 were administrators (18.72 %). Data were analyzed using latent class analysis. A four-class solution was fitted to the current data. Results revealed that 58.93 % of the respondents were satisfied and very satisfied with their current job and life. Among the school counselors, 66.47 % fell into the satisfied and very satisfied latent classes. School counselors reported greater levels of job and life satisfaction compared to other groups of employees. Working in a school and in non-urban settings were significant predictors of job and life satisfaction. Participants with higher levels of education reported higher scores on job and life satisfaction.

The aim of this report was to assess the frequency of poor sleep quality, daytime and dream anxiety and their response to subsequent surgical treatment for a representative group of 68 patients with nasal septum deviation. Nasal airflows and airway resistances were measured using rhinomanometry and the participants were also asked to fill in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Van Dream Anxiety Scale directly before the submucous resection without turbinectomy and 2 months later. Repeated measure analyses of variance models showed that patients reported significantly lower scores of poor sleep quality, daytime anxiety, and as well as dream anxiety after surgical treatment (P < 0.01). Nasal septal surgery might have beneficial effects on sleep variables in patients with deviation.

Objective: Our aims were to investigate the prevalence of PTSD, depression, anxiety-related disorders, and dissociative symptomotology, and to assess the risk factors for development of psychopathology among children and adolescents after the 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey. Methods: The screening was conducted among 738 participants at 6 months post-earthquake using the CPTSD–Reaction Index, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, Child Depression Inventory, Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Metacognitions Questionnaire for Children, and Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale. Results: Less than half (40.69% of) of the participants reported severe levels of PTSD symptoms, 53.04% were at greater risk for developing an anxiety-related disorder, 37.70% met the criteria for clinical depression, and 36.73% revealed pathological levels of dissociative symptomotology. State–trait anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity were significant antecedents of psychopathology. Conclusion: We concluded that anxiety sensitivity is a significant risk factor in various types of psychopathology, but metacognitions seem to have a limited utility in accounting for poor psychological outcomes in young survivors of earthquake.