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This study aims at examining the multidimensional relationships between teacher performance, organizational loyalty and charismatic leadership based on the opinions of primary teachers who were working in public schools in Ankara. The study utilized a quantitative research methodology with a correlational survey design. We used the stratified sampling method to determine the study sample. Accordingly, the sample consisted of 514 teachers working during the 2020-2021 Academic Year in Ankara. We used descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and structural equation modelling to analyze the study data. The study findings revealed that charismatic leadership had a statistically significant direct impact on organizational loyalty, whereas organizational loyalty had a statistically significant direct impact on teacher performance. Furthermore, we found out that charismatic leadership indirectly affected teacher performance via the mediation of organizational loyalty. We discussed the study findings based on the related literature and offered some suggestions relying on the findings.

Collective memory is a way of remembering that makes it possible for society or groups to have a common identity by bridging the past and the future. Pierre Bourdieu's practical theory also allows discussion of the continuity of collective memory in the context of the structure-action relationship. In this context, the aim of the study is to reveal that social agents are effective in the reproduction of memory. This is done by associating the construction of collective memory with Pierre Bourdieu's conceptualization of space, habitus and capital in the sample of the city of Ankara, which represents the founding ideology of the Republic of Turkey. In line with the purpose of the study, the documentary film named 'Ankara Ambiance', which was broadcast on Blu TV, a digital platform, was chosen as a sample. The 'What Matters to Heart and Love' episode, which was broadcast as the first episode of the documentary, was analyzed using the content analysis method. As a result of the study, it has been evaluated that collective memory is reproduced in the form of space with administrative, political and ideological perspectives. The idea is that the founding leader is a common value which is effective in the reproduction of space in the form of collective memory and is closely related to the social space of individuals and the types of capital they have.

Aim:Autoimmune thyroid diseases are common in the general population. Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of thyroid carcinoma in patients with Basedow-Graves (BG) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT).Materials and Methods:1,668 patients underwent thyroid surgery at our institution. Of these, 138 patients were diagnosed with HT (126 women, 12 men) and 78 patients were diagnosed with BG (61 women, 17 men). HT and BG patients diagnosed with TC were identified.Results:TC was seen in 23.1% of BG patients, 52.2% of HT patients, and 38.7% of nodular goiter (NG) patients. In the comparison of BG patients with HT patients, TC was observed to be more common in HT patients (p

Aim:Renal colic is a urological emergency usually caused by urolithiasis and manifested by severe pain. Emergency treatment’s main purpose is to effectively relieve pain and urinary obstruction without impaired renal function. We measured the efficacy and safety of intravenous ibuprofen on renal colic pain.Materials and Methods:Two-hundred thirty-five patients who were admitted to the emergency department between 01.01.2016-30.06.2017 and were suspected of renal colic that scored at least 2 points on the visual analog scale (VAS) or FLACC scale were included in the study after obtaining detailed consent. One hundred-fifty four patients whose diagnoses were confirmed radiologically, included in the study as Group A (dexketoprofen) (n=35), Group B (ibuprofen 400 mg) (n=37), Group C (ibuprofen 800 mg) (n=44), and Group D (fentanyl) (n=38). VAS and FLACC scales were re-evaluated on the 20th, 40th, and 60th minutes after drug administration.Results:64.9% of the patients were male and 35.1% were female, and the mean age was 42.31 (±15.46). It was observed that all 4 of the medications given to patients who applied to the emergency department with flank pain provided effective analgesia, but the drugs could not establish a statistically significant advantage over each other.Conclusion:Intravenous administration of ibuprofen is considered as an effective and safe alternative in the treatment of renal colic pain in the emergency department.

In this paper, we give (α,φ)-weak Pata contractive mapping by using the simulation function and multivalued (α,φ)-weak Pata contractions and establish some fixed point results for such contractions. Also, we give an example related to (α,φ)-weak Pata contractive mappings via simulation function. Our results generalize some Pata-type contractions and Banach contractions. Consequently, the obtained results encompass several results in the literature.

