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Aluminum (AL) is an important nephrotoxic agent with a high daily exposure rate and property of accumulation in tissues. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against AL exposure-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Twenty-eight rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as control, N-acetylcysteine group (NC), AL, and AL + NC, with an equal number of rats in each group (n = 7). No application was made to the control group. A total of 150 mg/kg/day NAC was administered to the NC group and 30 mg/kg/day AL was administered to the AL group intraperitoneally (i.p.). The AL + NC group received 30 mg/kg/day AL and 150 mg/kg/day NAC i.p. Biochemical parameters in blood serum and histopathological changes in kidney tissue, oxidative stress parameters, spexin (SPX), and apoptotic protein levels were examined after 15 days. Histopathological changes, biochemical parameters, oxidative stress parameters, and apoptotic protein levels were significantly irregular in the AL group compared to the control group. Moreover, SPX levels increased in the AL group. However, NAC treatment regulated AL exposure-related changes in the AL + NC group. NAC treatment may have a prophylactic effect against nephrotoxicity due to AL exposure. SPX may play a role in AL-induced nephrotoxicity.

Background: There has been increased interest in measuring the serum concentration of acute phase reactants such as serum amyloid A [SAA] and haptoglobin [haptoglobin] in periparturient cattle in order to provide a method for detecting the presence of inflammation or bacterial infection. Objectives: To determine whether [SAA] and [haptoglobin] are increased in cows with displaced abomasum as compared with healthy dairy cows. Animals: Fifty-four adult dairy cows in early lactation that had left displaced abomasum (LDA, n = 34), right displaced abomasum or abomasal volvulus (RDA/AV, n = 11), or were healthy on physical examination (control, n = 9). Materials and Methods: Inflammatory diseases or bacterial infections such as mastitis, metritis, or pneumonia were not clinically apparent in any animal. Jugular venous blood was obtained from all cows and analyzed. Liver samples were obtained by biopsy in cattle with abomasal displacement. Results: [SAA] and [haptoglobin] concentrations were increased in cows with LDA or RDA/AV as compared with healthy controls. Cows with displaced abomasum had mild to moderate hepatic lipidosis, based on liver fat percentages of 9.3 ± 5.3% (mean ± SD, LDA) and 10.8 ± 7.7% (RDA/AV). [SAA] and [haptoglobin] were most strongly associated with liver fat percentage, rs=+0.55 (P < .0001) and rs=+0.42 (P= .0041), respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: An increase in [SAA] or [haptoglobin] in postparturient dairy cows with LDA or RDA/AV is not specific for inflammation or bacterial infection. An increase in [SAA] or [haptoglobin] may indicate the presence of hepatic lipidosis in cattle with abomasal displacement.

The aim of the present study is to reveal the morphological structure of the carotid body of the Angora rabbit. For this purpose a total of thirteen adult Angora rabbits were used. In 5 Angora rabbits the carotid body was located in the periarterial connective tissue between the occipital and the caudal auricular arteries, but in 2 animals between the maxillary and the caudal auricular arteries. This connective tissue that enveloped the carotid body like a capsule divided the organ into numerous lobes by radiating into its parenchyma. In histological examinations the organ contained dark and light coloured nuclei that are divided into type I and type II, respectively. Type I cell that looked like a paraganglion structure was located around vessels and had large, round and oval-shaped nuclei, and contained pinkish granule in its cytoplasm. Type II cell was localized around type I ones and had long and dark coloured nuclei, which were located slightly off centre and 1-3 in number, and were full of cytoplasmic vacuoles. It has been proposed that this work may shed light on experimental hypoxia related studies by describing the exact morphology of the carotid body of Angora rabbit.

