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Energy may be transformed from one form to another, but its total magnitude remains the same. There is a relationship between the shaking energy and the swing energy/wind energy, because the wind often causes shaking in nature. A lift force is generated by adding a swirl flow on circular cylinders. Lifting force is proportional to the vortex of power. In simple terms a vortex generator (VG) is a device that creates a turbulence or vortex of fluid due to its shape. Electric power has more than 100 methods of production. Energy made from the vibrating wind farms could be much cheaper. Bladeless wind turbines generate electricity by shaking, not spinning. If you compare a bladeless wind turbine to a conventional wind turbine with similar energy generation, the bladeless wind turbine would cost significantly less, around 45% less. As the sticks vibrate, that movement is converted into electricity by an alternator. It is a great way of transmitting energy from a fluid source to a structure. Vibration e...

In the paper we consider computational optimization of recognition system on Very Long Instruction Word architecture. Such architecture is aimed to a broad parallel execution and low energy consumption. We discuss VLIW features on the example of Elbrus-based computational platform. In the paper we consider system for 2D art recognition as the example. This system is able to identify a painting on acquired image as a painting from the database, using local image features constructed from YACIPE-keypoints and their RFD-based binary color descriptors, created as a concatenation of RFD-like descriptors for each channel. They are computed fast, while the 2D art database is quite large, so in our case more than a half of execution time consumes descriptor comparison using Hamming distance during image matching. This operation can be optimized with the help of low-level optimization considering special architecture features. In the paper we show efficient usage of intrinsic functions for Elbrus-4C processor and memory access with array prefetch buffer, which is specific for Elbrus platform. We demonstrate the speedup up to 11.5 times for large arrays and about 1.5 times overall speedup for the system without any changes in intermediate computations.

This paper briefly examines the advantages and disadvantages of Elbrus architectures as building blocks for Seismic Processing cluster system. The configuration of a heterogeneous clustered system build for research Oil and Gas Company is examined in more detail. In this system, processing nodes with different architecture (x86, GPU and e2k) are integrated in a single computing cluster through a high performance global networking topologies. Heterogeneous cluster with Elbrus node provides a good opportunity for software cross-architectural migration. To demonstrate the potential of Elbrus nodes usage, the multispectral data analysis application has been optimized for e2k architecture. Paper includes performance results and scalability analysis for implemented module using e2k and x86 nodes. It is anticipated that the heterogeneous cluster with Elbrus node will form an integral part of the preparation process of the domestic supercomputer under development, based on the Elbrus processors. The basic software stack in Seismic Processing will be naturally emerged on the use of Elbrus node as part of the heterogeneous cluster.

The extracted fish samples (w/w) using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were cleaned up by applying different adsorbent materials such as: combination of acidic/ basic silica and alumina, florisil, and silica gel either alone or in combination with another sort of sorbent. Different solvents such as hexane (H), dichloromethane (DCM), with different compositions were used to elute the PCBs target compounds from the spiked fish samples. Overall the mean percentage recoveries for all PCBs congeners using PLE were ranging from 78.6% to 98.7%; from 79.4% to 91.8%; from 65.8% to 104.5% and from 82.4% to 100.9% for cases A, B, C, D and E, respectively. However, the overall mean percentage recoveries for the 13C-PCBs surrogate including: 101, 138, 153, 180 and 209 were ranging from 88.2% to 97.6%; from 79.4% to 90.2%, from 88.3% to 96.4%, from 79.8% to 90.4% and from 83.9% to 95.9%, for cases A, B, C, D and E, respectively. The limits of detection of the proposed method were varied from 0.01 to 0.28 ng/g (w/w) for different PCBs congeners. The proposed method has linear dynamic range from 21.5 ng/g to 109 ng/g. This method was applied to fish samples for the determination of the target PCBs components.

A brief review of Protected Execution Mode (PEM) for user-space applications featured in Elbrus architecture is described first. Then, AddressSanitizer, a well-known utility by Google Inc, is considered as an example of a pure software technique of memory control. Comparative analysis of these solutions is given with performance flaws, applicability and boundary violation detection quality.

Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Kuwait's fish market have not previously been reported. Fish from four common species, shrimp, and five common shellfish from Kuwait's fish market were analyzed for seven PBDEs. The levels of PBDEs in fish samples ranged from 0.50 to 3.748 ng/g wet weight and in shellfish samples ranged from 1.05 to 5.47 ng/g wet weight. The mean σ5 PBDE concentrations measured in hamoor, shell, zobaidy, sheim, shrimp, suboor, sponge, octopus, squid, and bivalve samples were 1.49, 5.47, 4.10, 0.50, 3.78, 1.53, 2.10, 3.11, 1.05, and 1.41 ng/g wet weight, respectively. The total PBDE concentration in fish and shellfish samples measured in our study were comparable to or higher than those from other countries. The BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100 were the most dominant PBDEs in all the samples tested. The daily intake of PBDE from fish and shellfish reported in this study was lower than that reported from other countries.

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations were measured in sewage sludge samples collected from three wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait over a six month period. PBDEs were detected in all samples analyzed and there were significant differences between the three wastewater treatment plants. The mean (and range) of summation PBDEs concentrations measured are as follows: Jahra 52.5 ng g(-1) (5.7-169.5 ng g(-1)); Reqqa, 144 ng g(-1) (32-296 ng g(-1)); Umm Haylaman, 377 ng g(-1) (23-1599 ng g(-1)). The differences in concentrations of the sum of penta congeners were consistently different at the three treatment plants with values increasing in the order: JahraUmm HaylamanReqqa. BDE 209 was the dominant congener in all samples, contributing between 70% and 99% of the summation PBDEs, with lesser quantities of BDE 99 (6%), BDE 47 (3.3%), BDE 100 (1%) with BDEs 28, 153, 154, and 183 accounting for only 2% of the summation PBDEs measured in most samples. A seasonal trend in concentrations was observed, presumably related to temperature effects, with lower concentrations between September and November, followed by a spike in the December samples and then a gradual decrease in the January and February samples.

This study reports concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust samples collected from 17 homes in Kuwait. PBDEs were measured in all homes investigated with mean summation operatorPBDEs concentration ranging from 1 to 393 ng g(-1), with a geometric mean of 76 ng g(-1). The dominant congener in all samples was BDE 209 constituting ca. 85% of the summationPBDEs followed by BDE 99 (5%), BDE 47 (4.5%), and BDE 183 (2%). The congener mixture in dust is dominated by those in deca and penta formulations. Using the measured concentrations and estimates of dust ingestion rates for children and adults, estimated human non-dietary exposure based on mean PBDE levels were 14.8 and 1.5 ng day(-1) for children and adults, respectively. The 10-fold difference in exposure estimates between children and adults in this study supports previous reports that children are at greater risk from pollutants that accumulate indoors. The ubiquitous distribution of these chemicals as noted in this study highlights the fact that we are continuously exposed to low doses of chemicals in the indoor environment.

Polyurethane foam plug passive samplers were used to concurrently measure air concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in 70 indoor environments. PBDEs were detected in all homes and offices investigated with patterns similar to the distribution in the commercial penta technical formulation (Bromkal 70-5DE). The ubiquitous distribution of these compounds in indoor environments may be due to the volatilization of these chemicals from foam (e.g. mattresses, foam padded furniture), electronic equipments (e.g. TVs, printers, computers) and other consumer products to which they are added as flame retardants. Mean Σ PBDEs concentration in air was log-normally distributed and ranged from ∼2–385 pg m −3 . Using an inhalation rate of 8 and 20 m 3 day −1 for children and adults respectively, exposure via inhalation is estimated to be 173 and 399 pg day −1 for children and adults respectively. This study supports the growing body of evidence for the ubiquitous presence of these compounds in indoor air and the potential for continuous, low-level exposure both at work and home.