PURPOSEIn this study, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of malignancy stratification algorithms of the American College of Radiology (ACR) and European Thyroid Association (ETA) in the delineation of thyroid nodules using a database of nodules that were unequivocally diagnosed by means of histopathological examination and meticulously matched with the imaged nodules.METHODSA total of 165 patients having 251 thyroid nodules with histopathologically proven definitive diagnoses during a 5-year period were included in this study. All patients had preoperatively undergone ultrasonography (US) examination, and US characteristics of the thyroid nodules were retrospectively analyzed and assigned in compliance with the thyroid imaging reporting and data system categories recommended by the ACR (ACR-TIRADS) and ETA (EU-TIRADS). The diagnostic effectiveness in the delineation of thyroid nodules and unnecessary fine-needle aspiration (FNAB) rates were evaluated.RESULTSOverall, 189 nodules (75.30%) were diagnosed as benign, while 62 nodules (24.70%) were reported to be malignant based on histopathological assessment. Sensitivity and specificity rates were 71% and 75% for ACR-TIRADS and 73% and 80% for EU-TIRADS. The area under the curve values were 0.78 and 0.80 for ACR-TIRADS and EU-TIRADS, respectively. The unnecessary FNAB rates were 61% for ACR-TIRADS and 64% for EU-TIRADS as per the recommended criteria of each algorithm.CONCLUSIONThe diagnostic performance of both malignancy stratification systems was signified to be moderate and sufficient in a cohort of nodules with definite histopathological diagnosis. In light of our results, we demonstrated the strengths and weaknesses of the ACR- and EU-TIRADS for physicians who should be familiar with them for optimal management of thyroid nodules.

Attitudes and behaviors towards work enable teachers to perform organizational roles willingly in the educational process. Teachers who do their jobs with great enthusiasm, passion, and commitment are influential in increasing student success. For this reason, there is a need to investigate the individual and organizational factors that play a role in teachers' work engagement. Previous research has shown that collective teacher efficacy is one of the critical factors that play a role in teachers' work engagement. However, researchers need to sufficiently focus on the holistic effects of collective teacher efficacy, organizational commitment, and work engagement in teacher research. This research aims to investigate a newly developed model that explores the direct and indirect links among collective teacher efficacy, organizational commitment, and work engagement. The study involves 414 teachers working in state primary schools in 12 regions of Türkiye. A mediation analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling to assess the accuracy of the proposed model in this study. The results of the analysis demonstrate that organizational commitment is essential in mediating the relationship between collective teacher efficacy and work engagement. This study contributes significantly to the existing literature by offering valuable insights into the influence of collective teacher efficacy on work engagement among teachers in Türkiye. Specifically, it presents crucial findings regarding the impact of collective teacher efficacy on organizational commitment, highlighting the mediating role of this construct in the relationship between collective teacher efficacy and work engagement.

Background: In the present study we determine the feasibility of intraoperative neuromonitoring following the administration of a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent during thyroid operations, as well as the influence of rocuronium on the achievement of optimal vagal stimulation during intraoperative neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery. We further investigate whether accelerometry is a reliable approach to obtaining an ipsilateral vagus signal prior to recurrent laryngeal nerve dissection. Methods: Included in the study were 61 thyroidectomized patients whose demographic data, indications, type of surgery, vagus, and recurrent nerve values before and after resection were obtained. We created five groups of patients based on the twitch values recorded during ipsilateral vagus stimulation prior to the recurrent laryngeal nerve dissection: (1) 75%. Results: The average electromyography amplitudes of the vagus nerve prior to the determination of the recurrent laryngeal nerve for each group were 552 μV, 463 μV, 543 μV, 513 μV and 551 μV, respectively. No difference between the groups was observed in this regard (p > 0.05). Conclusion: It can be expected that as soon as the effects of neuromuscular blockers on the peripheral muscles begin to abate, it will be possible to obtain the ipsilateral vagus signal prior to recurrent laryngeal nerve dissection at the desired levels. It can be concluded from this study that accelerometry using the pollicis muscle is an unreliable tool for the interpretation of the proper electromyography signals of the vagus nerve prior to the determination of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

The purpose of this study was to reveal the current trends in educational policies and to draw a picture of potential future. Accordingly, a document analysis was conducted on comprehensive research and up-to-date reports mainly depending on North America and Europe settings in order to address the cliché of “major changes in the 21st century” in the context of educational implications. As a result, it was concluded that learning in the present age should have an embodied, individual, contextual and lifelong quality and the research findings were discussed according to the basic principles of educational policy. It could be foreseen that such a paradigm shift for learning may have significant effects on innovative educational processes, learner characteristics, teacher qualifications, the educational uses and forms of technology, and measurement and evaluation. The present study was fortified with potential scenarios and implications for the transformation of educational systems.

