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Host manipulation is a common strategy for invading pathogens. Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas Disease, lives intracellularly within host cells. During infection, parasite-associated modifications occur to the host cell metabolism and morphology. However, little is known about the effect of T. cruzi infection on the host cell nucleus and nuclear functionality. Here, we show that T. cruzi can modulate host transcription and splicing machinery in non-professional phagocytic cells during infection. We found that T. cruzi regulates host RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) in a time-dependent manner, resulting in a drastic decrease in RNAPII activity. Furthermore, host cell ribonucleoproteins associated with mRNA transcription (hnRNPA1 and AB2) are downregulated concurrently. We reasoned that T. cruzi may hijack the host U2AF35 auxiliary factor, a key regulator for RNA processing, as a strategy to affect the splicing machinery activities directly. In support of our hypothesis, we carried out in vivo splicing assays using an adenovirus E1A pre-mRNA splicing reporter, showing that intracellular T. cruzi directly modulates the host cells by appropriating U2AF35. For the first time, our results provide evidence of a complex and intimate molecular relationship between T. cruzi and the host cell nucleus during infection.

Nowadays, it is possible to find a wide range of molecular tools available to study parasite-host cell interactions. However, some limitations exist to obtain commercial monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies that recognize specific cell structures and proteins in parasites. Besides, there are few commercial antibodies available to label trypanosomatids. Usually, polyclonal antibodies against parasites are prepared in-house and could be more challenging to use in combination with other antibodies produced in the same species. Here, the protocol demonstrates how to use polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised in the same species to perform double labeling immunofluorescence to study host cell and pathogen interactions. To achieve the double labeling immunofluorescence, it is crucial to incubate first the mouse polyclonal antibody and then follow the incubation with the secondary mouse IgG antibody conjugated to any fluorochrome. After that, an additional blocking step is necessary to prevent any trace of the primary antibody from being recognized by the next secondary antibody. Then, a mouse monoclonal antibody and its specific IgG subclass secondary antibody conjugated to a different fluorochrome are added to the sample at the appropriate times. Additionally, it is possible to perform triple labeling immunofluorescence using a third antibody raised in a different species. Also, structures such as nuclei and actin can be stained subsequently with their specific compounds or labels. Thus, these approaches presented here can be adjusted for any cell whose sources of primary antibodies are limited.

DNA methylation patterns are closely related to the chromatin structure, and its remodeling is considered an important mechanism in the control of gene transcription during cell differentiation. In rodent, several studies have related the possibility that multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) undergo cardiomyogenesis. However, it has not been completely elucidated if human adult stem cell exhibits true differentiation potential for a cardiac lineage. In this study, the action of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-aza) was examined in human adipose tissue pericytes (hATPCs: 3G5+) regarding their possible capacity to induce myocytes in vitro. Real-Time PCR revealed that cells treated with 5-aza presented time-dependent decrease in the mRNA expression of α-cardiac actin (α-CA). At 24 h, this diminution was statistically significant; however, there was not a correlation with the highest level of DNA demethylation at the same period using Methylation-Sensitive High Resolution Melting-PCR (MS-HRM-PCR). An evident increase in the α-CA protein expression was observed by Western blotting in hATPCs treated with 5-aza at 24 h. The mRNA expression of α-SMA (α-smooth actin) also showed a time-dependent decrease after the treatment, however, it was not significant. The ultrastructural analysis showed similar structures such as like-cell junctions, caveolae, and actin myofilaments, which aligned in parallel. These phenotypic alterations were found only after the treatment; however, the hTAPCs after 5-aza treatment were not able to form thick myofilaments and consequently sarcomeres. These results indicated that a terminal cardiac differentiation of hTAPCs was not achieved and that the cardiomyogenesis failure could be related to the non-muscle origin of the adipose tissue.

Objective Drebrins are crucial for synaptic function and dendritic spine development, remodeling, and maintenance. In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients, a significant hippocampal synaptic reorganization occurs, and synaptic reorganization has been associated with hippocampal hyperexcitability. This study aimed to evaluate, in TLE patients, the hippocampal expression of drebrin using immunohistochemistry with DAS2 or M2F6 antibodies that recognize adult (drebrin A) or adult and embryonic (pan-drebrin) isoforms, respectively. Methods Hippocampal sections from drug-resistant TLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS; TLE, n = 33), of whom 31 presented with type 1 HS and two with type 2 HS, and autopsy control cases (n = 20) were assayed by immunohistochemistry and evaluated for neuron density, and drebrin A and pan-drebrin expression. Double-labeling immunofluorescences were performed to localize drebrin A-positive spines in dendrites (MAP2), and to evaluate whether drebrin colocalizes with inhibitory (GAD65) and excitatory (VGlut1) presynaptic markers. Results Compared to controls, TLE patients had increased pan-drebrin in all hippocampal subfields and increased drebrin A-immunopositive area in all hippocampal subfields but CA1. Drebrin-positive spine density followed the same pattern as total drebrin quantification. Confocal microscopy indicated juxtaposition of drebrin-positive spines with VGlut1-positive puncta, but not with GAD65-positive puncta. Drebrin expression in the dentate gyrus of TLE cases was associated negatively with seizure frequency and positively with verbal memory. TLE patients with lower drebrin-immunopositive area in inner molecular layer (IML) than in outer molecular layer (OML) had a lower seizure frequency than those with higher or comparable drebrin-immunopositive area in IML compared with OML. Significance Our results suggest that changes in drebrin-positive spines and drebrin expression in the dentate gyrus of TLE patients are associated with lower seizure frequency, more preserved verbal memory, and a better postsurgical outcome.

DNA is known as a potential therapeutic target for the development of anticancer and antibiotic agents because any damage on its structure may lead to cell death. Discovery of ligand molecules through interactions with DNA is a key step in the development of new therapies. Here, a methodology was proposed to detect DNA-binders in a screening process with crude extracts produced by actinomycetes. This assay consists of a DNA–EB (ethidium bromide) complex added previously, into a simple agarose gel, where EB may be replaced by other metabolites, present in the sample added before over the gel. The free dye is washed and, consequently, the fluorescence intensity decreases. The assay results were recorded by photographs and the fluorescence intensity was transposed in pixel values using Image J software, allowing statistical analyses. The developed assay can also be applied directly onto TLC plates. Sixteen crude extracts produced by actinomycetes were screened using the developed assay, in which four crude extracts showed a significant fluorescence decrease. Dereplication studies with mass spectra data allowed the identification of anthracyclines such as Ditrisarubicin F and G in one of the selected extracts. The methodology developed here is a promising approach for drug discovery because it may lead to the detection of DNA-binding compounds in a simple, low cost way and without isolation and/or purification processes.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:23:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-08-01 Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle das Intoxicações por Plantas The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the neural protein expression pattern of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) treated with forskolin (free-form/FF). The study investigated forskolin’s capacity to enhance intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by activating adenylate cyclase and probably by inducing neuron-like cells in vitro. In addition, because nanotechnology is a growing field of tissue engineering, we also assessed the action of a new system called the nanostructured-forskolin (NF) to examine the improvement of drug delivery. Afterwards, the cells were submitted to low-level laser irradiation to evaluate possible photobiostimulatory effects. Investigations using the immunofluorescence by confocal microscopy and Western blot methods revealed the expression of the neuronal marker β-tubulin III. Fluorescence intensity quantification analysis using INCell Analyzer System for β-tubulin III was used to examine significant differences. The results showed that after low-level laser irradiation exposure, there was a tendency to increase the β-tubulin III expression in all groups, as expected in the photobiostimulation process. Notably, this process induced for irradiation was more pronounced in irradiated nanoforskolin cells (INF) compared to non-irradiated free-forskolin control cells (NFFC). However, there was also an increase in β-tubulin III protein expression in the groups: irradiated nanocontrol cells (INC) compared to non-irradiated free-forskolin control cells (NFF) and after treatment with non-irradiated free-forskolin (NFF) and non-irradiated nanoforskolin (NNFC). We concluded that the methods using low-level laser irradiation and/or nanoparticles showed an up-regulation of neural-protein expression in hMSCs that could be used to facilitate cellular therapy protocols in the near future. Department of Chemistry Centre of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering-Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group Faculty of Philosophy Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo Centre for Cell Therapy and Regional Blood Centre National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Medical School University of São Paulo Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents Medical School University of São Paulo Institute of Biomedical Science Department of Immunology University of São Paulo Department of Clinical Medicine Medical School University of São Paulo Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos: 01.10.0758.01

