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3. Curing conditions for low‐resistivity contacts on transparent conductive oxide layers for different solar cell applications.

Author

Gensowski, Katharina, Freund, Timo, Much, Maximilian, Muramatsu, Kazuo, Tepner, Sebastian, and Clement, Florian

Subjects
PHOTOVOLTAIC power systems, SOLAR cells, CURING, PASTE, INDIUM tin oxide, SOLAR technology, CIGARETTES
Abstract

The Cu (ln1‐xGax)Se2 (CIGS) solar cell technology is a potentially high‐efficient approach with unique properties compared with silicon photovoltaic, like flexible lightweight substrates and different colored designs. So far, the full potential of the transparent conductive oxide layers has not been exploited yet as no front contacts are applied, resulting in significant losses from the cell‐to‐module level. In this study, Ag front contacts are applied by parallel dispensing onto indium tin oxide layers of silicon heterojunction substrates and CIGS substrates. Subsequently, a thermally curing process is carried out to form the conductive contacts. The curing conditions are varied between 200°C ≥ Tc ≥ 100°C combined with 20 min ≥ tc ≥ 1.5 min. The study aims to determine the curing parameters enabling low‐resistivity contacts by using low‐temperature curing Ag paste and ultralow‐temperature curing Ag paste. The lateral electrode resistance and the contact resistivity of printed electrodes are measured. The results of simultaneous thermogravimetry‐differential scanning calorimetry (pastes) and microstructure analysis of printed electrodes are used to explain the electrical parameters of the printed electrodes. In general, higher curing temperatures and longer curing durations encourage the sintering and densification process of the applied electrodes resulting in low‐resistivity contacts. Contact resistivities below ρc,TLM < 5 mΩ·cm2 and lateral electrode resistance of Rlateral ≥ 17 Ω m−1 are obtained for different paste systems. However, optimal curing conditions of low‐temperature curing pastes can cause thermal damage to the CIGS device. Therefore, ultralow‐temperature curing pastes seem to be promising candidates for front contact metallization of CIGS substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Rotary Screen Printed Metallization of Heterojunction Solar Cells: Toward High‐Throughput Production with Very Low Silver Laydown

Author

Lorenz, Andreas, primary, Klawitter, Markus, additional, Linse, Michael, additional, Ney, Linda, additional, Tepner, Sebastian, additional, Pingel, Sebastian, additional, Sabet, Milad Salimi, additional, Reiner, Julius, additional, Oehrle, Katrin, additional, Greutmann, Roland, additional, Röth, Julius, additional, Drews, Matthias, additional, Muramatsu, Kazuo, additional, Ikarashi, Sen-ichi, additional, and Clement, Florian, additional

Published
2022
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9. Filament stretching during parallel dispensing - A way to reduce silver consumption in SHJ metallization

Author

Gensowski, Katharina, Much, Maximilian, Palme, Melanie, Jimenez Cardozo, Ana Maria, Bujnoch, Elisabeth, Muramatsu, Kazuo, Tepner, Sebastian, Clement, Florian, and Publica

Subjects
Suspension rheology, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Extrusion, Filament stretching, Solar cell metallization, Ag pastes, Heterojunction solar cells, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Abstract

In the field of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, great successes on improving production processes have been achieved in the last years, however further improvements in the case of metallization are required to obtain higher market share. Therefore, lower Ag laydowns and higher process throughput are demanded. This study presents the impact of filament stretching on Ag-electrode shapes and laydown during temperature-controlled micro-extrusion, known as parallel dispensing. Dispensed metal grids ensure higher cell performances than screen-printed grids. It has been discovered that the maximum use of filament stretching benefits the solar cell efficiency due to narrower Ag-electrodes and less silver consumption. We have shown a low Ag laydown per 157.35 mm line of mAg = 0.27 mg electrode-1 in average. An efficiency gain of ΔηA = + 0.26%abs. has been demonstrated by the maximum usage of filament stretching. Further, a novel parameter that values the effectiveness of silver usage and enables the comparison between different printing processes has been introduced. We have demonstrated that silver is used more effectively by up to +74%rel. when the low-temperature curing paste is dispensed compared to screen printing because dispensed electrodes show an almost perfectly homogeneous shape.

Published
2022

10. New Material Exploration to Enhance Neutron Intensity below Cold Neutrons: Nanosized Graphene Flower Aggregation.

Author

Teshigawara, Makoto, Ikeda, Yujiro, Yan, Mingfei, Muramatsu, Kazuo, Sutani, Koichi, Fukuzumi, Masafumi, Noda, Yohei, Koizumi, Satoshi, Saruta, Koichi, and Otake, Yoshie

Subjects
NEUTRONS, NANODIAMONDS, NEUTRON measurement, SMALL-angle neutron scattering, NEUTRON temperature, GRAPHENE, NEUTRON scattering
Abstract

It is proposed that nanosized graphene aggregation could facilitate coherent neutron scattering under particle size conditions similar to nanodiamonds to enhance neutron intensity below cold neutrons. Using the RIKEN accelerator-driven compact neutron source and iMATERIA at J-PARC, we performed neutron measurement experiments, total neutron cross-section and small-angle neutron scattering on nanosized graphene aggregation. For the first time, the measured data revealed that nanosized graphene aggregation increased the total neutron cross-sections and small-angle scattering in the cold neutron energy region. This is most likely due to coherent scattering, resulting in higher neutron intensities, similar to nanodiamonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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12. Progress with Rotary Screen Printed Fine Line Metallization for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