Bu çalışma medya ve gerçeklik ilişkisine odaklanmakta, geleneksel medya sonrası yaygınlaşan dijitalleşmeyle beraber medya ve gerçeklik ilişkisinin dönüşümünü ele almaktadır. Geleneksel medyada iletişimin tek yönlü hiyerarşik olarak meydana gelmesi, medyanın toplum, kültür ve toplumsal yapılar üzerindeki etkisini tanımlamada iyimser (liberal), kötümser (Marksist), müzakereci (kültürel çalışmalar) yaklaşımları meydana getirirken, dijital çağla beraber içerik üreticisi olarak kullanıcının yükselişi medyanın toplumsal varlığını karmaşıklaştırmış, dijital çağda kullanıcı hem üretimin nesnesine hem öznesine indirgenmiştir. Dijitalleşmeyle beraber küresel bir kitle kültürü belirmiş, dijital medya alanı sadece ideolojik bir aygıt olmanın ötesine geçmiş, toplumsal iletişimin içine sızarak hem siber “panoptikon”u yaratmış, hem de yeni birikim oluşturma noktasında kullanıcıyı nesneye dönüştürerek kapitalist birikimin kapsamını genişletmiştir. Bu bakımdan dijital küresel çağda medya ile ilişkiye geçen kullanıcı iletişimin hem aktörü hem de nesnesine dönüşmüş, geleneksel medyanın manipülasyon işlevinin ötesine geçerek bizzat biyo-politik özneleşme sürecine tabi tutulmuştur. Çünkü artık küresel iletişim, iş ve boş zamanı, özel ve kamusal alanı iç içe geçirerek dışarının olmadığı küresel akışları yaratmıştır. Dijitalleşme kullanıcıyı da içerik üretimine dâhil etmiş, herkesin içerik üretimi yapabilmesinin yarattığı enformasyon patlaması, gerçekliğin sesini boğmuştur.

In this work, we introduce weak Pata convex contractions and weak E-Pata convex contractions via simulation functions in metric spaces to prove some fixed point results for such mappings. Also, we consider an example related to weak Pata convex contractions. Consequently, our results generalize and unify some results in the literature.

Purpose: This study attempted to expand the existing knowledge regarding school administrators’ effective and ineffective leadership behaviours and traits based on the perceptions of teacher respondents. Design/Methodology/Approach: The basic interpretive qualitative approach was adopted to scrutinize and discover the cultural attributions of the participating teachers. Research data were collected from 64 teachers working at a metropolitan city centre in mid-western Turkey. The respondents were asked to list the effective and ineffective characteristics of a school leader. Findings: A total of 379 expressions (249 effective, 130 ineffective) defining leader behaviours and traits were obtained. On average, there were 5.92 (SD: 2.06; min.=2, max.=9) expressions per participating teacher. We found seven effective leader behavioural themes with a total of 38 leader attributes and five ineffective leader behavioural themes with 27 leader attributes. Implications/Originality/Value: A seven-themed taxonomy of educational leadership behaviours was created. The results implied that communication skills and being an expert in the post are crucial as highlighted both by effective and ineffective leader attributes. The paper was concluded by offering some implications.

Purpose: The individuals’ workaholic tendencies are assumed to be reflected in their attitudes and behaviours in the workplace. Thus, the present study aimed to reveal the relationship between the workaholic tendencies of primary school teachers and their organizational commitment. Design/Methodology/Approach: A correlational survey model, among the quantitative research methodologies, was adopted in the study. The research sample consisted of 301 primary school teachers working in public primary schools in a metropolitan municipality city center in southeast Turkey. The research data were collected through the Organizational Commitment Scale and the Workaholism Battery. Findings: Affective commitment scores of the participating teachers are partially high while the normative commitment and continuance commitment scores are neutral. Regarding workaholism tendencies, e teachers have a high level of perception for enjoyment and work involvement through their drive perceptions are moderately high. Male teachers and those between 20-25 have higher workaholic tendencies of 38.9% grand total. The sub-dimensions of enjoyment and drive significantly predict affective and normative commitment while the work involvement sub-dimension of workaholism predicts continuance commitment. Implications/Originality/Value: The effects of workaholism should be considered for future practices and research aimed at teacher commitment to be carried out in educational settings.