SAMHD1 (Sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic acid (HD) domain containing protein 1) is a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) that restricts viral replication in infected cells. This protein is also involved in DNA repair by assisting in DNA end resection by homologous recombination (HR) after DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction with camptothecin (CPT) or etoposide (ETO). We showed that a monoclonal anti-SAMHD1 antibody produced against the full-length protein detected an unspecific 50 kDa protein that colocalized with dot-like structures after CPT treatment in HeLa cells. In contrast, a polyclonal anti-SAMHD1 antibody raised against the N-terminus of this protein specifically detected SAMHD1, as shown in Jurkat, HAP1KO and HEK293T SAMHD1-siRNA cell lysates compared with their respective controls. Our findings showed that SAMHD1 is not localized in dot-like structures under DSB induction in HeLa cells.

Skp1, Cul1, Rbx1, and the FBXO25 protein form a functional ubiquitin ligase complex. Here, we investigate the cellular distribution of FBXO25 and its colocalization with some nuclear proteins by using immunochemical and biochemical approaches. FBXO25 was monitored with affinity-purified antibodies raised against the recombinant fragment spanning residues 2-62 of the FBXO25 sequence. FBXO25 protein was expressed in all mouse tissues tested except striated muscle, as indicated by immunoblot analysis. Confocal analysis revealed that the endogenous FBXO25 was partially concentrated in a novel dot-like nuclear domain that is distinct from clastosomes and other well-characterized structures. These nuclear compartments contain a high concentration of ubiquitin conjugates and at least two other components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system: 20S proteasome and Skp1. We propose to name these compartments FBXO25-associated nuclear domains. Interestingly, inhibition of transcription by actinomycin D or heat-shock treatment drastically affected the nuclear organization of FBXO25-containing structures, indicating that they are dynamic compartments influenced by the transcriptional activity of the cell. Also, we present evidences that an FBXO25-dependent ubiquitin ligase activity prevents aggregation of recombinant polyglutamine-containing huntingtin protein in the nucleus of human embryonic kidney 293 cells, suggesting that this protein can be a target for the nuclear FBXO25 mediated ubiquitination.

Atrogin-1/MAFbx/FBXO32 is a muscle-specific ubiquitin-ligase (E3) that is dramatically increased in atrophying muscle. Here, we have investigated the functional relationship between atrogin-1 and FBXO25 which shares 65% amino acid identity. Using a RT-PCR, we demonstrated that FBXO25 is highly expressed in brain, kidney, and intestine, whereas atrogin-1 expression is largely restricted to striate muscle. FBXO25 was shown here to contain a functional F-box domain that binds to Skp1 and thereby to Roc1 and Cul1, the major components of SCF-type E3s. In addition, the productive SCF complex containing FBXO25 showed ubiquitin ligase activity. We investigated the differential expression of atrogin-1 and FBXO25 in fasted and dexamethasone-treated mice and also in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Although the atrogin-1 was strongly induced in muscle in all three models, no changes were observed in the expression of FBXO25. Therefore, here we have shown that FBXO25 is a novel F-box protein analogous to atrogin-1, which is not involved in muscle atrophy. Further functional studies should elucidate the exact role of FBXO25 in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

The type 3 iodothyronine selenodeiodinase (D3) is an integral membrane protein that inactivates thyroid hormones. By using immunofluorescence cytochemistry confocal microscopy of live or fixed cells transiently expressing FLAG-tagged human D3 or monkey hepatocarcinoma cells expressing endogenous D3, we identified D3 in the plasma membrane. It co-localizes with Na,K-ATPase alpha, with the early endosomal marker EEA-1 and clathrin, but not with two endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins. Most of the D3 molecule is extracellular and can be biotinylated with a cell-impermeant probe. There is constant internalization of D3 that is blocked by sucrose or methyl-beta-cyclodextrin-containing medium. Exposing cells to a weak base such as primaquine increases the pool of internalized D3, suggesting that D3 is recycled between plasma membrane and early endosomes. Such recycling could account for the much longer half-life of D3 (12 h) than the thyroxine activating members of the selenodeiodinase family, type 1 (D1; 8 h) or type 2 (D2; 2 h) deiodinase. The extracellular location of D3 gives ready access to circulating thyroid hormones, explaining its capacity for rapid inactivation of circulating thyroxine and triiodothyronine in patients with hemangiomas and its blockade of the access of maternal thyroid hormones to the human fetus.

The binding of red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH) to membrane receptors in crustacean chromatophores triggers Ca 2+ /cGMP signaling cascades that activate cytoskeletal motors, driving pigment granule translocation. We investigate the distributions of microfilaments and microtubules and their associated molecular motors, myosin and dynein, by confocal and transmission electron microscopy, evaluating a functional role for the cytoskeleton in pigment translocation using inhibitors of polymer turnover and motor activity in vitro . Microtubules occupy the chromatophore cell extensions whether the pigment granules are aggregated or dispersed. The inhibition of microtubule turnover by taxol induces pigment aggregation and inhibits re-dispersion. Phalloidin-FITC actin labeling, together with tannic acid fixation and ultrastructural analysis, reveals that microfilaments form networks associated with the pigment granules. Actin polymerization induced by jasplaquinolide strongly inhibits RPCH-induced aggregation, causes spontaneous pigment dispersion, and inhibits pigment re-dispersion. Inhibition of actin polymerization by latrunculin-A completely impedes pigment aggregation and re-dispersion. Confocal immunocytochemistry shows that non-muscle myosin II (NMMII) co-localizes mainly with pigment granules while blebbistatin inhibition of NMMII strongly reduces the RPCH response, also inducing spontaneous pigment dispersion. Myosin II and dynein also co-localize with the pigment granules. Inhibition of dynein ATPase by erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine induces aggregation, inhibits RPCH-triggered aggregation, and inhibits re-dispersion. Granule aggregation and dispersion depend mainly on microfilament integrity although microtubules may be involved. Both cytoskeletal polymers are functional only when subunit turnover is active. Myosin and dynein may be the molecular motors that drive pigment aggregation. These mechanisms of granule translocation in crustacean chromatophores share various features with those of vertebrate pigment cells.

