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We propose a novel diffuser film structure designed for mini‐LED backlights. The proposed film is composed of a multilayer dielectric and a microprism layer. The dielectric layers function as an angle filter that does not transmit blue light directly above the LED and only transmits blue light with an incident angle above a designed value. The microprism layer controls the direction of the LED light and replicates the LED lights laterally. This combination of angle filter and microprism layer makes the illuminance distribution uniform without requiring alignment between the LED chips and the diffuser film. Our proposed diffuser film provides 4× better efficiency, better uniformity than conventional films, and only 50 μm thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral diseases are often caused by bacterial infections, making the inhibition of receptors like N‐acetylglucosamine critical in preventing bacterial formation. The plant Myrmecodia pendans (M. pendans) is known for its diverse bioactivities and may serve as a promising source for developing new antibacterial agents. This study employs in silico methods to predict the inhibitory mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and drug‐likeness of compounds isolated from M. pendans. Three compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the MurA and MurB receptors using the AutoDock4 molecular docking software, with visualizations performed using the BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer. The binding affinities obtained for compounds 1, 2, and 3 to the MurA receptor were −9.42, −9.57, and −6.84 kcal/mol, respectively, while their binding affinities to the MurB receptor were −11.25, −10.55, and −8.69 kcal/mol. These affinities were found to be stronger than those of fosfomycin (benchmark compound) but weaker than the native ligands of the respective receptors. Key amino acid residues involved in the binding to MurA were identified as Cys115 and Asp305, while Ser82 and Asn83 were noted for MurB. In the ADMET prediction and drug‐likeness analysis, some compounds met the necessary criteria, whereas others did not. Although all the three compounds demonstrated strong predicted inhibitory activity against MurA and MurB receptors, the analysis suggests that Compound 2 may hold the most promise as a potential antibacterial agent, warranting further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that kills most vascular plant weeds but is ineffective against many bryophytes. Glyphosate competitively inhibits the enolpyruvyl transferase enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). EPSPS catalyzes the production of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP)--an intermediate in the shikimate pathway--from shikimate-3-phosphate (S3P) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) substrates. Here, we show that Marchantia polymorpha mutants with loss-of-function mutations in a closely related enolpyruvyl transferase, MpMurA, were more sensitive to glyphosate than wild-type controls. Overexpression of MpMurA in M. polymorpha increased glyphosate tolerance, and heterologous expression of the M. polymorpha MurA enzyme in Arabidopsis thaliana conferred glyphosate resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MpMurA catalyzes the production of EPSP from S3P and PEP substrates. These data demonstrate that MpMurA contributes to glyphosate tolerance in M. polymorpha. We speculate that the existence of two independent mechanisms for EPSP synthesis--one canonical and EPSPS-dependent, and the other MurA-dependent--may account for glyphosate tolerance in bryophytes. Alternatively, MurA in bryophytes may bind glyphosate, thereby leaving more unbound EPSPS enzymes available, allowing aromatic amino acid biosynthesis to continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Geográfia is the property of Publikon Publishers/ IDResearch Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lean and ergonomics are two disciplines that shared common goals to improve manufacturing production systems. However, there are limited studies that specifically link ergonomics with Lean's 3 M concept of Muda (waste), Muri (overburden), and Mura (inconsistency). The study employed semi-structured interview with 10 experienced practitioners on past lean projects to establish potential linkage between ergonomics and Lean's 3 M. A conceptual framework integrating ergonomics components into the Lean's 3 M components was then generated through group discussion, and validated using Fuzzy Delphi Method analysis. The interviews revealed four themes linking ergonomics to Lean's 3 M: (1) Human energy waste, (2) Uneven workload distribution, (3) Overburden of worker's capacity, and (4) Worker performance affects work performance. A conceptual framework integrating ergonomics components into the Lean's 3 M components was then proposed, which redefines several components of Lean's 3 M from ergonomics perspective. Fuzzy Delphi Method analysis on 12 practitioners showed overall agreement with the content, structure, and applicability of the proposed framework (threshold (d) value ≤0.2, expert consensus ≥75%, and fuzzy score ≥0.5). The findings may provide platform for lean and ergonomics practitioners to communicate and bridge the gaps between the two disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Displays in cars is one of the hottest topics in the automotive industry and highest (image) quality is a must. Therefore, evaluation is excessive and OEM‐specific specs are not efficient. The Displayforum (DFF) innovated optical specifications and requirements by involving experts along the value chain and dedicated methods for automotive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In OLED production, the glass fabrication process is prone to frequent occurrences of persistent mura defects, leading to significant damage in the event of defects, as the subsequent final inspection, AVI (Auto Visual Inspection), is time‐consuming. Therefore, there is a need for a consistent inspection. Currently, manual inspection by operators introduces variations in inspection criteria among individuals, resulting in ongoing challenges related to false judgments and post‐process leakage issues The invested automated inspection system for quantitative determination is utilized as a reference only, as the distinction between pseudo‐defects deemed acceptable in AVI and true defects identified as faulty in AVI poses limitations with the traditional logic‐based inspection methods. We enhanced the mura visibility of automatic inspection system (Auto Macro) images through pre‐processing, followed by translation into an image environment similar to AVI images using Pix2pix GAN. Subsequently, we compared the mura index extracted from the processed images with the AVI mura index for evaluation. The Auto Macro images transformed by Pix2pix GAN exhibited similarities with AVI images in terms of overall luminance, gray distribution, and mura visibility intensity. Consequently, the R‐Squared correlation between the mura index of