The purpose of present study is to develop a valid and reliable data collection tool for measuring the organizational ostracism perception of employees. Due to this reason, an item pool was designed based on organizational ostracism literature and it was investigated by experts. In a pilot scheme phase, a draft form with 16 items was filled by 131 teachers who work in the central districts of Ankara city. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were tested to study the structure validity of the data collection tool. EFA results showed that Organizational Ostracism Scale (OOS) consist of two factors named as “slight” and “isolate”. OOS reported 70% of variance. In the main application phase, the factor structure of the scale was tested with confirmatory factor analysis on a different study group consisting of 465 teachers. CFA revealed that the two factors structure of the OOS has high level of goodness of fit indexes. The item and factor discrimination level of the OOS was also determined as high level. Cronbach Alpha internal consist coefficients for the whole of data collection tool has been calculated as .97. This pointed out that the OOS is highly reliable. According to the results achieved, it is concluded that OOC is a proper as well as valid and reliable data collection tool to measure organizational ostracism perceptions of employees in organizations.

In this work, we establish new fixed point theorems for generalized Pata–Suzuki type contraction via α-admissible mapping in metric spaces and to prove some fixed point results for such mappings. Moreover, we give an example to illustrate our main result. Consequently, the results presented in this paper generalize and improve the corresponding results of the literature.

Objective: The goal of this study was to define clinical practice patterns for assessing stroke and bleeding risks and thromboprophylaxis in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and to evaluate treatment outcomes and patient quality of life. Methods: A clinical surveillance study was conducted in 10 tertiary healthcare centers across Turkey. Therapeutic approaches and persistence with initial treatment were recorded at baseline, the 6th month, and the 12th month in NVAF patients. Results: Of 210 patients (57.1% male; mean age: 64.86+-12.87 years), follow-up data were collected for 146 patients through phone interviews at the 6th month and 140 patients at the 12th month. At baseline, most patients had high CHADS2 score (≥2: 48.3%) and CHA2DS2-VASc (≥2: 78.7%) risk scores but a low HAS-BLED (0–2: 83.1%) score. Approximately two-thirds of the patients surveyed were using oral anticoagulants as an antithrombotic and one-third were using antiplatelet agents. The rate of persistence with initial treatment was approximately 86%. Bleeding was reported by 22.6% and 25.0% of patients at the 6th and 12th month, respectively. The proportion of patients with an INR of 2.0–3.0 was 41.8% at baseline, 65.7% at the 6th month, and 65.9% at the 12th month. The time in therapeutic range was 61.0% during 1 year of follow-up. The median EuroQol 5-dimensional health questionnaire (EQ-5D) score of the patients at baseline and the 12th month was 0.827 and 0.778, respectively (p

This is an editorial comment on the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on atrial fibrillation that has been revised in 2016.

Purpose: Teachers' organisational identification is crucial for the success of educational reform in the change process. This study investigates how and under what conditions authentic principal leadership contributes to teachers' organisational identification. Design/methodology/approach: Data collected from 7907 public high school teachers across Türkiye were analysed using bootstrapping method. This research tested a moderated mediation model of authentic principal leadership effects on teachers' organisational identification by incorporating teacher academic optimism as a mediator, and teacher collective responsibility as a moderator. Findings: Results revealed significant direct and indirect effects of authentic principal leadership on the teachers' organisational identification via teacher academic optimism. Teacher collective responsibility significantly moderated the effects of authentic principal leadership on both teacher academic optimism and on teachers' organisational identification. The positive effects of authentic principal leadership were strengthened when the collective responsibility was higher. Originality/value: This study integrates authentic leadership theory with social identity theory, which provides a more theoretically accurate understanding of how authentic principal leadership influences teachers' organisational identification.

The purpose of this study is to examine the link among social justice leadership, school climate, cultural capital and academic aspiration in Turkish high schools. The study also aims at analysing the contextual influence of gender and family income on academic aspiration. The participants of the study include a total of 22.802 students from 210 schools located in twelve different regions of Turkey. The findings of the study reveal that social justice leadership, school climate and cultural capital predict academic aspiration at a statistically significant level. The results also suggest that the interaction between cultural capital and gender has a significant impact on academic aspiration, while the interaction between school climate and family income has a significant impact on academic aspiration. Based on the results, the researchers present some suggestions for further studies.

Purpose: In recent decades, researchers have increasingly begun to study the effects of transformational leadership on various teachers' attitudes in K-12 settings. However, studies on the effect of transformational leadership on the job satisfaction of vocational high school teachers are not sufficient. Therefore, in this study, the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction in Turkish vocational high schools was examined. Design/methodology/approach: The study data came from 847 teachers working at 82 state vocational high schools located in 12 regions in Türkiye. To test the research model, we conducted multilevel structural equation modeling to explore the structural relationships between transformational leadership, teacher professional learning, teacher' self-efficacy and job satisfaction. Findings: The analysis confirms that teacher professional learning and self-efficacy are prominent mediators in the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction in Turkish vocational high schools. Originality/value: The present study is expected to contribute to the body of research focusing on the effects of transformational leadership on job satisfaction in vocational high schools. Implications for theory, practice and policy are discussed.