Background Visceral leishmaniasis is an important tropical disease, and Leishmania infantum chagasi (synonym of Leishmania infantum) is the main pathogenic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World. Recently, ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (E-NTPDases) were identified as enablers of infection and virulence factors in many pathogens. Two putative E-NTPDases (∼70 kDa and ∼45 kDa) have been found in the L. infantum genome. Here, we studied the ∼45 kDa E-NTPDase from L. infantum chagasi to describe its natural occurrence, biochemical characteristics and influence on macrophage infection. Methodology/Principal Findings We used live L. infantum chagasi to demonstrate its natural ecto-nucleotidase activity. We then isolated, cloned and expressed recombinant rLicNTPDase-2 in bacterial system. The recombinant rLicNTPDase-2 hydrolyzed a wide variety of triphosphate and diphosphate nucleotides (GTP> GDP = UDP> ADP> UTP = ATP) in the presence of calcium or magnesium. In addition, rLicNTPDase-2 showed stable activity over a pH range of 6.0 to 9.0 and was partially inhibited by ARL67156 and suramin. Microscopic analyses revealed the presence of this protein on cell surfaces, vesicles, flagellae, flagellar pockets, kinetoplasts, mitochondria and nuclei. The blockade of E-NTPDases using antibodies and competition led to lower levels of parasite adhesion and infection of macrophages. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry showed the expression of E-NTPDases in amastigotes in the lymph nodes of naturally infected dogs from an area of endemic visceral leishmaniasis. Conclusions/Significance In this work, we cloned, expressed and characterized the NTPDase-2 from L. infantum chagasi and demonstrated that it functions as a genuine enzyme from the E-NTPDase/CD39 family. We showed that E-NTPDases are present on the surface of promastigotes and in other intracellular locations. We showed, for the first time, the broad expression of LicNTPDases in naturally infected dogs. Additionally, the blockade of NTPDases led to lower levels of in vitro adhesion and infection, suggesting that these proteins are possible targets for rational drug design., Author Summary Visceral leishmaniasis is a dangerous and important, but neglected, tropical disease that affects millions of people, mainly in underdeveloped and developing countries. Presently, there are no vaccines against Leishmaniasis, and the few drugs with which the disease is treated have low efficacy and high side effects. The pathogenic agent of this disease in the New World is Leishmania infantum chagasi. In this work, we studied a protein from this parasite named ENTPDase-2. We expressed it in a bacterial system, purified it and characterized it as a genuine nucleotidase of the ENTPDase family. This protein seems to be localized at the surface of the parasite and in other intracellular locations. ENTPDase seems to facilitate in vitro infection because its blockade leads to lower levels of infection of macrophages. In addition, the protein is found in naturally infected dogs. A previous study demonstrated that ENTPDase-2 from L. infantum chagasi is a good antigen for immunodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. We have now studied this protein in greater depth and suggest that it may be a good target for drug development.

Previous work has suggested that Trypanosoma cruzi diphosphohydrolase 1 (TcNTPDase-1) may be involved in the infection of mammalian cells and serve as a potential target for rational drug design. In this work, we produced recombinant TcNTPDase-1 and evaluated its nucleotidase activity, cellular localiza- tion and role in parasite adhesion to mammalian host cells. TcNTPDase-1 was able to utilize a broad range of triphosphate and diphosphate nucleosides. The enzyme’s Km for ATP (0.096mM) suggested a capabil-ity to influence the host’s ATP-dependent purinergic signaling. The use of specific polyclonal antibodies allowed us to confirm the presence of TcNTPDase-1 at the surface of parasites by confocal and electron microscopy. In addition, electron microscopy revealed that TcNTPDase-1 was also found in the flagellum, flagellum insertion region, kinetoplast, nucleus and intracellular vesicles. The presence of this enzyme in the flagellum insertion region and vesicles suggests that it may have a role in nutrient acquisition, and the widespread distribution of TcNTPDase-1 within the parasite suggests that it may be involved in other biological process. Adhesion assays using anti-TcNTPDase-1 polyclonal antibodies as a blocker or purified recombinant TcNTPDase-1 as a competitor revealed that the enzyme has a role in parasite–host cell adhesion. These data open new frontiers to future studies on this specific parasite–host interaction and other unknown functions of TcNTPDase-1 related to its ubiquitous localization.

Linear consensus motifs are short contiguous sequences of residues within a protein that can form recognition modules for protein interaction or catalytic modification. Protein kinase specificity and the matching of kinases to substrates have been mostly defined by phosphorylation sites that occur in linear consensus motifs. However, phosphorylation can also occur within sequences that do not match known linear consensus motifs recognized by kinases and within flexible loops. We report the identification of Thr 253 in α-tubulin as a site that is phosphorylated by protein kinase C βI (PKCβI). Thr 253 is not part of a linear PKC consensus motif. Instead, Thr 253 occurs within a region on the surface of α-tubulin that resembles a PKC phosphorylation site consensus motif formed by basic residues in different parts of the protein, which come together in the folded protein to form the recognition motif for PKCβI. Mutations of these basic residues decreased substrate phosphorylation, confirming the presence of this “structurally formed” consensus motif and its importance for the protein kinase–substrate interaction. Analysis of previously reported protein kinase A (PKA) and PKC substrates identified sites within structurally formed consensus motifs in many substrates of these two kinase families. Thus, the concept of consensus phosphorylation site motif needs to be expanded to include sites within these structurally formed consensus motifs.

We compared the subcellular localization of FLAG-epitope tagged Types 1 and 2 deiodinases (D1 and D2) transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) and mouse neuroblastoma (NB2A) cells. D2 is an integral membrane protein based on resistance to extraction at pH 11 with the NH2 terminus in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy using anti-FLAG and anti-GRP78/BiP antibodies showed the FLAG-D1 signal was found in the periphery of the cells and not co-localized with the ER specific marker GRP78/BiP. On the other hand, FLAG-D2 protein was found in the ER co-localized with the GRP78/BiP protein. These differential distribution patterns indicate subcellular sorting of D1 and D2 is determined by intrinsic protein sequence and can explain the ready access of D2-generated T3 to the nucleus.

FBXO25 is one of the 69 known human F-box proteins that serve as specificity factors for a family of ubiquitin ligases composed of SKP1, Rbx1, Cullin1, and F-box protein (SCF1) that are involved in targeting proteins for degradation across the ubiquitin proteasome system. However, the substrates of most SCF E3 ligases remain unknown. Here, we applied an in chip ubiquitination screen using a human protein microarray to uncover putative substrates for the FBXO25 protein. Among several novel putative targets identified, the c-fos protooncogene regulator ELK-1 was characterized as the first endogenous substrate for SCF1(FBXO25) E3 ligase. FBXO25 interacted with and mediated the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of ELK-1 in HEK293T cells. In addition, FBXO25 overexpression suppressed induction of two ELK-1 target genes, c-fos and egr-1, in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Together, our findings show that FBXO25 mediates ELK-1 degradation through the ubiquitin proteasome system and thereby plays a role in regulating the activation of ELK-1 pathway in response to mitogens.