Auto Macro and AVI improved from 0.00 to 0.68. Additionally, defects unrecognized in AVI during Auto Macro inspection were automatically eliminated. False defects in the Auto Macro test that were not recognized in AVI were automatically removed. In this study, we applied the AI model to the Auto Macro inspection system to overcome the limitations of logic‐based inspections. We proposed a method to proactively detect defect‐induced muras before cell‐level processing, aiming to improve yield and reduce incidents of customer leakage accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MURA is an inevitable topic in AMOLED technology and remains central to research aimed at enhancing image quality and yield rates. The de‐mura algorithm, implemented via DDIC, stands out as the most cost‐effective and efficient solution among various approaches. However, due to its complexity, assessing the extent of AMOLED MURA and the efficacy of the de‐mura algorithm has predominantly relied on expert visual judgment, complicating the application of a quantifiable method for swift determination in both algorithm development and production stages. This paper proposes a method for the quantitative evaluation of MURA severity and de‐mura algorithm performance. Initially, high‐definition camera images capture and sample the panel's raw data. Subsequently, this data undergoes processing with visual image generation technology to create a target value delta table, representing MURA across different dimensions, as illustrated in Figure 1. Lastly, the paper introduces a fast, adaptive quantization evaluation approach, conducting targeted demonstrations that align with actual data on brightness and color uniformity, high‐frequency MURA, and edge MURA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an effective compression technology, vector quantization (VQ) has the outstanding advantages of large compression ratio and simple decoding algorithm, so it has become one of the important technologies of image compression coding. OLED, as a light emitting device, is prone to uneven light and dark phenomenon, that is, mura phenomenon, because of its TFT electrical characteristics. The Demura compensation data is written into SRAM to compensate the pixel driving process of OLED display panel to removing mura. Because the Multi‐Photo of gray need to take, the depth of compensation data generated by each gray level is large, so the total bit of compensation data is huge, data compression is required to meet SRAM requirements. This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of VQ‐LBG quantization algorithm, applies LBG algorithm to demura data compression, and improves the accuracy of code vector by optimizing the "splitting" process of LBG algorithm, and optimizes the coding table after the "splitting" to improve compression rate of the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medieval towns and market towns had certain rights that set them apart from other settlements. These included the right to hold markets and fairs, collect tolls, bridge tolls and other taxes, to have defensive walls and their own seal. Seals have been neglected by Slovene historians and art historians, mainly because they have less narrative power compared to the texts they are attached to, and thus offer less concrete information for research. However, seals, if properly analysed, can make an important contribution to the research of a city. In the Slovene historical lands, there were 39 medieval urban settlements with the right to use their own seals. They were granted this right at different times, so there are considerable stylistic differences between them. Another factor that contributed to such differences are the external influences, that mainly reflected the presence of important dynasties, ecclesiastical institutions, economic and trade links, and, last but not least, geographical location. To conduct an indepth research of how stylistic aspect of seals was impacted by the abovementioned external influences, it is best to compare cities under German and Italian influence or, in a br oader sense, continental and coastal cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway plays a vital role in bacterial cells, and facilitates peptidoglycan layer formation, a fundamental structural component of the bacterial cell wall. The enzymes in this pathway are candidates for antibiotic development, as most do not have mammalian homologues. The UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine (UNAG) enolpyruvyl transferase enzyme (MurA) in the peptidoglycan pathway cytoplasmic step is responsible for the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)–UNAG catalytic reaction, forming UNAG enolpyruvate and inorganic phosphate. Reportedly, UDP‐N‐acetylmuramic acid (UNAM) binds tightly to MurA forming a dormant UNAM–PEP–MurA complex and acting as a MurA feedback inhibitor. MurA inhibitors are complex, owing to competitive binding interactions with PEP, UNAM, and UNAG at the MurA active site. We used computational methods to explore UNAM and UNAG binding. UNAM showed stronger hydrogen‐bond interactions with the Arg120 and Arg91 residues, which help to stabilize the closed conformation of MurA, than UNAG. Binding free energy calculations using end‐point computational methods showed that UNAM has a higher binding affinity than UNAG, when PEP is attached to Cys115. The unbinding process, simulated using τ–random acceleration molecular dynamics, showed that UNAM has a longer relative residence time than UNAG, which is related to several complex dissociation pathways, each with multiple intermediate metastable states. This prevents the loop from opening and exposing the Arg120 residue to accommodate UNAG and potential new ligands. Moreover, we demonstrate the importance of Cys115‐linked PEP in closed‐state loop stabilization. We provide a basis for evaluating novel UNAM analogues as potential MurA inhibitors. Public significance: MurA is a critical enzyme involved in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and is involved in antibiotic resistance development. UNAM can remain in the target protein's active site for an extended time compared to its natural substrate, UNAG. The prolonged interaction of this highly stable complex known as the 'dormant complex' comprises UNAM–PEP–MurA and offers insights into antibiotic development, providing potential options against drug‐resistant bacteria and advancing our understanding of microbial biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artigo analisa a visão dos povos originários sobre a educação e os cuidados infantis na aldeia Correnteza Mura e do povo Pupỹkary. Por meio da autoetnografia e da dialética, contextualiza-se a cosmovisão desses povos sobre os cuidados com suas crianças, baseando-se em Vygotski sobre a interação humano e ambiente. Revela-se que a educação diária dos povos mostra como os pais integram o ambiente familiar e escolar, evidenciando a preservação cultural e identitária. A pesquisa destaca a importância da afetividade nas relações sociais, influenciando o comportamento educacional ao longo da vida.