1. Protective action of an enzyme-linked polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP, Mycofix ® Plus) against the immunosuppressive effect of afatoxins (AF) was evaluated by determination of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte proportions and splenic plasma cell counts. Histological changes in lymphoid organs were also investigated by light microscopy. One-d-old broiler chicks (Hybro) received 2·5 mg/kg diet AF (83·06% AFB1, 12·98% AFB2, 2·84% AFG1, 1·12% AFG2) with or without PVPP (3 g/kg diet) until 21 d of age. 2. When compared with the controls, AF treatment significantly decreased peripheral T-lymphocyte counts. AF caused a slight decrease in splenic plasma cell counts. The addition of PVPP to an AF-containing diet significantly increased T-lymphocyte counts. Splenic plasma cell counts were numerically intermediate between control and AF groups. 3. The dietary addition of PVPP to AF-free diet did not significantly alter either T-lymphocyte or splenic plasma cell counts.

1. The embryotoxicity of mixed aflatoxins (AF) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were evaluated by a modified chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST). Adverse effects on the early embryonic development of thymus and bursa of Fabricius were also investigated by light microscopy. AF consisted of 83.06% AFB1, 12.98% AFB2, 2.84% AFG1 and 1.12% AFG2. 2. A total of 448 fertilised laying hens' eggs were used. AF and AFB1 were injected into the eggs at doses of 10, 100 and 1000 ng/egg. Embryonic developmental stages were evaluated according to the Hamburger-Hamilton scale (HH-scale). 3. The results showed that AFB1 given at 10 ng/egg had a significantly (P0.05) greater embryotoxic effect than AF given at a similar dose. The higher doses of both AF and AFB1 caused higher embryonic mortality and also an increase in early deaths. 4. In the groups receiving 100 ng/egg AF and AFB1 an abnormal development was seen, with a protruded central region, corresponding to the area pellucida of the blastoderm. No other developmental abnormality attributable to AF or AFB1 was found.

WOS: 000321753100019, The aim of this study is to determine the importance of B-mode ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hepatic lipidosis in dairy cows and compare this mode of diagnosis with both the histologic examination of liver biopsy samples and investigation of some biochemical parameters associated with hepatic lipidosis. 15 Holstein cows with moderate hepatic lipidosis and 15 cows with severe hepatic lipidosis and 6 healtyh cows were used as a metarilas. Blood samples were obtained from all cows and analyzed. Liver samples were obtained by biopsy in cattle. The ultrasonographic examination of liver was performed on animal. Serum glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) concentrations were increased in cows with moderate hepatic lipidosis. Serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), GDH, and AST concentrations were increased in cows with severe hepatic lipidosis. Ultrasonographic examination revealed an increase in diffuse echogenicity of the liver in cows with moderate and severe hepatic lipidosis cows, but the increase was little in moderate hepatic lipidosis. Both serum GDH and SDH levels were found to be increased in severe hepatic lipidosis. However, only the serum GDH level was elevated in moderate hepatic lipidosis. Therefore, both ultrasonographic examination and measurement of specific liver enzymes seem to be beneficial in the diagnosis of hepatic lipidosis.

Summary This study was carried out to reveal the morphological features of Meckel's diverticulum (MD) in geese. For this purpose, a total of 36 adult healthy geese of both sexes, 50–52 weeks of age, were used. The mean weight of MD in male was found to be significantly larger than that of female. It was located a little distal to the midpoint of the small intestine in both sexes. It had a lot of lymphoid tissues, the simple columnar epithelium and a small number of crypts, and was a lack of villi, and its muscularis mucosae was very thin. Results from this study are thought to throw light on future studies on MD and proper diagnosis of pathological disorders related to it, and to contribute considerably to the present anatomical knowledge on MD in geese.

WOS: 000267788000002, The objective of this investigation was to study morphological aspects of the Harderian, paraorbital, gland in domestic geese. Tissues were obtained from 9 male and 9 female adult domestic geese and processed for light microscopy. Tissue sections were stained with Mallory's trichrome, silver impregnation, methyl green-pyronin, periodic acid Schiff, alcian blue (pH 2.5), alcian blue/periodic acid Schiff (pH 2.5) and Sudan black B staining techniques. Results revealed the Harderian gland of domestic geese was covered by a capsule, which contributed trabeculae that divide the organ into lobes and lobules. The glandular epithelium was multilobular, compound tubuloalveolar. The secretion of Harderian gland was mucous and the secretion type was apocrine; the gland emptied to the inner surface of the nicticating membrane by a single duct.