FBXO25 is one of the 68 human F-box proteins that serve as specificity factors for a family of ubiquitin ligases composed of s-phase-kinase associated protein 1, really interesting new gene-box 1, Cullin 1, and F-box protein (SCF1) that are involved in targeting proteins for destruction across the ubiquitin proteasome system. We recently reported that the FBXO25 protein accumulates in novel subnuclear structures named FBXO25-associated nuclear domains (FAND). Combining two-step affinity purification followed by MS with a classical two-hybrid screen, we identified 132 novel potential FBXO25 interacting partners. One of the identified proteins, beta-actin, physically interacts through its N-terminus with FBXO25 and is enriched in the FBXO25 nuclear compartments. Inhibitors of actin polymerization promote a significant disruption of FAND, indicating that they are compartments influenced by the organizational state of actin in the nucleus. Furthermore, FBXO25 antibodies interfered with RNA polymerase II transcription in vitro. Our results open new perspectives for the understanding of this novel compartment and its nuclear functions.

A polyclonal antibody (C4), raised against the head domain of chicken myosin Va, reacted strongly towards a 65 kDa polypeptide (p65) on Western blots of extracts from squid optic lobes but did not recognize the heavy chain of squid myosin V. This peptide was not recognized by other myosin Va antibodies, nor by an antibody specific for squid myosin V. In an attempt to identify it, p65 was purified from optic lobes of Loligo plei by cationic exchange and reverse phase chromatography. Several peptide sequences were obtained by mass spectroscopy from p65 cut from sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels. BLAST analysis and partial matching with expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a Loligo pealei data bank indicated that p65 contains consensus signatures for the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A/B family of RNA-binding proteins. Centrifugation of post mitochondrial extracts from optic lobes on sucrose gradients after treatment with RNase gave biochemical evidence that p65 associates with cytoplasmic RNP complexes in an RNA-dependent manner. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence studies using the C4 antibody showed partial co-labeling with an antibody against squid synaptotagmin in bands within the outer plexiform layer of the optic lobes and at the presynaptic zone of the stellate ganglion. Also, punctate labeling by the C4 antibody was observed within isolated optic lobe synaptosomes. The data indicate that p65 is a novel RNA-binding protein located to the presynaptic terminal within squid neurons and may have a role in synaptic localization of RNA and its translation or processing.

We report the production and availability of over 7000 fully sequence verified plasmid ORF clones representing over 3400 unique human genes. These ORF clones were derived using the human MGC collection as template and were produced in two formats: with and without stop codons. Thus, this collection supports the production of either native protein or proteins with fusion tags added to either or both ends. The template clones used to generate this collection were enriched in three ways. First, gene redundancy was removed. Second, clones were selected to represent the best available GenBank reference sequence. Finally, a literature-based software tool was used to evaluate the list of target genes to ensure that it broadly reflected biomedical research interests. The target gene list was compared with 4000 human diseases and over 8500 biological and chemical MeSH classes in approximately 15 Million publications recorded in PubMed at the time of analysis. The outcome of this analysis revealed that relative to the genome and the MGC collection, this collection is enriched for the presence of genes with published associations with a wide range of diseases and biomedical terms without displaying a particular bias towards any single disease or concept. Thus, this collection is likely to be a powerful resource for researchers who wish to study protein function in a set of genes with documented biomedical significance.

Types 1 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinases are known to be selenocysteine-containing enzymes. Although a putative human type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) gene (hDio2) encoding a similar selenoprotein has been identified, basal D2 activity is not selenium (Se)-dependent nor has D2 been labeled with (75)Se. A human mesothelioma cell line (MSTO-211H) has recently been shown to have approximately 40-fold higher levels of hDio2 mRNA than mesothelial cells. Mesothelioma cell lysates activate thyroxine (T(4)) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine with typical characteristics of D2 such as low K(m) (T(4)), 1.3 nm, resistance to propylthiouracil, and a short half-life ( approximately 30 min). D2 activity is approximately 30-fold higher in Se-supplemented than in Se-depleted medium. An antiserum prepared against a peptide deduced from the Dio2 mRNA sequence precipitates a (75)Se protein of the predicted 31-kDa size from (75)Se-labeled mesothelioma cells. Bromoadenosine 3'5' cyclic monophosphate increases D2 activity and (75)Se-p31 approximately 2.5-fold whereas substrate (T(4)) reduces both D2 activity and (75)Se-p31 approximately 2-3-fold. MG132 or lactacystin (10 microm), inhibitors of the proteasome pathway by which D2 is degraded, increase both D2 activity and (75)Se-p31 3-4-fold and prevent the loss of D2 activity during cycloheximide or substrate (T(4)) exposure. Immunocytochemical studies with affinity-purified anti-hD2 antibody show a Se-dependent increase in immunofluorescence. Thus, human D2 is encoded by hDio2 and is a member of the selenodeiodinase family accounting for its highly catalytic efficiency in T(4) activation.

A giant protein with an apparent molecular mass of 2,300-kDa was identified in the Triton X-100 soluble fraction of Crithidia luciliae thermophila. Polyclonal antibody raised against this protein reacted by immunoblot analysis with proteins of similar molecular mass in Crithidia fasciculata and Crithidia oncopelti. In addition, the antibody immunoprecipitates the protein either after in vivo phosphorylation with [32P]orthophosphoric acid or after metabolically labeling with [35S]methionine. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy analysis performed either with fixed or with live parasites showed a single fluorescent spot at the level of the flagellar pocket region. Immunogold electron microscopy of thin sections of the parasite revealed that the antigen is localized at a restricted area of the spongiome, between the contractile vacuole and the flagellar pocket. Furthermore, Triton X-114 phase separation of whole cell membrane proteins, metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine, demonstrated that the giant protein remains in the aqueous phase. These results indicate that this phosphoprotein behaves as a peripheral membrane protein localized at the spongiome region, suggesting that it might be involved in the osmoregulatory process.