Copyright of Thiasos Monografie is the property of Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

İstihsān, Hanefî mezhebinde hüküm istinbat metotlarından birisi olarak kullanılmıştır. Klasik dönem Hanefî usulcüleri istihsānı dört ana başlık altında ele almış ve incelemişlerdir. Usul âlimleri istihsānı; istihsān bi’l-eser, istihsān bi’l-icmâ, istihsān bi’z-zarure ve kıyâs-ı hafî istihsānı şeklinde taksim etmişlerdir. Mezhebin istihsān anlayışı modern döneme kadar bu tasnif üzerinden gitmiştir. Ancak son zamanlarda istihsān için klasik dönemde yapılan taksimatın artırılmasının imkânı ele alınarak tartışılmıştır. Söz gelimi Şelebî (1910-1997) tarafından istihsān için yapılan mezkûr taksimatın artırılabileceği vurgulanmış ve konu bağlamında açıklamalarda bulunulmuştur. Fukahânın istihsān ile amel ettiği bazı yerlerin arka planında ihtiyat olduğu ifade edilmiştir. İstihsānın diğer türleri için yapılan isimlendirmelerde olduğu gibi burada da ihtiyat ilkesi sebebiyle istihsāna gidildiğinden dolayı tesmiye de o şekilde yapılmıştır. İstihsān türlerindeki isimlendirmelerde belirleyici olanın, istihsāna sevk eden neden olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Nitekim istihsān türlerinde de bu durum açıkça görülmektedir. Bu makalede istihsānın farklı bir türü olabilecek istihsān bi’l-ihtiyât üzerinde durulmuştur. İstihsānın bu türü klasik dönem taksimi içerisinde yer almadığı için evvela bunun imkânı tartışılmıştır. Zira istihsān bi’l-ihtiyâtın klasik dönem tasnifi içerisinde olmaması, öne sürülecek bu istihsān türünün diğer istihsān türleri arasında olup olmadığının iyice tespit edilmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Bundan dolayı çalışmada öncelikle ihtiyatın tanımına ve istihsān bi’l-ihtiyâtın diğer istihsān türlerden farklı bir nevi olduğu vurgulanmaya çalışılmıştır. Devamında ise farklı baplardan örneklere yer verilmek suretiyle istihsān bi’l-ihtiyâtın uygulanabilirliğinin gösterilmesine gayret edilmiştir. İstihsānın bu türünde ihtiyat, istihsāna gidilmesinin ana sebebini oluşturmakta ve bundan dolayı kıyas terk edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla istihsān bi’l-ihtiyât ile kastedilen ihtiyatın, ulemânın ihtilafından sakınmak anlamında olmadığı belirtilmelidir. Bahsi geçen ihtilafı daha çok el-hurûc mine’l-hilâf veya mürâʻâtü’l-hilâf ismiyle karşılamak mümkündür. Zira istihsān bi’l-ihtiyâtta maksut olan ihtiyat, kıyastan (udûlü) dönmeyi gerektiren ihtiyat iken, mürâʻâtü’l-hilâfta ise ulemânın ihtilafından sakınmak ve iki fetva arasında tercih yapılmak durumunda kalınırsa daha güçlü olanın alınmasından ibarettir. Fukahânın istihsān ile hüküm verdiği her yerde kıyasın terki söz konusudur. İstihsān bi’l-ihtiyâtta ise istihsānın diğer dört türünde olmayan bir sebeple istihsāna başvurulmaktadır. O gerekçe ise fakîhler tarafından “ihtiyat” olarak tespit edilmiştir. Fukahâ istihsāna başvurduğu yerlerde kimi zaman “ihtiyat sebebiyle” veya “ihtiyattan dolayı” gibi ifadelerle istihsānın tercih edilmesindeki arka plana işaret etmektedirler. Ancak herhangi bir detay ilgili eserlerde görülmemektedir. Bu ise istihsānın bu türünün anlaşılması ve ihtiyat denilince akla ilk gelen ihtiyattan farkının ortaya konulmasını gerektirmektedir. İstihsānın bu türünün klasik dönem istihsān türleri içerisinde yer almaması istihsān bi’l-ihtiyâtın istihsānın yeni bir nevi olarak görülmesinin imkânı anlamına gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada konunun bu yönü, detaylı şekilde analiz edilmektedir. Her ne kadar istihsānın türlerinin genişletilme ihtimaline Şelebî tarafından vurguda bulunulsa da konu özelinde bir çalışma yer almamaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışma ise hem konu özeline bir ışık tutma hem de alana katkı sunmayı hedeflemektedir. İstihsān bi’l-ihtiyât özelinde farklı baplardan örnekler verilmek suretiyle konunun uygulanabilirliği ve iç tutarlılığının test edildiği belirtilmelidir. Böylelikle öne sürülen bu ıstılahın mezhebin hemen her bahsinde şartları oluştuğunda tatbik edilebileceği gösterilmiş olmaktadır. Bunu da Hanefî mezhebinin gerek kurucu gerekse sonraki fakîhleri tarafından oldukça işletilen istihsāna dair bir açılım çabası olarak yorumlamak mümkündür. Ayrıca karşılaşılan meselelerde mezhebin kendi bütüncül, tutarlı ve sistemsel yapısından ayrılmadan, Hanefî mezhebinin kendi dinamikleri üzerinden karşılaşılan meselelerin halledilmesinde önemli bir kapı aralamaktadır.