Author

Lorenz, Andreas, Klawitter, Markus, Linse, Michael, Salimi Sabet, Milad, Reiner, Julius, Oehrle, Katrin, Tepner, Sebastian, Greutmann, Roland, Vetter, Oliver, Röth, Julius, Sänger, L., Drews, Matthias, Muramatsu, Kazuo, Ikarashi, Sen-Ichi, and Clement, Florian

Subjects
high throughput, silicon heterojunction, rotary printing, solar cell metallization
Published
2021
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13. Investigation of the Chemical Reaction between Silver Electrodes and Transparent Conductive Oxide Films for the Improvement of Fill Factor of Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

Author

Nishihara, Tappei, primary, Muramatsu, Kazuo, additional, Nakamura, Kyotaro, additional, Ohshita, Yoshio, additional, Yasuno, Satoshi, additional, Kanai, Hiroki, additional, Hara, Yutaka, additional, Hibino, Yusuke, additional, Kojima, Haruki, additional, and Ogura, Atsushi, additional

Published
2021
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14. Dispensing of low-temperature silver pastes

Author

Gensowski, Katharina, primary, Jimenez, Ana, additional, Tepner, Sebastian, additional, Bujnoch, Elisabeth, additional, Muramatsu, Kazuo, additional, Pospischil, Maximilian, additional, and Clement, Florian, additional

Published
2021
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15. Dispensing of low-temperature silver pastes.

Author

Gensowski, Katharina, Jimenez, Ana, Tepner, Sebastian, Bujnoch, Elisabeth, Muramatsu, Kazuo, Pospischil, Maximilian, Clement, Florian, Tous, Loic, Beaucarne, Guy, Lossen, Jan, and Schubert, Gunnar

Subjects
SOLAR cells, SILVER, SCREEN process printing, COPPER-zinc alloys, HETEROJUNCTIONS
Abstract

This paper shows the application of three low-temperature silver pastes on silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells and Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 modules by parallel dispensing and flatbed screen printing. The goal was to improve the finger shape as well as to increase the applicable process velocity resulting in reduced silver consumption per SHJ solar cell. In case of the thin-film technology an advantageous electrical performance of applying a front contact metallization on the modules was demonstrated. By dispensing optimized paste formulations, the core finger width was reduced to wcore = 25 µm and the optical aspect ratio was increased to ARo = 0.55 obtaining an efficiency gain of Δη = 0.3%abs. compared to the screen-printed reference on SHJ solar cells. Additionally, a simple integration solution for the parallel dispensing into existing industrial solar cell metallization process line was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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19. Isotropic texturing of amorphous carbon substrate by catalytic oxidation

Author

Kuchibhatla, Dilip, Kuwabara, Masago, Muramatsu, Kazuo, Nojima, Wendy, and Hayashi, Hidetaka

Subjects
Magnetic disks -- Production processes, Magnetic media -- Production processes, Thin films -- Production processes, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Published
1995

20. Co alloy media made on amorphous carbon substrate

Author

Kuwabara, Masago, Sato, Motoharu, Onishi, Yoshihiko, Visokay, Mark R., Hayashi, Hidetaka, Inoue, Hidetoshi, and Muramatsu, Kazuo

Subjects
Thin films -- Magnetic properties, Carbon -- Research, Physics
Abstract

The magnetic characteristics of Co-based alloy media made on amorphous carbon substrates were investigated using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the material had superior coercivity as compared to those made on conventional NiP/Al substrates. In addition, excellent adhesion performance, attributed to the formation of a Cr-C compound at the interface, was observed.

Published
1993

25. Impact of B2H6plasma treatment on contact resistivity in silicon heterojunction solar cells

Author

Gotoh, Kazuhiro, Ozaki, Ryo, Morimura, Motoo, Tanaka, Aki, Iseki, Yoshiko, Nakamura, Kyotaro, Muramatsu, Kazuo, Kurokawa, Yasuyoshi, Ohshita, Yoshio, and Usami, Noritaka

Abstract

We investigated the effect of the B2H6plasma treatment on p-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (p-a-Si:H) surfaces for high-performance silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements revealed that the boron concentration at the p-a-Si:H surface is increased by employing the B2H6plasma treatment. Furthermore, specific contact resistance is decreased by about one-third after the B2H6plasma treatment. No degradation of passivation performance is induced by the B2H6plasma treatment. The power conversion efficiency of the SHJ solar cells with the B2H6plasma treatment is improved by the increase in fill factor (FF) due to decreased series resistance and increased shunt resistance. From numerical simulations, the upward band bending is enhanced at the heterointerface between transparent conductive oxide (TCO) and p-a-Si:H by the B2H6plasma treatment, which is responsible for the improved FF owing to facilitated tunneling holes from c-Si to p-a-Si:H layers and the TCO/p-a-Si:H heterointerface.

Published
2023
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