Trypanosoma cruzi é o agente causador da Doença de Chagas, que segundo a OMS, atinge oito milhões de pessoas principalmente na América Latina, causando danos à saúde pública, juntamente com um impacto econômico negativo. Durante o processo de infecção, uma variedade de eventos celulares ocorre apenas pelo simples contato do parasito com a célula hospedeira, levando a modificações no metabolismo celular e alterações morfológicas. O parasita é capaz de modular respostas celulares e imunológicas da célula hospedeira para sua própria sobrevivência. Além do que, pode alterar compartimentos celulares como o número e tamanho de nucléolos, sugerindo que a presença do parasita poderia estar interferindo na maquinaria nuclear. Porém, pouco se conhece sobre a organização nuclear da célula hospedeira quando infectada por Trypanosoma cruzi. O objetivo deste estudo foi de investigar pela primeira vez os compartimentos nucleares das células hospedeiras durante o curso da infecção por T. cruzi. Células LLC-MK2 foram infectadas com T. cruzi e reações de imunofluorescência indireta foram realizadas utilizando anticorpos e marcadores específicos para proteínas nucleares. As análises das imagens de microscopia confocal e quantificação das fluorescências pelo ImageJ mostraram padrões distintos nos compartimentos nucleares quando comparadas com células não infectadas. Corpos de Cajal e Speckles sofrem alterações quando a célula está infectada e isso depende do ciclo celular do parasita. Neste trabalho também foi investigado através de quantificação de imagem e immunoblotting o comportamento das Ribonucleoproteínas A1 e A2B1 durante a parasitemia. Estas análises demonstram que o T. cruzi pode modular a célula hospedeira quando infectada a favor de sua sobrevivência, promovendo alterações na dinâmica dos compartimentos nucleares durante o seu ciclo celular. Esse estudo inédito poderá auxiliar a compreender a biologia do parasita e sua interação com a célula hospedeira e desta maneira contribuir na busca de possíveis alvos terapêuticos Trypanosoma cruzi is the causal agente of Chagas disease, that affects about eight million people mostly in Latin America according to the WHO, causing damage to public health and a negative economic impact. During infection, a variety of signaling processes occur after contact of the parasite to the host cell, what can lead to metabolic modifications as well morphological alterations in both cells. The parasite can modulate host cell cellular and immunological responses for its own survival. In addiction, the presence of T. cruzi can modify the nuclear compartments such as nucleoli, suggesting that the presence of the parasite could be interfering with the nuclear machinery. However, little is know about the nuclear organization when the host cell is infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. This study aimed to investigate for the first time the nuclear compartment of host cells infected by T. cruzi using specific antibodies and fluorescent markers for nuclear compartments, in order to investigate the morphological and functional changes in the nucleus of the host cell. Using LLC-MK2 cells infected with T. cruzi, we performed indirect immunofluorescence using distinct nuclear antibodies. Confocal microscopy analysis of infected cells showed pattern variations in the nuclear compartments when compared to uninfected cells. Cajal bodies and Speckles suffer alterations when the cell is infected and it is related to the parasite life cycle. In this work we also investigated by image quantification and immunoblotting the behavior of Ribonucleoproteins A1 and A2B1 during infection. These evidences support the idea that T. cruzi can modulate host cell response to ensure its own survival during the infection, promoting changes in the dynamics of the nuclear compartments. This unpublished data may help to understand the biology of the parasite and its interaction with the host cell and thus contributing to seek for potential therapeutic targets

O Trypanosoma brucei é o agente etiológico da Tripanossomíase Africana Humana. Este protozoário é um parasita extracelular que possui um único flagelo e um citoesqueleto de alta estabilidade, responsável por vários processos celulares como motilidade, morfologia, infectividade e divisão celular. Em todos os gêneros da família Trypanosomatidae foram descritas proteínas de alto peso molecular (500-3500 kDa) as quais, além do papel estrutural, podem estar envolvidas na organização e regulação do citoesqueleto e seus constituintes. Este projeto teve como objetivo caracterizar no âmbito celular, bioquímico e molecular as proteínas gigantes de T. brucei e determinar os seus papéis funcionais na biologia do parasito. A partir do isolamento do citoesqueleto de T. brucei e análise por SDS-PAGE, produzimos anticorpos contra as proteínas gigantes que serviu como ferramenta para realização de Western Blotting (WB) e imunofluorescência no estudo das propriedades moleculares destas proteínas. O sequenciamento por espectrometria de massas foi utilizado para determinação da sequência primária parcial destas proteínas e identificação dos genes em no banco de dados TriTrypDB. Aqui, mostramos que as proteínas de alta massa molecular se localizam em estruturas essenciais para a regulação do citoesqueleto como na zona de adesão flagelar (FAZ), bem como no complexo tripartido responsável pela adesão do flagelo ao cinetoplasto. A espectrometria de massas revelou 19 novas proteínas de alta massa molecular ainda não estudadas em T. brucei dentre as quais 2 foram caracterizadas funcionalmente: FAZ10 e Tb927.8.3540. Para investigar os seus papeis biológicos utilizamos o modelo de silenciamento gênico por RNA de interferência. O silenciamento da proteína FAZ10 levou ao destacamento do flagelo, ao reposicionamento incorreto dos núcleos e cinetoplastos, e mais importante ao erro na definição do local de ingressão do sulco de clivagem durante a citocinese, em formas procíclicas e sanguícolas de T. brucei. Por sua vez, a proteína Tb927.8.3540 é responsável pela estabilização do citoesqueleto de microtúbulos e formação do FAZ e flagelo. Quando ausente nas células, estas adquirem um formato esférico com a presença de um flagelo internalizado. Em ambos os casos, as células induzidas apresentam inibição da proliferação celular e o acúmulo de células multinucleadas na cultura. O estudo funcional das proteínas gigantes revelou que elas possuem um papel central na morfogênese do T. brucei, agindo diretamente na organização e formação de estruturas do citoesqueleto, na manutenção da adesão flagelar, e no direcionamento da citocinese. Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness or Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), has been used as experimental model for cellular, biochemical and molecular studies. This is an extracellular protozoan parasite that has a single flagellum and a highly stable cytoskeleton, responsible for many cellular processes such as motility, morphology, infectivity and cell division. In Trypanosomatidae family, a novel class of High Molecular Weight Proteins (HMWPs; 500-3500 kDa) has been described, which besides their structural role, may play a role in cytoskeleton organization and regulation. Trypanosomatids cytoskeletons contain abundant HMWPs, but many of their biological functions are still unclear. Here, we aimed to describe the cellular and molecular properties of these proteins, and to determine their functional roles in the parasite biology. SDS-PAGE was used to analyze T. brucei cytoskeletons. Also, the HMWP bands were injected in mouse in order to produce polyclonal antibodies, which were used as a molecular tool in Western Blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence analysis. Here we show that the high molecular weight proteins are located on essential structures for the regulation of the cytoskeleton such as the flagellar adhesion zone (FAZ) and the tripartite complex, which connects the flagellum to the kinetoplast. Detergent-extracted cytoskeletons were also analyzed by gradient SDS-PAGE and the HMWP bands were sent to mass spectrometry analysis. We able to identify 19 new high molecular weight proteins most of which are uncharacterized so far in T. brucei. Here, we report the characterization of two giant proteins: FAZ10 and Tb927.8.3540. To investigate their biological roles we used a model of gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi). Our data showed that FAZ10 is an essential giant cytoskeletal protein in both procyclic and bloodstream parasite life cycle stages, since its depletion led to defects in cell morphogenesis, flagellum attachment and kinetoplast and nucleus positioning. More importantly, ablation of FAZ10 impaired the timing and placement of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis, resulting in premature or asymmetrical cell division. In turn, the Tb927.8.3540 protein is responsible for the stabilization and regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton as well as the flagellum and FAZ. In its absence, cells acquire a spherical shape together with an internalized flagellum. In both cases, the resulting phenotype results in inhibition of cell proliferation and accumulation of multinucleated cells in culture. The functional study of the giant proteins revealed that they have a central role in morphogenesis of T. brucei, acting directly on the organization and regulation of cytoskeletal structures, such as the flagellum and the FAZ.