In this article uses local brightness compensation to overcome the influence of Nikon exposure mechanism on mura imaging, and verifies the overall design BM line width for different resolutions, sizes. The final result is a high‐quality visual effect product, with a reduced defect rate for V‐bend mura on the 14 inch FHD and 16 inch 4K models. Compared to the background value, the brightness difference for L128 is less than 1.5 nits. In addition, combining different BM line widths from 4.7um to 5.5um also achieved the same trend. At present, the verification results have been imported into mass production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We implemented a unique strategy to construct a recombinant attenuated Edwardsiella vaccine (RAEV) with a biological containment phenotype that causes regulated bacterial cell wall lysis. This process ensures that the vaccine strain is not able to persist in the environment. The murA gene is responsible for the catalysis of one of the first steps in the biosynthesis of muramic acid, which is a crucial component of the bacterial cell wall. The regulated lysis phenotype was achieved by inserting the tightly regulated araC ParaBAD cassette in place of the chromosomal murA promoter. Strains with this mutation require growth media supplemented with arabinose in order to survive. Without arabinose, they are unable to synthesize the peptidoglycan cell wall. Following the colonization of fish lymphoid tissues, the murA protein is no longer synthesized due to the lack of arabinose. Lysis is subsequently achieved in vivo, thus preventing the generation of disease symptoms and the spread of the strain into the environment. Vaccine strain χ16016 with the genotype ΔPmurA180::TT araC ParaBAD murA is attenuated and shows a higher LD50 value than that of the wild-type strain. Studies have demonstrated that χ16016 induced TLR4, TLR5, TLR8, TLR9, NOD1 and NOD2-mediated NF-κB pathways and upregulated the gene expression of various cytokines, such as il-8, il-1β, tnf-a, il-6 and ifn-γ in catfish. We observed significant upregulation of the expression profiles of cd4, cd8 and mhc-II genes in different organs of vaccinated catfish. Vaccine strain χ16016 induced systemic and mucosal IgM titers and conferred significant protection to catfish against E. piscicida wild-type challenge. Our lysis RAEV is the first live attenuated vaccine candidate designed to be used in the aquaculture industry that displays this biological containment property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the minimum bit depth of drivers for active-matrix light emitting diode (AMLED) displays has been specified to overcome luminance nonuniformity of LEDs for the first time. The pixel circuit comprises seven transistors and one capacitor (7T1C) based on low-temperature polysilicon oxide (LTPO) process. For the experiments, thirty green and blue LEDs were used. When the same data voltage was applied, there was luminance nonuniformity of up to 19% and 41% for green and blue LEDs compared to the reference LEDs. Data voltages were measured to get the same luminance as the target one. It was found that the maximum voltage intervals of 0.9 mV and 1.1 mV were necessary to overcome the luminance nonuniformity for green and blue LEDs, respectively. 1.62 V and 2.80 V were the data voltage ranges of green and blue LEDs, respectively. The bit dept of 11-bit (2,048) is the minimum one because 1.62 V / 0.9 mV for green LEDs is smaller than 2,047. In this way, at least 12-bit is necessary for the bit depth of drivers for blue LEDs.

Devi Windaryanti,1 Christine Sondang Gabriel,1 Ika Wiani Hidayat,1 Achmad Zainuddin,1 Hendra Dian Adhita Dharsono,2 Mieke Hemiawati Satari,3 Dikdik Kurnia1 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia; 2Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia; 3Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Dikdik Kurnia, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang km.21, Hegarmanah, Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, 45363, Indonesia, Tel/Fax +022 7794391, Email dikdik.kurnia@unpad.ac.idIntroduction: Uncontrolled biofilm can cause several diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Dental caries is a disease caused by the accumulation of plaque-containing pathogenic bacteria, including Enterococcus faecalis. These bacteria infect the root canals of teeth and colonize to form biofilms. Biofilm inhibition is carried out by interfering with cell wall formation metabolism. MurA enzyme has a role in peptidoglycan biosynthesis of cell walls. Enterococcal surface protein (Esp) is the main contributor of E. faecalis to form biofilms. In addition, inhibition of biofilms by interfering with the quorum sensing (QS) system, suppressing gelatinase virulence factors by blocking autoinducers gelatinase biosynthesis-activating pheromone (GBAP).Purpose: Knowing the potential of Piper betel Linn. compounds as antibacterial in vitro and antibiofilm agents against E. faecalis in silico.Patients and Methods: The compounds were purified by a bioactivity-guided chromatographic method. Antibacterial activity was tested by disc diffusion method, in vitro studies. In silico study, compound P. betel L. was used as the test ligand and compared with positive control fosfomycin, ambuic acid, quercetin, and taxifolin. The proteins used MurA, Esp, GBAP, and gelatinase were docking with the Autodock Vina PyRx 0.8 followed by the PYMOL program and visualized with the Discovery Studio 2020 program.Results: An antibacterial compound was identified 24-propylcholesterol which can inhibit the activity of E. faecalis ATCC 29212 with MIC value of 78.1 μg/mL and MBC value of 156.3 μg/mL. Molecular docking results showed the binding affinity of 24-propylcholesterol with MurA, ESP, GBAP, and gelatinase enzymes was − 7.6, − 8.7, − 5.3, and − 7.9 kcal/mol.Conclusion: 24-propylcholesterol has potential as an antibacterial against E. faecalis and as an antibiofilm through in silico inhibition of QS. However, further research is needed in vitro and in vivo to determine the effectiveness of these compounds as antibacterial and antibiofilm.Keywords: Piper betel Linn, 24-propylcholesterol, biofilm, MurA, QS

The Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode (AMOLED) display causes the current deviation between pixels due to the dispersion based on device characteristics such as Threshold voltage (Vth) of Thin Film Transistors (TFT). This dispersion is compensated with pixel circuits inside the AMOLED panel, but the compensation time gradually decreases because of the performance improvement of AMOLED display such as high resolution and high‐speed driving, and as a result, it is difficult to solve the problem of the current deviation at low luminance which is using low current. The deviation of charging time for the capacitance of OLED (OLED Cap) by the current deviation based on device characteristic causes the light emission delay deviation, which in turn causes Mura on the panel. In this paper, we analyze the effect of the light emission delay deviation on Mura of AMOLED panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rappresentare la forma della città significa fissare la consistenza fisica di una realtà riferita ad un determinato tempo, tramite percorsi di conoscenza di autori che nel corso dei secoli hanno cercato di ricostruire la forma complessa della città, rappresentandola dall’alto, simulando un punto di osservazione senz’altro privilegiato e, per molti secoli, del tutto ideale. Venezia e Parma vengono selezionate per raccontare la storia dell’immagine urbana attraverso autori che hanno registrato graficamente dall’alto, tra gli altri elementi, i limiti di confine tra natura e artificio. Il racconto parallelo e compartivo si articola attraverso la lettura delle piante prospettiche di Jacopo de’ Barbari per Venezia (1500) e di Paolo Ponzoni per Parma (1572). Viene infatti adottata, in questo periodo, una rappresentazione iconografica urbana particolare, la “prospettiva planimetrica”, ricavata da una planimetria eseguita a seguito di un rilievo geometrico, in modo che il perimetro delle mura e la trama viaria apparissero in tutta la loro completezza; gli edifici sono invece raffigurati con la prospettiva, descritta da un punto di vista situato ad altezza variabile sopra l’orizzonte. La crescente attenzione dei cartografi e dei disegnatori nei confronti della città si collega al nuovo tipo di organizzazione statale che considera la città come un’entità funzionale racchiusa all’interno delle mura, la cui vista dall’alto consente di comprenderne la consistenza e le peculiarità.

Mura artifacts reduction (De‐Mura) processing, with a high performance for low grayscales, is developed and integrated in display drivers for active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED) display. The proposed De‐Mura processing, designed to compensate an AMOLED panel's luminance Mura (L‐Mura) and color Mura (C‐Mura), shows excellent display performance, and the major display properties include a diminished luminance non‐uniformity under low grayscales (<= Gray 16) and low luminous brightness (<= 2 cd/m 2), and an improved visually imperceptible color non‐uniformity. Our works reveals an effective solution to work around the inevitable difficulties of optical measurement of AMOLED panels under low luminous brightness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bones are a vital component of the human body. Bone provides the capacity to move the body. Humans have a high rate of bone fractures. The X-ray image is used by the doctors to identify the fractured bone. The manual fracture identification technique takes a long time and has a high risk of mistake. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are critical in resolving difficult difficulties in clinical imaging. Both medical practitioners and patients benefit from machine learning and artificial intelligence. Nowadays, an automatic system is built to detect abnormalities in bone X-ray pictures with great accuracy. To achieve high accuracy with limited resources, image pre-processing methods are employed to improve the quality of medical images. Image preprocessing entails steps such as noise removal and contrast enhancement, resulting in an instantaneous abnormality detection system. In image classification challenges, the Gray Level Cooccurrence Matrix (GLCM) texture features are commonly utilised. The second order statistical information about grey levels between nearby pixels in an image is represented by GLCM. In this work, we used various machine learning algorithms to categorise the MURA (musculoskeletal radiographs) dataset’s bone X-ray images into fractures and no fracture categories. For anomaly detection, the four different classifiers SVM (support vector machine), Random Forest, Logistic Regression, and Decision tree are utilised. The aforementioned abnormality detection in X-ray pictures is evaluated using five statistical criteria, including Sensitivity, Specificity, Precision, Accuracy, and F1 Score, all of which indicate considerable improvement.

Gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli has a tripartite cell envelope with a cytoplasmic membrane, a peptidoglycan layer, and an asymmetric outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide in its outer leaflet. The biogenesis of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide shares the same substrate UDP‐GlcNAc. From UDP‐GlcNAc, MurA catalyzes the first reaction for peptidoglycan biosynthesis, while LpxA catalyzes the first reaction for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. This study demonstrates that murA overexpression in E. coli MG1655 inhibited the cell growth and increased the cell length, whereas lpxA overexpression in MG1655 neither inhibited the cell growth nor increased the cell length. Further study showed that individual overexpression of the other eight genes encoding the enzymes to catalyze the initial reactions in the biosynthetic pathway of lipopolysaccharide did not inhibit the cell growth. When MG1655/pBad‐lpxA, MG1655/pBad‐lpxD, and MG1655/pBad‐lpxH were transformed with pFW01‐thrA*BC‐rhtC that contains the key genes for L‐threonine biosynthesis and transport, the L‐threonine production was increased. The L‐threonine production in MG1655/pFW01‐thrA*BC‐rhtC/pBad‐lpxH increased 46.1% as compared to the control MG1655/pFW01‐thrA*BC‐rhtC/pBad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterocyclic electrophiles as small covalent fragments showed promising inhibitory activity on the antibacterial target MurA (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase, EC:2.5.1.7). Here, we report the second generation of heterocyclic electrophiles: the quaternized analogue of the heterocyclic covalent fragment library with improved reactivity and MurA inhibitory potency. Quantum chemical reaction barrier calculations, GSH (L-glutathione) reactivity assay, and thrombin counter screen were also used to demonstrate and explain the improved reactivity and selectivity of the N-methylated heterocycles and to compare the two generations of heterocyclic electrophiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the automatic detection of mura, non‐uniformity of brightness or color, which has been a long‐standing challenge in the display industries. Our purpose is to develop a method using machine learning, which automatically detects and classifies mura in the front‐end process. This will enable prompt feedback to the manufacturing process and contribute to improvement of the productivity. We propose "Progressive Hybrid model," which is based on the human visual perception and consists of a multiclass CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), a 2‐class residual neural network, and a 2‐class CNN. The two 2‐class models based on the subspace method to reproduce the boundary‐samples in the human visible test are for accurate classification between Normal displays and weak mura. To reproduce the appropriate test‐images used in the human visible test, we enhance contrast of 8000 images