Background: In cattle, diseases of abomasum are of great importance and include right and left displacement, torsion, impaction, pyloric stenosis and ulceration. Displacement of the abomasum has become one of the most important metabolic and organic internal disorders of cattle and the disease is most prevalent in high performing milk breeds. Abomasal displacement occurs most frequently in high yielding cows during early lactation. It has been reported that feeding a large amount of concentrations or corn silage to dairy cows inhibits the motility of the resulting in gas accumulation followed by dilation and atony and thereby causing bovine displaced. Abomasal displacement, ketosis, parturient paresis, retain placenta and endometritis has been often associated with a fatty liver. Aims: This investigation was undertaken to determine the relationship of abomasal displacement and fatty liver syndrome in dairy cows. Methods: this study, twelve cows with abomasal displacement (7 RDA, 5 LDA) and 10 healthy cows (after calving) have been used as materials. Age of animals varied from 3 to 7 years. Blood and liver biopsy samples were taken from all the cows. Sera were analysed for glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, Total bilirubine, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, Aspartate aminotranspherase (AST), Alkalen phosphates (ALP), Creatin kinase (CK), total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb) . Results: In 10 of all the cases, various degree fat infiltration of liver was observed. But two cases have not shown any fat infiltration of the liver. The differences in AST, glucose and Mg concentrations of healthy cows compared to cows with abomasal displacement were found to be significant (p

The aim of this study is to determine the morphology of the vomeronasal organ in Angora goats (Capra hircus). The heads of eight adult Angora goats (Capra hircus) obtained from the slaughterhouse were used as materials. Six heads with vomeronasal organ were examined by macro and micro dissections, the others were removed from the longitudinal ridge of mucosa in the ventral portion of the nasal septum for routine histological examinations. Vomeronasal organ was extended on either side of the nasal septum from the level of incisive papilla to the third upper premolar tooth. It consisted of bilateral vomeronasal duct and vomeronasal cartilage on the floor of the nasal cavity. The mean vomeronasal cartilage length and diameter at the centre were 6.5 cm and 3.5 mm, respectively. The respiratoric epithelium was observed along all the epithelium of vomeronasal duct except a small area ventromedially where the olfactoric epithelium was present. The lateral wall of vomeronasal duct was covered with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and its medial wall was lined with olfactory epithelium comprising the supporting, olfactory and basal cells. It was concluded that the morphology of vomeronasal organ was variable among in both race and/or species, and that the results from this study are to throw light on future studies on vomeronasal organ., Cilj istraživanja bio je opisati morfologiju vomeronazalnog organa u koze pasmine angora (Capra hircus). Istraživanje je provedeno na ukupno šest glava koza, i to makroskopskom i mikroskopskom pretragom koja je uključivala i histološku analizu. Utvrđeno je da se vomeronazalni organ proteže duž nazalnog septuma, i to od razine incizivne papile pa sve do gornjeg premolara. Organ se sastoji od bilateralnog vomeronazalnog kanala i vomeronazalne hrskavice na dnu nosne šupljine. Srednja dužina iznosila je 6,5 cm, a promjer u srednjem dijelu 3,5 mm. Respiratorni epitel utvrđen je duž cijeloga vomeronazalnoga organa, osim na ventromedijalnom dijelu gdje je bio prisutan olfaktorni epitel. Postrana stijenka vomeronazalnog organa prekrivena je cilindričnim epitelom, a srednja je stijenka prekrivena olfaktornim epitelom koji je u sebi sadržavao olfaktorne i bazalne stanice. Na temelju svojih nalaza autori zaključuju da morfologija vomeronazalnog organa ovisi o pasmini i/ili vrsti te da je u tom pogledu potrebno obaviti daljnja istraživanja.