O câncer de mama é uma doença heterogênea que é caracterizada por células epiteliais de mama malignas. As células-tronco cancerígenas (CST) no câncer de mama podem aumentar o potencial de agressividade através do tumor. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a expansão clonal do microambiente tumoral e a diferenciação celular após o estímulo com células estaminais mesenquimais. As células MSC derivadas da geléia de Wharton foram co-cultivadas com MCF- 7 em proporções de 1%, 10%, 30%. A co-cultura de MCF-7 com MSC mostrou alteração na localização da e-caderina para o citoplasma e, de preferência, o núcleo. Para a n-caderina, a co-localização foi predominantemente na membrana após a exposição do MSC. As células MCF-7 apresentaram colocalização do citoplasma e do núcleo no biomarcador de ?-catenina. Este fenômeno é confirmado à WB com o aumento dos níveis de proteínas de ecaderina no citoplasma no MCF-7 após o estímulo do MSC. A morfologia das transições amênico-mesenquimatosas foi mostrada no ensaio 3D em algumas colônias, no entanto esta morfologia não é predominante. A co-cultura de MCF- 7 com MSCs aumenta o número de mammosferes e influencia o aumento de CD44 + / CD24-, esse fenômeno foi possível sob estimulação de 30% das células MSC. A linhagem celular de câncer de mama MCF-7 em associação com MSC pode aumentar o potencial de agressividade através do tumor. Essa interação no microambiente do tumor é determinante para a expansão clonal e diferenciação celular, que são mecanismos relevantes no processo de disseminação metastática. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that is characterized by malignant breast epithelial cells. Cancer stem cells (CST) in breast cancer can boost a potential for aggressiveness trough the tumor. The goal for this study is to evaluated the tumor microenvironment clonal expansion and cellular differentiation after stimulus with mesenchymal stem cells. MSC cells derived from Wharton\'s jelly were co-cultured with MCF-7 in proportions 1%,10%,30%. The co-culture of MCF-7 with MSC showed alteration on localization of ecadherin to the cytoplasm and preferably nucleus. For n-cadherin, the colocalization were predominantly in membrane after MSC exposition. MCF-7 cells showed cytoplasm and nucleus co-localization on ?-catenin biomarker. This phenomenon is confirmed to WB with increasing the proteins levels of ecadherin on cytoplasm in MCF-7 after MSC stimulus. Amoeboid to mesenchymal transitions morphology were showed on 3D assay in some colonies, however this morphology is not predominant. The co-culture of MCF-7 with MSCs increase in the number of mammospheres and influence the increase of CD44+/CD24-, this phenomenon was possible under stimulation of 30% of MSC cells. The breast cancer cell line MCF-7 in association with MSC can boost a potential for aggressiveness trough the tumor. This interaction on tumor microenvironment is determinant for the clonal expansion and cellular differentiation, which are relevant mechanisms in the process of metastatic dissemination.

Neospora caninum é um parasita intracelular obrigatório pertencente ao filo Apicomplexa, conhecido por ser uma das principais causas de aborto parasitário em bovinos e por apresentar transmissão transplacentária. Para locomoverem-se e acessarem o conteúdo intracelular de células hospedeiras, organismos apicomplexas fazem uso de um mecanismo não convencional que se utiliza de uma maquinaria celular cujo papel central é exercido pelo motor actina-miosina, auxiliado por proteínas intermediárias e de acoragem, que realiza a propulsão do parasita na direção do movimento. Para o funcionamento dessa maquinaria, é essencial que actina esteja em sua forma filamentosa (actina-F). Porém, actinas de apicomplexas são conhecidas por serem funcional e estruturalmente não convencionais, formando filamentos pequenos e instáveis in vitro, assim como pelo predomínio de grande maioria de actina monomérica (actin-G) nas células in vivo. Desse modo, para formar e manter actina-F a dinâmica de actina desses organismos requer uma regulação precisa, que, em apicomplexas, é conduzida por um arsenal conhecidamente pequeno de proteínas que se ligam a actina (ABPs). Nosso objetivo neste estudo foi identificar e caracterizar ABPs de N. caninum. Para isso, duas ABPs de N. caninum foram estudadas: fator de despolimerização de actina (NcADF) e proteína associada a ciclase (NcCAP); também, foi gerado e caracterizado soro contra região de actina de N. caninum entre aminoácidos 201 e 310 (anti-NcAct201-310). NcADF (correspondente ao acesso NCLIV_012510 em ToxoDB) foi submetida a caracterização molecular e bioquímica. A sua estrutura terciária foi gerada por modelagem molecular baseada em homologia, apresentando folding conservado, porém com F-loop de menor tamanho, quando comparada a ADF/cofilinas canônicas. A forma recombinante de NcADF foi expressa E. coli BL21 por plasmídeos pET32a(+) e pET28a(+) e solubilizada em tampão desnaturante e nativo, respectivamente. NcADF_pET32 foi purificada e utilizada para geração de soro anti-NcADF, que detectou ambas NcADF recombinantes, assim como proteínas endógenas em western blot 1-D e 2-D com peso molecular e pI próximos aos preditos. O soro anti-NcADF também localizou NcADF difusa no citoplasma, com menos intensidade nos polos de taquizoítas de N. caninum extracelulares. NcADF_pET28 foi purificado na forma nativa e utilizado para caracterização funcional para avaliação de seu papel na dinâmica de actina liofilizada de coelho. Ensaios de cossedimentação, cinética de polimerização e despolimerização, viscosimentria de baixo cisalhamento (queda de bola), estado estacionário e ligação entre actina-G e NcADF, em conjunto, mostraram que NcADF causa despolimerização de actina-F, realiza sequestro de monômeros de actina e quebra de filamentos. NcCAP foi submetida a caracterização molecular e foi identificada como produto de expressão do gene de acesso NCLIV_054140. NcCAP recombinante foi expressa em pET32a(+) e pET28a(+) predominantemente em corpos de inclusão e foi solubilizada em tampão desnaturante. A forma purificada de pET32_NcCAP, identificada por espectrometria de massas, foi utilizada para imunização e o soro resultante detectou NcCAP recombinante e endógena por western blot 1-D e 2-D, apresentando bandas e spots de peso molecular e pI próximos ao esperado. O soro anti-NcCAP também localizou NcCAP em taquizoítas ii extracelulares de N. caninum difusa no citoplasma e/ou com predomínio na região periplasmática da célula. Por fim, o soro anti-NcAct201-310 foi gerado, sendo capaz de detectar proteínas em sua forma nativa e realizar marcação na região periférica e, possivelmente, nuclear de taquizoítas de N. caninum extracelulares. A caracterização de ABPs de N. caninum feita neste trabalho amplia o conhecimento sobre a conservação dessas proteínas ao longo do filo Apicomplexa. Ademais, representa uma contribuição para o entendimento da dinâmica de actina e, por consequência, futuramente, pode colaborar para a elucidação de mecanismos-chave para a sobrevivência e disseminação dos parasitas pelo seu hospedeiro Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite that belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa. It is known as one of the main causes of infectious abortion in cows and for its efficient transplacentary transmission. Apicomplexan organisms use a phylum-specific mechanism of invasion and gliding motility, which use an unusual cellular machinery based on an actin myosin motor assisted by intermediary and anchoring proteins that creates the traction force to impulse the parasite forward. Filamentous actin (F-actin) is essential to the appropriate functioning of this machinery, although apicomplexan unconventional actin forms small and unstable filaments in vitro and is found preponderantly as monomer (G-actin) in cells. Thus, the parasites need actin-binding proteins (ABPs) to strictly regulate actin dynamics and to form and maintain F-actin when it is necessary to the cell. Here, we aimed at identifying and characterising ABPs from N. caninum. Two ABPs were characterised: actin-depolymerising factor (NcADF) and cyclase-associated protein (NcCAP) from N. caninum. In addition, a serum against the actin region between amino acids 201 and 310 (anti-NcAct201-310) was raised. NcADF, which corresponds to identification NCLIV_012510 on ToxoDB, was molecular and biochemically characterised. Firstly, the tertiary structure of NcADF was generated by molecular modelling based on homology. Comparing to canonical ADF/cofilins, NcADF presented a conserved folding, albeit its smaller F-loop. The recombinant form of NcADF was expressed in E. coli BL21 using pET32a(+) and pET28a(+) plasmids and solubilized in denaturing and native buffers, respectively. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in mice against purified NcADF_pET32, which was able to detect both forms of recombinant NcADF as well as proteins in 1-D and 2-D western blot with expected molecular weight and isoelectric point (pI). Additionally, NcADF was localised in extracellular N. caninum tachyzoites as a diffuse pattern on cytoplasm with less intensity in both poles. NcADF_pET28 was successfully purified in native form and used for functional characterisation to evaluate the role of recombinant NcADF on lyophilised rabbit actin dynamics. Together, co-sedimentation, polymerisation and depolymerisation kinetic, low shearing viscometry (falling ball), steady state, and G-actin and NcADF binding assays showed that NcADF was able to depolymerise actin-F, sequester actin monomers, and sever filaments. Moreover, NcCAP (identification NCLIV_054140) was also characterised. Recombinant NcCAP was expressed in pET32a(+) and pET28a(+) plasmids predominantly in inclusion bodies and was solubilised in denaturing buffer. NcCAP_pET32 was purified and identified by mass spectrometry. Then, the polyclonal antibodies against this recombinant protein was generated in mice. It was able to detect recombinant and endogenous NcCAP, presenting bands and spots in 1-D and 2-D western blot with molecular weight and pI quite near to the predicted ones. NcCAP was localised as a diffuse pattern on cytoplasm and/or predominantly on periplasmic regions of extracellular taclyzoites of N. caninum. Finally, the serum containing anti-NcAct201-310 polyclonal antibodies was raised in mice. It detected endogenous proteins mainly in native form and localised them on periplasmic and possibly nuclear region in extracellular N. caninum tachyzoites. The characterisation of N. caninum ABPs iv extends our understanding of these proteins conservation and their function throughout the Apicomplexa phylum. Furthrmore, it represents a contribution to the field towards the comprehention of actin dynamics and in the future might provide information for important mechanisms of dissemination and survival of the parasite at its host