of the dataset obtained from an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) manufacturing line. The evaluation results show improvement of the accuracy from 0.830 in the general application of CNN to 0.884 in the proposed model. The proposed model is particularly effective to improve classification of Normal displays, which is usually the most numerous in the manufacturing, and thus further beneficial in the practical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Critical Hermeneutics: Biannual Journal of Philosophy is the property of Universita degli Studi di Cagliari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We implemented a unique strategy to construct a recombinant attenuated Edwardsiella vaccine (RAEV) with a biological containment phenotype that causes regulated bacterial cell wall lysis. This process ensures that the vaccine strain is not able to persist in the environment. The murA gene is responsible for the catalysis of one of the first steps in the biosynthesis of muramic acid, which is a crucial component of the bacterial cell wall. The regulated lysis phenotype was achieved by inserting the tightly regulated araC ParaBAD cassette in place of the chromosomal murA promoter. Strains with this mutation require growth media supplemented with arabinose in order to survive. Without arabinose, they are unable to synthesize the peptidoglycan cell wall. Following the colonization of fish lymphoid tissues, the murA protein is no longer synthesized due to the lack of arabinose. Lysis is subsequently achieved in vivo, thus preventing the generation of disease symptoms and the spread of the strain into the environment. Vaccine strain χ16016 with the genotype ΔPmurA180::TT araC ParaBAD murA is attenuated and shows a higher LD50 value than that of the wild-type strain. Studies have demonstrated that χ16016 induced TLR4, TLR5, TLR8, TLR9, NOD1 and NOD2-mediated NF-κB pathways and upregulated the gene expression of various cytokines, such as il-8, il-1β, tnf-a, il-6 and ifn-γ in catfish. We observed significant upregulation of the expression profiles of cd4, cd8 and mhc-II genes in different organs of vaccinated catfish. Vaccine strain χ16016 induced systemic and mucosal IgM titers and conferred significant protection to catfish against E. piscicida wild-type challenge. Our lysis RAEV is the first live attenuated vaccine candidate designed to be used in the aquaculture industry that displays this biological containment property.

Purpose: A two‐stage deep learning framework for bone classification and abnormality detection is proposed based on X‐rays. The primary focus is on improving the speed of orthopedic disease diagnosis and helping physicians reduce the probability of false diagnoses. Methods: The method is based on two stages. In the first stage, one classifier with ResNeXt50 as the backbone is used to classify bones to eliminate the effect of bone type differences on abnormality detection. In the second stage, seven anomaly detectors are trained based on each type of training data. The seven detectors tested the seven results of the first stage, respectively. Pretrained models, data augmentation, focal loss, label smoothing loss, LR‐attenuation and early stopping are used to improve performance and reduce the risk of overfitting. Results: Experiments are based on the largest dataset for bone abnormality detection, MURA. In the first stage for bone classification, we got an accuracy of 96.69%, a sensitivity of 96.69%, a specificity of 99.46%, and an F1 score of 96.42%. In the second stage for abnormality detection, we got an accuracy of 84.15%, a sensitivity of 84.15%, a specificity of 87.50%, an F1 score of 84.10%, a Cohen's Kappa of 0.72, and an area under the ROC curve (AUC) score of 0.90. Conclusions: Compared with other excellent convolutional neural network models, the framework's effectiveness was verified with better accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, Cohen's Kappa score, and AUC score for bone classification and abnormality detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroluminescence with watermark‐like shadow appeared in the organic light‐emitting diodes (OLED) prepared through spin‐coating procedure. The shadow was located on the emitting layer and originated from nonuniform contact between substrates and the substrate‐holder. By modifying the holder, uniform electroluminescence with almost identical intensity in the whole device area could be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a quantitative method for evaluation of display luminance and color non‐uniformity (which we call mura) using a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN). In previous research, quantitative evaluation methods using DCNN were studied. From among a wide variety of DCNN models, these methods have used a convolutional autoencoder (CAE) for abnormality detection. A CAE trained with only non‐defective data was then used to evaluate the degree of mura. However, there is a problem with these methods in that they have not been able to evaluate properly when there are multiple mura defects on a single screen. Consequently, the correlation between these methods and human visual evaluation was low. Therefore, we improved the previous method to handle multiple mura defects on the same screen. We confirmed the accuracy of the proposed method by comparing the quantitative evaluation and human visual evaluation. As a result, we obtained a higher correlation than the previous methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA) is an essential cytosolic enzyme in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan. It becomes a potential bacterial target for screening promising antibacterial compounds as it is associated with the early phases of peptidoglycan production. MurA enzyme is conserved and necessary for bacterial viability with no mammalian homolog, which is a well-proven therapeutic research target. The present study reports the natural compounds from Boswellia serrata targeting the MurA enzyme. The identified inhibitors against MurA Escherichia coli (E. coli): β-boswellic acid (IC50 33.65 µM), Acetyl-β-boswellic acid (IC50 30.17 µM), and Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (IC50 37.67 µM). Inhibitors showed a fourfold decrease in IC50 values on pre-incubation with substrate—UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). Mode-of-inhibition studies revealed their uncompetitive nature with both the substrates. Although these boswellic acids have been explored for their pharmacological potential, this is the first study reporting these compounds' E. coli MurA inhibiting potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open innovation initiatives provide opportunities for collaboration and sharing of knowledge and experience between industry, academia, and government institutions. Through open innovation, Merck is offering a Mini Library of 80 carefully selected compounds from previous research and development projects to a broader scientific community for testing in