Teachers' organizational loyalty plays a critical role in the success of reforms in periods when educational reforms gain momentum. This study examined the effects of charismatic leadership, trust in leader, and teacher engagement on teachers' organizational loyalty based on data collected from 872 teachers in 77 public schools in Türkiye. We examined the predictors of organizational loyalty at the school and teacher levels via multilevel analysis. Using structural equation modeling and bootstrapping test, we also investigated the mediating role of teacher engagement and trust in leader in the relationship between charismatic leadership and organizational loyalty. The results of multilevel analysis demonstrated that school- and teacher-level variables were significant predictors of organizational loyalty. The mediation test results revealed that the relationship between charismatic leadership and organizational loyalty is realized through teacher engagement and trust in leader. Based on the findings, we discussed the effects of charismatic leadership, engagement, and trust in leader on teachers' loyalty.

Objective. Left circumflex (LCx) artery originating from the right coronary arterial (RCA) system has been reported as the most common form of anomalous origination of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus (ACAOS). However, some studies claim that RCA originating from the left coronary sinus (LCS) is the most frequent form. The aim of this study was to determine the most common type of ACAOS in a single center. Materials and Methods. The database of the catheterization laboratory was retrospectively searched. All patients who were performed coronary angiography between 1999 and 2006 were included to registry. All examinations were carefully analyzed to determine the most frequent type of ACAOS. Results. We detected ACAOS in 35 cases (16 RCA originating from the LCS, 13 LCx from the RCS or the RCA, and 6 others) out of 5165 coronary angiograms. The most common form was RCA originating from LCS. Moreover, we revealed that 5 cases with RCA originating from the LCS were previously misdiagnosed and not reported as a coronary anomaly. Conclusions. RCA originating from the LCS was the most common form of ACAOS in our registry. The high change of misdiagnosis or underreporting of this anomaly could have biased the true prevalence.

AIM: To investigate ophthalmologic findings in children with thalassemia major (TM) and compare the findings with healthy controls. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 43 children with thalassemia major from pediatric hematology outpatient clinics from two university hospitals and age/sex matched 47 healthy children were included in the study. After a complete ophthalmic examination, tear function tests including the Schirmer test, fluorescein tear break-up time (BUT), ultrasound pachymetry, and axial length measurement were performed. Obtained data was recorded for statistical analysis and the values of right eyes were compared between groups. RESULTS: The mean best corrected visual acuity was 1.34±0.75 in TM and 1.08±0.28 in controls. It was found lower than 0.1 logMAR unit in 10 (23.2%) children with TM and 2 (4.2%) in controls, and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). The mean central corneal thickness was 540±26.95 in children with TM and 536.98±20.45µm in controls (P＞0.05). The mean axial length was 22.53±0.50 in TM and 22.57±0.43mm in the control group. The mean Schirmer test score was 19.94±6.91 in TM and 24.22±3.95mm in the control group (P＜0.01). The mean BUT score was 9.62±1.28 in TM and 9.73±0.6s in the control group (P＞0.05). CONCLUSION: In TM, while corneal thickness, axial length, and BUT are close to controls, the Schirmer scores are less than normal. The study revealed that TM may be affected by the tear function and visual acuity.

Pur po se: To evaluate the effect of age on corneal cross-linking treatment in keratoconus patients. Ma te ri al and Met hod: We retrospectively evaluated forty-nine eyes of 45 patients with keratoconus that were applied corneal cross-linking treatment. The patients were divided into three groups; pediatric, adolescent and adult. The first group (25 years old) consisted of 17 eyes. Preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA log-MAR), central corneal thickness (CCT), and maximum corneal steepness (MCS) were compared with postoperative 13.8±3.83-month follow-up values. Re sults: After the treatment, a statistically significant improvement in visual acuity was found in group 1 (p