Neospora caninum é um protozoário Apicomplexa, parasita intracelular obrigatório que possui o cão e outros canídeos como hospedeiros definitivos e os bovinos como principais hospedeiros intermediários. Causa nos primeiros encefalopatia e nos últimos abortos com perda da fertilidade, gerando prejuízos significativos na pecuária mundial. Como Toxoplasma gondii e Plasmodium, N. caninum possui um sistema específico de secreção que permite a invasão ativa do parasita na célula hospedeira, formação do vacúolo parasitóforo e replicação. Devido ao seu ciclo intracelular, várias estratégias foram desenvolvidas para caracterizar o processo de invasão no filo, como deleção ou controle da expressão de genes envolvidos. Entre os genes com papel importante no processo invasivo, NcMic2-like1 possui destaque já que o soro contra essa proteína recombinante inibiu 60% da invasão de N. caninum in-vitro. Essa proteína micronêmica possui domínios adesivos (uma integrina e seis trombospondinas) que atuam na ligação entre os receptores da célula hospedeira e o motor de actina e miosina do parasita, possibilitando a invasão ativa. O objetivo central do trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de ferramentas genéticas para a deleção e hiperexpressão de NcMic2-like1 e outras proteínas em N. caninum para a compreensão profunda desse mecanismo, além da caracterização, localização e expressão de NcMic2-like1. Para isso dois modelos baseados na resistência a drogas e integração ao genoma do parasita foram construídos. Um se baseia na resistência contra cloranfenicol (pelo gene Cloranfenicol Acetil Transferase - CAT) e o outro contra pirimetamina (pela mutação da Diidrofolato Redutase-Timidilato Sintase - DHFRM2M3). As sequências que conferem resistência foram ligadas ao promotor e região 3\' UTR de três genes de N. caninum, NcSAG1 (ou SAG1-like); NcDHFR ou NcHXGPRT conferindo resistência às drogas após transfecção. A esses vetores de resistência foram ligadas duas sequências do controle de expressão por tetraciclina, o sistema TetR/tetO. Adaptando o sistema de T. gondii para N. caninum, TetR foi expresso sob controle do promotor RPS13 ou Tubulina de N. caninum e tetO controlou a expressão de Lac-Z (?-galactosidase), ii uma enzima repórter. TetR e tetO foram transfectados de modo estável utilizando os vetores CAT e DHFRM2M3. O sistema foi responsivo à adição de tetraciclina, além de indicar um meio provavelmente independente de TetR quando apenas tetO foi avaliado em N. caninum. Foi possível expressar Lac-Z em N. caninum, possibilitando o desenvolvimento e padronização de ensaios de invasão, crescimento e detecção do taquizoíta. Também foi realizada a detecção de YFP (proteína amarelo fluorescente) nos taquizoítas transfectados com YFP fundida em TetR. Essas ferramentas de inserção e deleção de genes possibilitaram a construção de vetores para a hiper expressão ou deleção de NcMic2-like1. Para hiper expressão o vetor foi obtido pela substituição de Lac-Z pelo gene NcMic2-like1. Para deleção de NcMic2-like1 o vetor foi desenvolvido pela ligação do seu promotor e região 3\' UTR ä CAT ou NcDHFRM2M3, que promove a substituição do gene alvo pelos de resistência por recombinação homóloga. Adicionalmente foram desenvolvidas formas para a expressão e purificação de proteínas em N. caninum. Também foi obtida a solubilização de NcMIC2-like1 recombinante pelo sistema pET28 após a adição de uma cauda solúvel amplificada do genoma de N. caninum. O desenvolvimento de métodos de manipulação genética é um fato inédito para N. caninum e possibilitará estudos moleculares mais profundos sobre os mecanismos de invasão e replicação, onde NcMic2-like1 aparece como primeira candidata para esses ensaios. The Apicomplexa protozoan Neospora caninum is an obligate and intracellular parasite that has the dog and other canides as definitive host and especially cattle as intermediate hosts. It causes respectively encephalopathy. abortions and loss of fertility causing deep economic impact at the world livestock. As Plasmodium and Toxoplasma gondii, N. caninum has a specific system of active secretion, which allows the invasion of the parasite into the host cell, the establishment of parasitophorous vacuole and replication. Due to the intracellular cycle of parasite, several strategies have been developed to characterize the invasion process of the phylum, such as deletion or control of expression of related genes. Among the genes with an important role in the invasive process, NcMic2-like1 stands out, once the serum against the recombinant form inhibited the in vitro invasion of N. caninum up to 69%. This microneme protein has adhesive domains (one integrin and six thrombospondins) acting between the host cell receptors and the actin/myosin motor of the parasite, allowing the active invasion. The main aim of this work was the development of genetic tools for deletion and overexpression of NcMic2-like1 and other proteins in N. caninum for a deep understanding of this mechanism, in addition to the characterization, localization and expression of NcMic2-like1. Therefore two models based on the drug resistance and integration into the genome of the parasite were constructed. One was based on the resistance against chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene by - CAT) and the other against pyrimethamine (by mutation of dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase - DHFRM2M3). The sequences that confer these two drug resistance patterns have been ligated to the promoter and the 3\' UTR region of three genes from N. caninum, NcSAG1 (or SAG1-like); NcDHFR or NcHXGPRT, conferring resistance to the drugs after transfection. These vectors were ligated to two sequences that confer resistance controlled by tetracycline, the TetR / tetO system. The T. gondii system was adapted for N. caninum. TetR was expressed under the control of N. caninum tubulin promoter and tetO controlled the expression of Lac-Z (?-galactosidase), a reporter enzyme. TetR and tetO were stably inserted in N. caninum after transfection iv with the vectors based on CAT and DHFRM2M3.The system was responsive following tetracycline presence, in addition to a TetR independent mechanism in N. caninum . Moreover, it was possible to express Lac-Z in N. caninum enabling the development and standardization of invasion, growth and detection tachyzoite assays. It was also possible to detect through fluorescence microscopy the YFP (yellow fluorescent protein) in tachyzoites transfected with YFP fused to TetR.. The tools for gene insertion and deletion allowed the construction of vectors for hiperexpression or deletion of NcMic2-like1. For hiperexpression the vector was obtained by the replacement of the Lac-Z by the NcMic2-like1 gene. For the NcMic2-like1 deletion the vector was achieved after the ligation of its promoter and 3 \'UTR region to CAT or NcDHFRM2M3. This approach leads to the replacement of the target gene by the resistance gene through homologous recombination. Furthermore approaches for expression and purification of proteins in N. caninum were developed. Also, a soluble recombinant NcMIC2-like1 form was obtained with pET28 system added with a soluble tail amplified from a genome region of N. caninum. The development of genetic manipulation methods is an unprecedented event for N. caninum and will enable deeper molecular studies over mechanisms of invasion and replication, where NcMic2-like1 is the first candidate for these assays.

