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Eight novel mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes of the type [Cu(L)(phen)](ClO4) (1–8) synthesized from S-methyldithiocarbazate Schiff bases [H(L1)–H(L8)] and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligands have been characterized using various physicochemical, spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. The structures of seven out of the eight Cu(II) complexes have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The coordination geometry around the Cu(II) ion is distorted square pyramidal (τ, 0.24–0.49). The heterocyclic and azomethine nitrogens along with thiolato sulphur of the deprotonated tridentate ligand (NNS) and one of the imine nitrogens of phen form the equatorial CuN3S square plane, while the other imine nitrogen atom of phen occupies the axial position. The geometry of the Cu(II) center in the solid state is preserved in DMF solution, stabilizing to distorted square pyramidal, as suggested by the low-temperature EPR data g‖ > g⊥ > 2.0. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the Cu(II) complexes display quasi-reversible electrochemistry. The efficiency of the complexes in killing the human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cells (A549) has also been studied along with the cell viability assay against the noncancerous human lung epithelial cells (L132) under in vitro conditions. They were found to exhibit excellent cytotoxicity against A549 cancer cells without affecting the normal L132 cells. The activity of all the complexes was significantly superior to that of cisplatin. The 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCHF-DA) experiment indicated that cancer cells produce more reactive oxygen species (ROS) than normal cells. Further, they cause cell death mainly through apoptotic mode, as revealed by the observation of a higher percentage of apoptotic cells in acridine orange (AO) or ethidium bromide (EB) or 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stained cancer cells. Thus, ROS generation in tumor cells is implicated in cytotoxicity, demonstrating the versatile nature of presently accessible mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes for cancer therapy by means of ROS-induced apoptotic cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper(I) complexes of the types [Cu(N–N)(PPh3)2]NO3 (LC41–LC44) and [Cu(N–N)(PPh3)(NO3)] (LC45) carrying 3‐substituted 1‐pyridine‐2‐ylimidazo[1,5‐a]pyridine (N–N) derivatives and triphenylphosphine (PPh3) ligands have been prepared. The synthesized copper(I)–phosphine complexes were fully characterized by NMR, IR, ESI‐MS and UV–visible spectroscopy as well as by cyclic voltammetry. Selected structures such as LC42, LC43 and LC45 were additionally analysed by single‐crystal X‐ray method, which show that copper(I) centre adopts a highly distorted tetrahedral geometry. The 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of the complexes throw light on the nature of metal–ligand bonding. They display dπ–π* metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition and show quasireversible CuI/CuII metal oxidation. Among the copper(I)–phosphine complexes, LC41–LC44 exhibit moderate cytotoxicity (IC50: 24 h, 67–74 μM; 48 h, 58–70 μM) against human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma A549 cells, whereas LC45 displays the best activity (IC50: 24 h, 42 μM; 48 h, 34 μM) for A549 cancer cell line, which is better than that of the commercial antitumor drug cisplatin. All the complexes also displayed excellent selectivity by being relatively inactive against the human lung epithelial L132 normal cell line with selectivity index (SI) values ranging from 3.4 to 7.4. The complexes block cell cycle progression of A549 cells in G0/G1 phase. FACSVerse analyses are suggestive of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptotic cell death induced by the LC41, LC43 and LC45. The induction of apoptosis in A549 cells was shown by Annexin V with propidium iodide (PI) and 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining methods and established the ability of LC41, LC43 and LC45 to accumulate in the cell nuclei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerobic reaction of the Schiff-base ligand N-(benzimidazol-2-yl)salicylaldimine (Hbisi) with iron(II) perchlorate in methanol leads to the formation of the remarkable coordination compound [Fe4(μ4-O)(μ-MeO)4(bisi)4](ClO4)2·4MeOH (1), whose single-crystal X-ray structure reveals the presence of a discrete FeIII4(μ-O) core. Magnetic and Mssbauer studies both show that the exchange interaction within the square tetranuclear iron(III) unit is dominated by the central bridging μ4-oxido ligand, the involvement of the μ-methoxido bridges being negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tetradentate ligands 1,8-bis(pyrid-2-yl)-3,6-dithiaoctane (pdto) and 1,8-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)-3,6-dithiaoctane (bbdo) form the complexes [Ru(pdto)(mu-Cl)](2)(ClO(4))(2) 1 and [Ru(bbdo)(mu-Cl)](2)(ClO(4))(2) 2 respectively. The new di-mu-chloro dimers 1 and 2 undergo facile symmetrical bridge cleavage reactions with the diimine ligands 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and dipyridylamine (dpa) to form the six-coordinate complexes [Ru(pdto)(bpy)](ClO(4))(2) 3, [Ru(bbdo)(bpy)](ClO(4))(2) 4, [Ru(pdto)(dpa)](ClO(4))(2) 5 and [Ru(bbdo)(dpa)](ClO(4))(2) 6 and with the triimine ligand 2,2':6,2''-terpyridine (terpy) to form the unusual seven-coordinate complexes [Ru(pdto)(terpy)](ClO(4))(2) 7 and [Ru(bbdo)(terpy)](ClO(4))(2) 8. In 1 the dimeric cation [Ru(pdto)(mu-Cl)](2)(2+) is made up of two approximately octahedrally coordinated Ru(II) centers bridged by two chloride ions, which constitute a common edge between the two Ru(II) octahedra. Each ruthenium is coordinated also to two pyridine nitrogen and two thioether sulfur atoms of the tetradentate ligand. The ligand pdto is folded around Ru(II) as a result of the cis-dichloro coordination, which corresponds to a "cis-alpha" configuration [DeltaDelta/LambdaLambda(rac) diastereoisomer] supporting the possibility of some attractive pi-stacking interactions between the parallel py rings at each ruthenium atom. The ruthenium atom in the complex cations 3a and 4 exhibit a distorted octahedral coordination geometry composed of two nitrogen atoms of the bpy and the two thioether sulfur and two py/bzim nitrogen atoms of the pdto/bbdo ligand, which is actually folded around Ru(II) to give a "cis-alpha" isomer. The molecule of complex 5 contains a six-coordinated ruthenium atom chelated by pdto and dpa ligands in the expected distorted octahedral fashion. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral data of the complexes throw light on the nature of metal-ligand bonding and the conformations of the chelate rings, which indicates that the dithioether ligands maintain their tendency to fold themselves even in solution. The bis-mu-chloro dimers 1 and 2 show a spin-allowed but Laporte-forbidden t(2g)(6)((1)A(1g))--> t(2g)(5) e(g)(1)((1)T(1g), (1)T(2g)) d-d transition. They also display an intense Ru(II) dpi--> py/bzim (pi*) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition. The mononuclear complexes 3-8 exhibit dpi-->pi* MLCT transitions in the range 340-450 nm. The binuclear complexes 1 and 2 exhibit a ligand field ((3)MC) luminescence even at room temperature, whereas the mononuclear complexes 3 and 4 show a ligand based radical anion ((3)MLCT) luminescence. The binuclear complexes 1 and 2 undergo two successive oxidation processes corresponding to successive Ru(II)/Ru(III) couples, affording a stable mixed-valence Ru(II)Ru(III) state (K(c): 1, 3.97 x 10(6); 2, 1.10 x 10(6)). The mononuclear complexes 3-7 exhibit only one while 8 shows two quasi-reversible metal-based oxidative processes. The coordinated 'soft' thioether raises the redox potentials significantly by stabilising the 'soft' Ru(II) oxidation state. One or two ligand-based reduction processes were also observed for the mononuclear complexes.