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations were measured in surficial sediments from coastal sediments receiving industrial and municipal effluents in Kuwait. The summation PBDE concentrations varied by two orders of magnitude ranging from 80 to 3800 pg g(-1)dw. The congener distribution was dominated by BDE 183, with minor contributions from BDEs 154 and 153. The similarity between the congener profile to that of the technical octa formulation (Bromkal 79-8DE) suggests a source of this product in Kuwait. The observed gradient in concentration distribution, with high summation PBDE concentrations near the shore and an exponential decrease seaward, indicates that wastewater discharge from industrial activities in the study area is the primary source of these compounds in the sediments.

A new GC-ion trap MS method has been developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sewage sludge samples. The sludge samples were extracted with Soxhlet, Soxtec, and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) using 1:1 (v/v) dichloromethane (DCM):n-hexane solvent mixture. A multi-layer clean-up (silica/Al2O3) column were used, followed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to eliminate the interfering organic compound as well as the lipids. The extracts were quantified with GC–EI-SIS and GC–EI-MS–MS. The method was successfully applied to determine the concentration of PAHs present in sewage sludge samples collected from four waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). The method recovery values varied from 61.5 to 90.5%, 65.0 to 91.8% and 60.0 to 93.4% for Soxtec extraction, Soxhlet extraction and PLE extraction, respectively. The total concentrations of the 16 PAHs in the sewage sludge samples were found to vary from 1.56 to 6.18 mg/kg. The concentration of PAHs in WWTPs did not significantly vary.

A new analytical method is described for the determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sewage sludges using GC-ion trap-MS-MS. In this work, 16 organo-chlorine pesticides (OCPs) listed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) as priority pollutants were separated and quantified. Sludge samples from three of Kuwait's wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Spiked sludge samples were extracted with a mixture of (1:1 v/v) dichloromethane (DCM)/hexane. The extracts were cleaned on a silica/aluminum oxide column, then transferred to a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) column, before undergoing further silica/aluminum oxide clean-up; the presence of OCPs was then confirmed by GC-ion trap-MS-MS. Three extraction techniques, soxtec, soxhlet, and pressurized liquid extractions were utilized, compared and validated using the spiked sludge samples. The methods were validated in term of accuracy (recovery) and precision (RSD). The method recovery values varied from 76.1 to 92.9% for the three extraction techniques.

Vacancy ion-exclusion/adsorption chromatography has been applied to investigate the separation behavior of five aliphatic amines (ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine and hexylamine) on a polymethacrylate-based weakly basic anion-exchange column (Tosoh TSKgel DEAE-5PW). This system is consisted of analytes as a mobile phase and water as an injected sample. In the vacancy ion-exclusion/adsorption chromatography, the elution order was as follows: ethylaminepropylaminebutylaminepentylaminehexylamine, depending on their hydrophobicity. The retention times of the amines were decreased with decreasing their concentrations in the mobile phase. The retention times and resolutions of the amines were increased by adding a basic compound (e.g., lithium hydroxide or heptylamine) and by increasing the pH of mobile phase (pH11). This was because the dissociations of amine samples in the mobile phase were suppressed and thus the hydrophobic adsorption effects were enhanced. The linearity of calibration graphs could be obtained from the peak areas of the amine samples injected to the 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mM of amine mobile phase at pH 11 by heptylamine. The detection limits of aliphatic amines as injected samples were around 1 microM for five aliphatic amines at three different amine mobile phases. From these results, the retention behaviors of aliphatic amines on vacancy ion-exclusion/adsorption chromatography were concluded to be governed by the hydrophobic adsorption effect.

This paper describes an ion-exclusion chromatographic system for the rapid and selective determination of ammonium ion. The optimized ion-exclusion chromatographic system was established with a polymethacrylate-based weakly basic anion-exchange resin column (TSKgel DEAE-5PW) as the separation column, an aqueous solution containing 0.05 mM tetramethylammonium hydroxide (pH 9.10) as eluent with conductimetric detection for the analyte determination. Under the optimum chromatographic conditions, ammonium ion was determined within 2.3 min with a detection limit (S/N=3) better than 0.125 microM. Ammonium ion in rain and river waters was precisely determined using this ion-exclusion chromatographic system.