academic drug discovery projects. These compounds are predominantly drug-like and cover a broad range of molecular targets. They could potentially interact with other enzymes, receptors, transporters, and ion channels of interest. The Mini Library was tested on seven in-house enzymes (bacterial MurA, MurC ligase, and DdlB enzyme, human MAO-A/B, human BChE, and murine AChE), and several hits were identified. A follow-up series of structural analogues provided by Merck gave a more detailed insight into the accessibility and the quality of the hit compounds. For example, sartan derivatives were moderate inhibitors of MurC, whereas bisarylureas were potent, selective, nanomolar inhibitors of hMAO-B. Importantly, 3-n-butyl-substituted indoles were identified as low nanomolar selective inhibitors of hBChE. All in all, the hit derivatives provide new starting points for the further exploration of the chemical space of high-quality enzyme inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the automatic detection of mura, which has been a long‐standing challenge in the display industries. Using a dataset of 8000 images of OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) displays including four different types of mura, we found that a CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) having four or five sets of convolution and max‐pooling layers can detect mura with the accuracy more than 0.8. To improve detection of low contrast mura, we employed a contrast‐enhancement method and a subspace‐method, and the CNN accuracy improved to 0.868, close to the human visible test. Furthermore, the implementation of an automatic in‐line mura‐detection system using the proposed model is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halo mura affects visual quality of automotive displays. We report on two quantitative methods to measure halo of OLEDs and (FALD) LCDs. The relative halo "luminance" for an OLED is in the range of 0.01 %, which is about 10x larger than that of a state‐of‐the‐art FALD LCD. The decline of halo is exponential and spreads for more than 10 mm. By using the measurements of lines with a length of about 32 pixels as input for simulations, we can extract the halo of a single pixel. A user study resulted in moderate perception of halo at night for negative mode GUIs and relatively high insensitivity for positive mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mura is a phenomenon in which the displays have various uneven display defects and has the characteristics of irregular shape and different sizes. For Mura detection, traditional detection methods have the following two problems: One is the problem of data imbalance. The second is that new shapes and sizes of Mura may appear at any time during the inspection process. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes the Res-unetGAN network, which is an unsupervised anomaly detection method based on generative adversarial network. The generative network is an autoencoder structure composed of ResNet50 and UNet to learn the normal distribution of normal samples. The discriminator is a convolutional neural network based on deep separable convolution and forms a game process with the generator. The network only needs normal samples during the training process, and the network is optimized by the error loss between the original samples and the reconstructed samples. In the test, a reconstruction error score will be designed according to the reconstruction quality, and the defect in the sample will be judged by the reconstruction error score, so as to achieve the goal of anomaly detection. After repeated experiments on the Mura data set, the detection accuracy of Mura defect is better than that of several models compared. The proposed model has a unique application prospect in other industrial anomaly detection since it only requires normal samples for training.

The protein UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxy vinyl transferase (MurA) present in Salmonella typhimurium is responsible for the cell wall synthesis process. MurA is directly involved in the pathway of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, making it a sought-out target for the inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium. Two major sites defined on MurA are the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine binding site and the active site responsible as proton donor during the catalytic reaction, hence blocking these sites can help in stopping the function of MurA. Iturin A lipopeptide from Bacillus aryabhattai is known to have anti-bacterial from previous studies, based on the empirical data a selective molecular docking and molecular dynamics was carried out with Iturin A and MurA. Molecular docking studies were carried out using Autodock tools and from the result, it was seen that complex of Iturin A and MurA showed binding affinity of − 9.28 kcal/mol with binding sites at ASN330, GLY118, ALA119, LYS88, TYR392 and TYR368. Further, the complex was subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) for the duration of 200 ns using Gromacs. Based on the MD studies it was seen that the RMSD plot of MurA-Iturin A complex was seen to be stable throughout the dynamics duration. The MMPBSA analysis of the final 20 ns of the simulation showed that the binding energy of Iturin A (ITU) with the protein was − 167.275 ± 18.951 kJ/mol, thereby indicating the high affinity of the Iturin A (ITU) with MurA (MUR). The data obtained showed the inhibitor like activity of Iturin A on MurA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bones are a vital component of the human body. Bone provides the capacity to move the body. Humans have a high rate of bone fractures. The X-ray image is used by the doctors to identify the fractured bone. The manual fracture identification technique takes a long time and has a high risk of mistake. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are critical in resolving difficult difficulties in clinical imaging. Both medical practitioners and patients benefit from machine learning and artificial intelligence. Nowadays, an automatic system is built to detect abnormalities in bone X-ray pictures with great accuracy. To achieve high accuracy with limited resources, image pre-processing methods are employed to improve the quality of medical images. Image preprocessing entails steps such as noise removal and contrast enhancement, resulting in an instantaneous abnormality detection system. In image classification challenges, the Gray Level Cooccurrence Matrix (GLCM) texture features are commonly utilised. The second order statistical information about grey levels between nearby pixels in an image is represented by GLCM. In this work, we used various machine learning algorithms to categorise the MURA (musculoskeletal radiographs) dataset's bone X-ray images into fractures and no fracture categories. For anomaly detection, the four different classifiers SVM (support vector machine), Random Forest, Logistic Regression, and Decision tree are utilised. The