Introdução: Hexamerinas são proteínas de estocagem sintetizadas pelo corpo gorduroso de larvas de insetos e secretadas na hemolinfa, onde se acumulam. A função canônica das hexamerinas consiste em servir de reserva de aminoácidos e energia para a reconstrução de tecidos e órgãos durante a metamorfose. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a busca por evidências de funções alternativas das hexamerinas durante o ciclo de vida de abelhas A. mellifera. Resultados: Os perfis temporais de expressão das quatro hexamerinas (HEX 70a, HEX 70b, HEX 70c e HEX 110), verificados por meio de SDS-PAGE e western blot, corroboram sua função canônica na metamorfose. Consistente com esta função, as quatro hexamerinas foram localizadas no citoplasma das células do corpo gorduroso utilizando-se anticorpos específicos e microscopia confocal. No entanto, funções adicionais puderam ser inferidas com base nos seguintes resultados: (1) Foci das quatro hexamerinas foram localizados nos núcleos de algumas células do corpo gorduroso em metamorfose, levando à hipótese de que têm função anti-apoptótica durante este período crítico do desenvolvimento; (2) Além disso, HEX 70a e HEX 110 foram localizadas no citoplasma e núcleo de células ovarianas e testiculares, indicando função no desenvolvimento e maturação das gônadas; (3) A co-localização de um análogo de timidina (EdU) e HEX 70a nos núcleos das células dos ovaríolos, sugeriu fortemente uma função na proliferação celular. O knockdown de HEX 70a in vivo por meio de injeção de anticorpo específico prejudicou o crescimento dos ovaríolos de rainhas, reforçando a hipótese de função na proliferação celular, (4) interferiu na esclerotização da cutícula de operárias, indicando função na formação do exoesqueleto e (5) provocou a antecipação da ecdise adulta, provavelmente em resposta à ausência (ou diminuição) dos aminoácidos derivados das hexamerinas. Foram investigados também aspectos da regulação dos genes de hexamerinas. A manipulação experimental da dieta alimentar e dos títulos do hormônio juvenil (HJ) interferiram claramente na expressão dos genes de hexamerinas. A potencial ação reguladora do HJ foi reforçada pelos resultados de análises por bioinformática da região 5 UTR de cada gene de hexamerina (Martins et al., 2010) que revelaram potencial motivo de ligação à proteína Ultraspiracle (Usp), um membro do complexo receptor do HJ no DNA. Procedimentos para expressar as hexamerinas in vitro em sistema de bactérias e purificá-las estão em progresso visando a caracterização da estrutura e de interações entre as subunidades. Conclusão: Estes resultados ressaltam que as hexamerinas têm outras funções no ciclo de vida de A. mellifera, além da função já bem estabelecida de reserva de aminoácidos para a metamorfose. Background: Insect hexamerins are storage proteins synthesized by the larval fat body and secreted into the hemolymph, where they accumulate. The canonical function of hexamerins is to provide amino acids and energy for the reconstruction of tissues and organs during pupal-to-adult development. The aim of the current study was to search for evidence of alternative roles for the hexamerins in the life cycle of the honey bee, A. mellifera. Results: The canonical role of insect hexamerins received support from our data on the temporal expression profiles of the four honey bee hexamerin subunits (HEX 70a, HEX 70b, HEX 70c and HEX 110), as verified by SDS-PAGE and western blot using hemolymph and fat body samples. Consistent with the canonical function, the four hexamerins were localized in the cytoplasm of fat body cells, during metamorphosis, by using specific antibodies and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. However, additional functions could be inferred by the following findings: (1) The four hexamerins were also localized in the nuclei of some fat body cells, thus tentatively suggesting an anti-apoptotic role during metamorphosis; (2) Furthermore, HEX 70a and HEX 110 were localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of ovarian and testicular cells, pointing to a role in gonad development and maturation. Co-labeling of the thymidine analog EdU and HEX 70a in the ovariole cell nuclei, strongly suggested a role in cell proliferation; HEX 70a depletion via injection of the specific antibody in queen pupae impaired ovariole growth, thus strengthening our hypothesis on a role in cell proliferation, (3) HEX 70a depletion also impaired cuticle sclerotization, indicating a function in exoskeleton formation, and (4) led to a precocious adult ecdysis, perhaps in response to the lack (or decrease) in hexamerin-derived amino acids. We also investigated aspects of the regulation of hexamerin genes. The experimental manipulation of diet consumption and juvenile hormone (JH) titer clearly interfered in the expression of hexamerin genes. Regulation by JH was also supported by a previous bioinformatics analysis of the 5 UTR region of each hexamerin gene (Martins et al., 2010), which revealed a potential binding site for Ultraspiracle (Usp), a member of the JH receptor complex in the DNA. Experiments are in progress for in vitro expression and purification of the four hexamerins aiming to further characterize their structures and interactions. Conclusion: Taken together, these results imply in novel roles for hexamerins in the life cycle of A. mellifera in addition to their well-established role as amino acids sources for metamorphosis.