Objectives: To compare the motor results of the early and late surgery for infantile esotropia. Materials and Methods: The cases diagnosed with infantile esotropia and which underwent strabismus surgery between 2008 and 2013 were investigated retrospectively. The cases were divided into early surgery and late surgery groups. Ten cases operated in their 18 months of age or earlier were included in the early surgery group, and 12 cases operated when being older than 18 months of age were included in the late surgery group. The groups were compared with respect to squint angel before operation, squint angle after operation, surgical success rate, and requirement of additional operation. Results: At the operation time, the mean age was 12.8±4.0 (5-18) months and 46.2±31.4 (20-108) months in the early and late surgery groups, respectively (p=0.003). The mean squint angel before operation was 45.5±12.7 (30-65) prism diopters (pd) and 44.58±12.1 (30-60) pd in the early and late surgery groups, respectively (p=0.865). Mean follow-up period was 39.8±13.3 (16-59) months in the early surgery group, and 38.4±2.9 (6-69) months in the late surgery group (p=0.873). Surgical success rate was 70% in the early surgery group, and was 66% in the late surgery group (p=0.870). The mean squint angle values in postoperative last visit were 4.5±10.1 (0-30) pd and 7.9±11.9 (0-30) pd in the early and late surgery groups, respectively (p=0.483). Additional horizontal muscle surgery was done in three cases in the early surgery group and in one patient in the late surgery group (p=0.418). Conclusion: No statistically significant difference was found between the motor outcomes of early and late surgery for infantile esotropia. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2014; 44: 458-60)

Aim: At the present day osteoporosis is an important subject of public health concern. Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder, which is characterized by increased bone fragility and increased fracture risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate women’s knowledge and attitude about osteoporosis. Patients and Method: The study was performed in 2006 at Kayseri Melikgazi Health Group Headship’s 14 village clinic area on 800 women over 18 years old who accepted to join this study. İt is performed by home visits with a descriptive questionnaire which concernes knowledge, attitude and risk factors about osteporosis. Results: Women merge in the study, 74.6% is at 18-49 age group, 49.0% is first and second degree graduated, 83.5% is housewife and 29.8% is at menaposis. Women’s knowledge level about osteoporosis is low, knowledge level is on increase with education levels increase and it is significant and it decreases significantly by the age increases (p

In this study, which investigates the relationship between the levels of stereopsis with eye and hand dominance or interpupillary distance, 120 healthy young volunteers were investigated. Eye dominance was determined by modified Miles technique following a complete eye examination. Handedness was assessed with the Edinburgh handedness inventory. Interpupillary distance was measured with millimetric ruler. Stereoacuity was measured in both contour (Titmus test) and random dot (TNO test) stereograms. The stereopsis scores were evaluated in terms of hand or eye dominance. The correlation between stereopsis score and interpupillary distance was assessed. Main outcome measures were stereopsis scores according to hand and eye dominance. As a result, right- and left-handed individuals showed no differences in terms of stereopsis. No differences were found in stereopsis scores between right- and left-eye dominant people. There was a correlation between interpupillary distance and the depth of stereopsis (r=-0.248,P

Pterygium is an abnormal fibrovascular tissue extending on the cornea which is a degenerative and hyperplastic disorder. A stromal overgrowth of fibroblast and blood vessels is accompanied by an inflammatory cell infiltrate and abnormal extracellular matrix accumulation. The surgical excision is the main treatment method of pterygium, but recurrence is the most common postoperative complication. In the present study, we aimed to compare the wide conjunctival flap and the conjunctival autografting techniques in pterygium surgery according to time of operation, safety, and effectiveness. Results showed that the effect of wide conjunctival flap techniques on primary pterygium surgery was found close to the conjunctival autograft techniques. In addition, the flap technique has a shorter surgical time, the surgery does not require extreme experience, feeding of the flap is provided with own vessels since the vascular structure is protected on the upper temporal conjunctival area, reverse placement of the flap is not seen, it needs fewer sutures, so that suture disturbances may reduce, and it is less traumatic than autograft technique during conjunctival transport. Therefore, this technique may be preferred in suitable cases.

This study had two aims: first, to reveal the experiences of educators who work with refugee students in Samsun (Turkey); and second, to divulge the views these teachers have on the social inclusion of refugees. The research was designed using a case study approach; 18 individuals participated in the research, who were selected from 12 schools within the criterion sample. A semi-structured interview form was utilized to collect data, which were analyzed using a content analysis approach. Some participants indicated that some refugee students were indifferent toward their lessons, would act in violent ways at school, experienced academic inadequacies, and possessed language and communication issues. Other teacher-participants pointed out that refugee students suffered from discrimination at school. In a general sense, the participants had a positive attitude towards refugee social inclusion, and they believed that refugees should be given employment opportunities; but refugees should also learn about Turkish culture and values. The study concluded that an equal distribution of refugees across schools and residential areas is necessary and that organizing events where refugees and Turkish citizens can join together provides the whole society with opportunities to learn about multiculturalism, which in turn can accelerate social inclusion.