aforementioned abnormality detection in X-ray pictures is evaluated using five statistical criteria, including Sensitivity, Specificity, Precision, Accuracy, and F1 Score, all of which indicate considerable improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli have become a major medical concern. Old antibiotics such as fosfomycin have become an alternative therapeutic option due to their effectiveness and, as a result, fosfomycin is now used as a first-line drug for the treatment of UTIs in many countries. Despite low resistance rates, fosfomycin heteroresistance, defined as a phenomenon where subpopulations of bacteria are resistant to high antibiotic concentrations whereas most of the bacteria are susceptible, is an underestimated problem. Methods: The frequency of heteroresistance in E. coli isolated from hospitalized patients in Brazil and its effect on susceptibility of E. coli in biofilms was studied and the isolates were molecularly characterized to reveal the mechanisms behind their fosfomycin heteroresistance using whole-genome sequencing. Results: A higher frequency of fosfomycin heteroresistance compared with other studies was found. In biofilms, most heteroresistant isolates were less sensitive to fosfomycin than control isolates and showed overexpression of metabolic genes thereby increasing their survival rate. Molecular characterization showed that some resistant subpopulations derived from heteroresistant isolates had a defect in their fosfomycin uptake system caused by mutations in transporter and regulatory genes, whereas others overexpressed the murA gene. None to minor effects on bacterial fitness were observed. Oxidative stress protection, virulence and metabolic genes were differentially expressed in resistant subpopulations and heteroresistant isolates. Conclusion: Frequent detection of heteroresistance in UTIs may play a role in the failure of antibiotic treatments and should therefore be more carefully diagnosed.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of fosfomycin resistance and epidemiological characteristics in fosfomycin-resistant enterococci in China. Methods: A collection of 761 enterococcal clinical isolates from a teaching hospital in Wenzhou, China were studied. The fosfomycin susceptibility of the isolates was investigated by the agar dilution method. The isolates were also analysed for mechanisms of re fosfomycin resistance by PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed to analyse the molecular epidemiological characteristics of the fosfomycin-resistant isolates. Results: In this study, 0.3% (1/372) of Enterococcus faecalis and 4.9% (19/389) of Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates were found to be resistant to fosfomycin. Among the 20 fosfomycin-resistant isolates, 5 harboured the fosB gene, 10 carried multiple amino acid substitutions in MurA, and 6 showed high-level expression of the fosX gene; of note, 1 isolate simultaneously carried fosB and amino acid mutation in MurA. Furthermore, a high degree of homology in the fosfomycin-resistant enterococci was confirmed using MLST and PFGE. Conclusion: These finding demonstrate that the fosB gene, mutations in the fosfomycin target enzyme MurA, and a high expression level of fosX were the resistance mechanisms in these fosfomycin-resistant enterococci.

Oral diseases are often caused by bacterial infections, making the inhibition of receptors like N -acetylglucosamine critical in preventing bacterial formation. The plant Myrmecodia pendans ( M. pendans ) is known for its diverse bioactivities and may serve as a promising source for developing new antibacterial agents. This study employs in silico methods to predict the inhibitory mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and drug-likeness of compounds isolated from M. pendans . Three compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the MurA and MurB receptors using the AutoDock4 molecular docking software, with visualizations performed using the BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer. The binding affinities obtained for compounds 1 , 2 , and 3 to the MurA receptor were -9.42, -9.57, and -6.84 kcal/mol, respectively, while their binding affinities to the MurB receptor were -11.25, -10.55, and -8.69 kcal/mol. These affinities were found to be stronger than those of fosfomycin (benchmark compound) but weaker than the native ligands of the respective receptors. Key amino acid residues involved in the binding to MurA were identified as Cys115 and Asp305, while Ser82 and Asn83 were noted for MurB. In the ADMET prediction and drug-likeness analysis, some compounds met the necessary criteria, whereas others did not. Although all the three compounds demonstrated strong predicted inhibitory activity against MurA and MurB receptors, the analysis suggests that Compound 2 may hold the most promise as a potential antibacterial agent, warranting further investigation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Meirina Gartika et al.)

To enhance display performance in automotive applications subjected to harsh conditions, silicone polymer was used to address crucial interfacial issues such as touch mura and yellow mura in optical stack design. Mura refers to luminance non‐uniformity of a display device. Five different siloxane polymer compositions were prepared as optical laminating materials with different mechanical characteristics, such as hardness, shear modulus, and damping factor. The structures of the polymers were adjusted by varying the H/vinyl ratio, hydrogen source ratio between crosslinks, and terminal‐group reaction. To investigate the influence of mechanical properties on the performance of the polymers as laminating materials for displays, they were used as a lamination layer between a touch screen panel and liquid crystal display (LCD) module. The devices' capacity to handle thermal stress under thermal shock conditions and degree of luminance non‐uniformity associated with touch action were assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Silvae et Ligni is the property of Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenian Forestry Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

High‐performance Mura artifact reduction (De‐Mura) processing is developed and integrated in display drivers for raising panel yield. The proposed De‐Mura processing, designed to compensate an active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED) panel's luminance Mura (L‐Mura) and color Mura (C‐Mura), shows excellent display performance, and the major display properties include a diminished luminance nonuniformity from about 50% to about 10% under different gray levels, and an improved visually imperceptible color nonuniformity. Among 500 pieces of 5.83" (1128×2436, 460 PPI) retina AMOLED panels, panel yield is improved up to 96.8%. Our works reveals an effective external De‐Mura solution integrated in display drivers for panel factories and module suppliers to obtain high panel yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]