In this study, an aqueous solution consisting of benzoic acid with low background conductivity and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) of hydrophilic nature and the inclusion effect to benzoic acid were used as eluent for the ion-exclusion chromatographic separation of aliphatic carboxylic acids with different pKa values and hydrophobicity on a polymethacrylate-based weakly acidic cation-exchange resin in the H+ form. With increasing concentration of beta-cyclodextrin in the eluent, the retention times of the carboxylic acids decreased due to the increased hydrophilicity of the polymethacrylate-based cation-exchange resin surface from the adsorption of OH groups of beta-cyclodextrin. Moreover, the eluent background conductivity decreased with increasing concentration of beta-cyclodextrin in 1 mM benzoic acid, which could result in higher sensitivity for conductimetric detection. The ion-exclusion chromatographic separation of carboxylic acids with high resolution and sensitivity was accomplished successfully by elution with a 1 mM benzoic acid-10 mM cyclodextrin solution without chemical suppression.

A monolithic ODS-silica gel column modified by saturating it with lithium dodecylsulfate (Li-DS) was used to demonstrate the high-speed separation of H+ from other mono- and divalent cations, such as Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ using ion chromatography (IC). Using a 5 mM EDTA-2K solution containing 0.10 mM Li-DS (pH 4.80) as eluent, H+ was eluted with a sharp and symmetrical peak within 1.0 min before other cations at a flow-rate of 1.5 ml min(-1). The rapid elution of H+ and its conductimetric detection could be attributed to the presence of EDTA (HY2-), which can convert H+ ions as anions. i.e. H(+) + H2Y(2-) --> H3Y(-). The acidity of rainwater and deionized water samples was determined using this IC system with satisfactory results.

A monolithic ODS-silica gel column modified by saturating it with lithium dodecylsulfate (Li-DS) was firstly used to separate monovalent cations simultaneously including H+, Na+, NH4+ and K+ by ion-chromatography (IC). Using an acidified 60 mM LiCl solution (pH 3.95, containing 0.10 mM Li-DS) as eluent, these monovalent cations were separated well in the order of Na+

A new approach to ion-exclusion chromatography (IEC) is proposed to overcome the relatively poor conductivity detection response which occurs in IEC on when acids are added to the eluent in order to improve peak shape. This approach, termed vacancy IEC, requires the sample to be used as mobile phase and a sample of water to be injected onto a polystyrene/divinylbenzene (PS/DVB)-based strongly acidic cation-exchange column (TSKgel SCX). Vacancy peaks for each of the analytes appear at the retention times of these analytes. Highly sensitive conductivity detection is possible and sharp, well-shaped peaks are produced, leading to efficient separations. Retention times were found to be affected by the concentration of the analytes in the eluent, and also by the presence of an organic modifier, such as butanol in the mobile phase. Detection limits for oxalic, formic, acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids at S/N=3 were 0.04, 0.1, 0.47, 0.66, 0.71 and 0.82 μM, respectively, and linear ranges for some acids extended over two-orders of magnitude. Precision values for retention times were

The simultaneous determination of endocrine disruptors (phenols) has been developed using a GC–MS method. Endocrine disruptors in various water samples, were extracted using a liquid–liquid extraction process. Acidification pH 2.0–3.0 and salting (NaBr) of water samples really enhance the extraction process. The extraction of endocrine disruptors was done and experimented twice with 50 ml of “dichloromethane”. The volume was concentrated from 100 to 1 ml. Internal standard of anthracene was also added to the concentrated volumes followed by derivatization with N,O -bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) to form phenol-trimethylsilylate (phenol-TMS) derivative. The phenol-TMS derivative was analyzed by GC–MS method. The applied concentrated range was over 10–1000 ng/ml for the total phenols. The recovery test ranged from 59.5 to 88.6% with relative standard deviations between 1.6 and 10.3% of 500 ng/ml of the standard phenols spiked to the water sample and the detection limit was 1 ng/ml. The proposed method was applied satisfactory to the determination of total endocrine disruptors in synthetic mixtures and different types of water sample, such as river, tap and distilled waters, previously spiked with different amounts of these chemicals.

