Search

The main objective of the study is to summarize the uses of plants by local communities in Pakistan for the treatment of ulcer. In the present review, the data regarding antiulcerogenic plants were collected by searching different online data banks various research publications, PubMed, different books, thesis copies from libraries, and other national organizations. In the current review article, a total of 109 species belonging to 55 families were found to be used against ulcer treatment. Among these Asteraceae was the predominant family containing (11species) followed by Fabaceae (6 species), Asclepiadaceae (5 species), Chenopodiaceae (5 species), Pinaceae (5 species), Brassicaceae (4 species), Polygonaceae (4 species), and, so on. The highest number species used were herbaceous (67.88 %) followed by trees (17.43 %) and shrubs (14.67 %). The majority of the plants reported have significant and useful properties, but certain are cited in several papers that have sparked interest in further pharmacological research. It was occluded that whole plant and anthropogenic activities can make special interest to be exploited sustainably.

Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources and the ecological complexes to which they belong. It ranges from fish in the sea, birds in the air, and soil microorganisms in the soil to genetic variability in crops of agriculture and diversity of ecosystems. For an efficient ecosystem, this variability is very necessary because the ecosystem provides ecosystem services to an organization and society. Biodiversity is recognized more and more as an important issue. For an organization, it is very difficult to transform theory into practice. Implementing tools to sufficiently administer act inconsistency with the purpose of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Reporting offers organizations a chance to give details of their connection with biodiversity. Plants are generally familiar as a vital component of biodiversity and global sustainability. They provide food, fuel, shelter, fiber, and medicine. Healthy ecosystems based on plant diversity provide the conditions and processes that sustain life and are essential to the well-being and livelihoods of all mankind. It also forms the basis of all ecosystems on which all the animal species depend. They also provide natural resources for humanity all over the world. They provide most of the basis of materials which are necessary for our daily life.

Currently, the development of human societies is greatly affected because of global environmental problems. Pakistan is also on the list of the most affected countries facing a number of environmental issues that affect not only people health but also the economy. The present work examines with focus on secondary data and information gathered from various literature on water and air pollution. Both water and air pollution are very complex issues and their connection to measuring the exact level of pollution is an extremely difficult one. Therefore, in this review, the main sources influencing pollution risks in Pakistan are human urbanization, surface water pollution, industrial sewage pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution. This study will help to develop suitable strategies and rules for Pakistan environmental protection in the near future. Finally, the aim of this article is to raise awareness of environmental pollution, including water pollution, air pollution, and their effect on human health, animals, and agricultural activities.

Rapid detection of toxic ions has taken great attention in the last few decades due to its importance in maintaining a greener environment for human beings. The extreme toxicity of cyanide (CN

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of disease and death particularly in cystic fibrosis patients and also considered resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, it is very difficult to remove the Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the hospital environment by using simple techniques. In the contemporary study, biofilm mediated mechanism of various antimicrobial responses were analyzed. For this purpose, different Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates were collected from Pakistan medical institute Islamabad (PIMS) hospital and were investigated for pellicle formation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were studied for different groups of antibiotics including imipenem, meropenem, ceftazidime, amikacin, tobramycin, gentamicin, piperacillin, cefoperazone, and cefotaxime. The goal was to check antimicrobial susceptibility of pseudomonas aeruginosa which shows resistant to tobramycin, imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, piperacillin, ceftazidime, cefoperazone. Additionally, in this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were also investigated for pellicle formation. In conclusion, this research work wills highlights the useful mechanism of antibiotics resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in clinical practice. Keywords: Antibiotics, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antibiotics, Biofilm, Peliclle.

To maintain a green and sustainable environment for human beings, rapid detection of potentially toxic heavy metals like mercury (Hg(II)) has attracted great attention. Recently, sensors have been designed which can selectively detect Hg(II) over other common available cations and give a naked eye or fluorometric response. In the last two decades, the trend is shifting from bulky organic chemosensors toward nanoparticles due to their rapid response, low cost, eco-friendly and easy synthesis. In this review, promising nanoparticles-based sensors for Hg(II) detection are discussed. The nano-sensors are functionalized with nucleotide or other suitable materials which coordinate with Hg(II) ions and give clear color or fluorescence change. The operational mechanisms are discussed focusing on its four basic types. The nanoparticles-based sensors are even able to detect Hg in three different oxidation states (Hg(II), Hg(I) and Hg(0)). Recently, the trend has been shifted from ordinary nanoparticles to magnetic nanoparticles to simultaneously detect and remove Hg(II) ions from environmental samples. Furthermore, the nano-sensors for Hg(II) are compared with each other and with the reported organic chemosensors.

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-degrading bacteria were screened from oil sludge using PVA as a sole source of carbon in the culture medium. A novel strain, SA21, was obtained and identified as a member of the Stenotrophomonas genus based on the analysis of a partial 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence, morphological and biochemical characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis. This Stenotrophomonas isolate had not previously been reported as a PVA-degrading bacterium. Stenotrophomonas sp. strain SA21 degraded 90% of the PVA present in the culture medium after 4 days. The effect of nitrogen sources on the production of PVA-degrading enzyme involved in the biodegradation process was significant, and the enzymatic activity reached 82 U/ml when ammonium nitrate or urea was used in the optimized medium. The information obtained in this study will provide a foundation for improving industrial wastewater treatment.DCW: dry cell weight; FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy; NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol; SEM: scanning electron microscope.

A novel polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-degrading strain Bacillus cereus RA23 was isolated from an oil sludge sample and environmental factors affecting its PVA degradation efficiency were optimized in detail. Inorganic nitrogen source, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), was found to be the best nitrogen source and enhanced the PVA degradation rate greatly. The optimal medium for PVA biodegradation consisted of (g/L) PVA 1, NH4Cl 1, K2HPO4 1.6, MgSO4·7H2O 0.05, FeSO4·6H2O 0.02, CaCl2 0.05, NaCl 0.02. The optimal temperature and pH for PVA biodegradation by strain RA23 was 28 °C and 7.0, respectively, and 85% of 0.1% PVA was degraded after 5 days under these conditions. FTIR studies showed that the carboxylic acids (possibly including aldehyde or ketone) could be the intermediate product of PVA biodegradation. The investigation of strain RA23 for PVA degradation will provide important information to facilitate the removal of wastewater pollution in industrial zones.

A novel polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-degrading strain Bacillus cereus RA23 was isolated from an oil sludge sample and environmental factors affecting its PVA degradation efficiency were optimized in detail. Inorganic nitrogen source, ammonium chloride (NH(4)Cl), was found to be the best nitrogen source and enhanced the PVA degradation rate greatly. The optimal medium for PVA biodegradation consisted of (g/L) PVA 1, NH(4)Cl 1, K(2)HPO(4) 1.6, MgSO(4)·7H(2)O 0.05, FeSO(4)·6H(2)O 0.02, CaCl(2) 0.05, NaCl 0.02. The optimal temperature and pH for PVA biodegradation by strain RA23 was 28 °C and 7.0, respectively, and 85% of 0.1% PVA was degraded after 5 days under these conditions. FTIR studies showed that the carboxylic acids (possibly including aldehyde or ketone) could be the intermediate product of PVA biodegradation. The investigation of strain RA23 for PVA degradation will provide important information to facilitate the removal of wastewater pollution in industrial zones.