Kırşehir yöresinde satılan fermente sucuklarda, hilelerin ortaya çıkarılmasında kullanılacak olan metotların geliştirilmesi ve etkin bir şekilde uygulanmasını sağlamak için gerekli düzenlemelerin yapılması, bu düzenlemelerin günün koşullarına göre belirli aralıklarla güncellenmesi ve bu tür hilelere karşı caydırıcı önlemlerin tekrar gözden geçirilmesi gerektiği açıktır. Bu noktadan hareketle yapılan bu çalışmada, bölgede satılan fermente sucuk ürünlerinin harcına karıştırılması muhtemel farklı dokuların, farklı boyama yöntemleri kullanılarak tam olarak doğru teşhisinin yapılabilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışma materyali olarak Kırşehir bölgesinde satışa sunulan, sığır etinden hazırlanmış ve süpermarketlerden rastgele temin edilen 14 adet fermente sucuk kullanılmıştır. Hazırlanan örnekler % 10' luk formoldehit tespit solusyonunda tespit edilmiştir. Tespiti takiben parçalar ikiye bölünmüş ve yarısından dondurma mikrotomunda kesit alınmıştır. Ayrılan diğer yarımlar ise rutin histolojik işlemleri takiben parafinde bloklanarak kesit alınmıştır. Alınan kesitler Crossmon'ın Mallory modifikasyonu üçlü boyaması, periyodik asit schiff reaksiyonu (PAS), Hematoksilen-Eozin ve Safranin O boyama metodu ile boyanmıştır. Her örnekten hazırlanan histolojik dört preparat, Nicon Eclipse E200 model ışık mikroskobuyla incelenmiş ve daha sonra Olympus bx51 marka ışık mikroskobunda resimleri çekilmiştir. Sonuç olarak yapılan karşılaştırmalarda parafinde bloklama yöntemiyle hazırlanan preparatlarda, dokuların yapısal ve boyanma özelliklerinin daha iyi korunmuş olduğu tespit edildi. Kryostat kesitlerinde böyle bir görüntü kalitesinin olmadığı görülmüştür. Farklı boyama yöntemleri arasında ise farklı doku tiplerinin değişik renklerde boyanması nedeniyle Crossman'ın Mallory modifikasyon üçlü boyama prosedürünün, diğer yöntemlerden üstün olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Kırşehir bölgesinde satışa sunulan farklı firmalara ait fermente sucuk numunesinin üzerinde yapılan bu araştırmada 14 adet sucuk numunesinin 11'inde (% 78), katılması yasak olan doku ve organlar tespit edilmiştir., In fermented sausages sold in Kırşehir region, developing methods finding out tricks if foreign tissue has been added or not and making the necessary arguments to ensure the effective implementation, updating these regulations periodically according to the conditions of the day. It is clear that deterrent measures against such fraud need to be revised. In this study made from this point of view, by using different staining methods aims to make accurate diagnosis about different tissues which can be mixed into mortar of fermented sausage products sold in the region. For this purpose, 14 fermented sausages, which were sold randomly from supermarkets in Kırşehir region and prepared from beef, were used as study material. Prepared samples were determined in 10 % formaldehyde fixation solution. Following fixation, the fragments were divided into two sections and half of them were sectioned in freezing microtome. The section was taken from the other halves which were covered by paraffin after routine histological procedures. Sections are painted by Crossman's Mallory modification triple staining, periodic acid Schiff reaction (PAS), Hematoxylin-Eosin and Safranin O staining method. Four histolocical slides prepared from each sample were examined with a Nikon Eclipse E200 model light microscope and then pictures were taken with a Olympus bx51 brand light microscope. As a result, it was found that the structural and staining properties of the tissues were better preserved in the slides prepared by paraffin blocking method. Cryostat sections showed no such image quality. It was concluded that Crossman's triple staining procedure in Mallory modification was superior to other methods due to different staining of different tissue types between different staining methods. In this study conducted on the fermented sausage samples belonging to different companies offered for sale in Kırşehir region, the tissues and organs that were prohibited from being detected in 11 (78 %) of 14 sausage samples were determined.