A new, simple, sensitive, selective and in-field fluorimetric method for the determination of formaldehyde is proposed. The reaction of formaldehyde with hydralazine in acidic medium, heating on a boiling water-bath for 25 min, produces s-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine (Tri-P). The fluorescence intensity of the product formed (Tri-P) was determined at λem = 389 nm with λex = 236 nm. The fluorescence intensity is linear over a formaldehyde concentration range of 1.2–33.0 μg l−1. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of formaldehyde sampled from the atmosphere using the liquid droplet technique. Formaldehyde vapour in a wind tunnel was produced by a mean of permeater. A linear curve was obtained between the concentration in the wind tunnel and that in the droplet. The detection limit for formaldehyde was 2.0 μg l−1 with RSDs varying from 3 to 12% in ambient air, using a droplet correction solution (boric acid and hydralazine). The effect of interfering substances on the determination shows that most cations and anions did not interfere. The results obtained were satisfactory compared with a reference method.

A new simple, sensitive, and selective spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of nitrite. The method is based on the reaction of nitrite with sulfathiazole in acidic medium to form a diazonium cation, which is subsequently coupled with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form a highly stable, violet azo dye. The reaction product has an absorption maximum at 546 nm and obeys Beer's law over a nitrite range of 0.054–0.816 μg/mL. The molar absorptivity of the colored compound is 4.61 × 104 L/(mol·cm). The detection limit is 12.1 μg/L. The relative standard deviation is 0.85% for 5 determinations of nitrite at 0.27 μg/mL. The reproducibility and validity of the proposed method are discussed in the present paper. The simplicity of the method is demonstrated by the high stability of the azo-dye product as well as the short time required for its complete formation in a reaction at room temperature without pH control or extra extraction. The sensitivity of the method is shown by the successful determination of nitrite in human saliva and rain water, and of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. The results compare favorably with those obtained by the reference method. The selectivity of the method is indicated by its freedom from most interferences, even at high concentrations of nitrate (500 μg/mL).

A simple, sensitive and selective kinetic spectrofluorimetric determination of NO2 sampled by the droplet method in the atmosphere was proposed on the basis of the reaction of safranin O with nitrite. By this reaction, a diazonium salt is formed, which causes a fluorescent reddish-orange dye color of the solution to change into a non fluorescent blue color. The reaction was monitored fluorimetrically by measuring the decrease in fluorescence intensity of safranin O at (λex/λem = 536 nm/579 nm) by a fixed-time method. The experimental conditions were optimized. Under the optimum conditions in the concentration range of 7.5–400 ng/ml, a linear calibration curve (r2 = 0.9978) was obtained with a detection limit of 7.5 ng/ml. The method was applied successful ly to the determination of nitrite in spiked water and NO2 in the atmosphere, as sampled by a liquid droplet method.

A simple, sensitive and selective fluorometric method for the determination of nitrite is described. The fluorometric determination is based on the reaction of acetaminophen with nitrite in an acidic medium followed by alkalinization of the reaction which yields a highly fluorescent product, exhibit (λ ex /λ em =325/430 nm). The optimum experimental conditions were studied. The fluorescene intensity is linear over a nitrite concentration of 0.08–1.3 μg/ml with a detection limit of 2.7 ng/ml (S/N=3). The effect of interferences from various metals/ions were studied. The proposed method is accurate, reproducible, shows satisfactory results and compares successfully with the reference method.

A new simple and accurate kinetic method for the analysis of paracetamol in pure form and formulations is described. The kinetics parameters have been applied successfully in determining paracetamol when it reacts with persulfate in alkaline medium. The spectrophotometric measurements have been recorded at 315 nm and found to be valid over the concentration range of 5–30 ppm. The molar absorptivity is equal to 6.55×103 l mol−1 cm−1. The analysis of paracetamol content in mixture of different substances has been carried out without prior separation. The precision and accuracy of the method and the effect of foreign substances have been studied and the results obtained were compared with reference method.