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Abstract: Gene therapy has proven to be extremely beneficial in the management of a wide range of genetic disorders for which there are currently no or few effective treatments. Gene transfer vectors are very significant in the field of gene therapy. It is possible to attach a non-viral attachment vector to the donor cell chromosome instead of integrating it, eliminating the negative consequences of both viral and integrated vectors. It is a safe and optimal express vector for gene therapy because it does not cause any adverse effects. However, the modest cloning rate, low expression, and low clone number make it unsuitable for use in gene therapy. Since the first generation of non-viral attachment episomal vectors was constructed, various steps have been taken to regulate their expression and stability, such as truncating the MAR element, lowering the amount of CpG motifs, choosing appropriate promoters and utilizing regulatory elements. This increases the transfection effectiveness of the non-viral attachment vector while also causing it to express at a high level and maintain a high level of stability. A vector is a genetic construct commonly employed in gene therapy to treat various systemic disorders. This article examines the progress made in the development of various optimization tactics for nonviral attachment vectors and the future applications of these vectors in gene therapy.

Skeletal muscle is an important part of the human body. Most glucose metabolism is accomplished by skeletal muscle through insulin mediation. Skeletal muscle metabolism disorder can affect glucose metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity of the body, and diabetic muscular Hypoplasia is a secondary lesion of muscle tissue caused by diabetes. In recent years, it has been found that in addition to mainstream western medicine and traditional Chinese and Western medicine combined treatment programs, natural products, and nutritional supplements also play an important role in the prevention and treatment of diabetic muscular Hypoplasia. Therefore, this paper will discuss the definition and pathogenesis of diabetic muscular Hypoplasia, as well as the prevention and treatment mechanism of some natural products and nutritional supplements, to provide more theoretical reference for non-drug targeted therapy of diabetic muscular Hypoplasia.

Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is a circular DNA molecule outside of eukaryotic staining, in which DNA forms in the genome or exogenous DNA in the cell. eccDNA is a special class of genetic material that can carry complete genes encoding functional proteins or RNA. Studies have shown that eccDNA can participate in various physiological and pathological processes in a special way, such as aging and the occurrence of tumors. This paper reviews the latest research progress of eccDNA and further expounds on the relationship between eccDNA and tumors.

The development of effective and low-energy-consumption catalysts for CO2 conversion into high-value-added products by constructing versatile active sites on the surface of heterogeneous compounds is an urgent and challenging task. In this study, a stable and well-defined heterogeneous cobalt hexacyanocobaltate (Co3[Co(CN)6]2), typical cobalt Prussian blue analogue (CoCo-PBA) modified with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), is proven to be the superior catalyst for CO2 and epoxide coupling to produce cyclic carbonates with > 99% yield under mild reaction conditions (1.0 MPa, 65 °C). Based on a series of characterizations, it is revealed that the CoCo-PBA structure can maintain relatively high thermal and chemical stability. Recycling experiments exhibited that the CoCo-PBA system could retain 98% of the original activity after six reaction rounds. The CoCo-PBA/TBAB catalytic system was also highly active for coupling CO2 with other industrial-grade epoxides. These results show the CoCo-PBA catalytic system potential flexibility and the generality of the catalyst preparation strategy.

The mitochondria perform an essential role in cellular metabolism by acting as a cellular energy powerhouse. It is also involved in several biological processes such as cell metabolism, stress signaling, calcium homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species(ROS) and apoptosis. Maintaining cellular physiological function is strongly dependent on mitochondrial quality control. mitochondrial malfunction will lead to various disorders. For this review, we evaluate the current understanding of the molecular mechanism of mitochondria quality control, which might also serve as an asset for organisms' health and the prevention of disease

Multicellular organisms have many cell types and are complex, and heterogeneity is common among cells. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing (scRNA-SEQ) is a new technique for studying the transcriptional activity of a single cell that is still in its early stages of development. It generates transcriptional profiles from thousands of parallel cells to reveal the differential expression of individual cell genomes. They reflect the heterogeneity between cells to identify different cell types and form cell maps of tissues or organs, which play an essential role in biology and clinical medicine. Based on the introduction and comparison of the scRNA-SEQ sequencing platform, this paper focuses on the application of scRNA-SEQ in the exploration of cell types in the nervous system and immune system and summarizes the research results of the combination of scRNA-SEQ and spatial transcriptome technology.

Recently, Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) as a class of anticancer medicines have garnered considerable attention due to their novel anticancer mechanism. Although the medications are small, RIPs utilize the Large-Size Effect (LSE) to block the efflux procedure that are regulated through Drug Resistance Transporters (DRTs), and protect host cells from drug transfection. There are many significant challenges for their therapeutic applications that seriously restrict their usefulness, particularly their strategy towards tumor cells. The primary objective of this review is to emphasize Trichosanthin (TCS) along with Gelonin (Gel) and additional types of RIPs, particularly scorpion venom-derived RIPs, to demonstrate that they should be grappling through what kinds of bio-barriers to overcome in cancer therapeutic science. Next, we will emphasize the latest state-of-the-art in providing cancer treatment RIPs.

This study demonstrates the superiority of a stable and well-defined heterogeneous cobalt hexacyanocobaltate (Co

The non-coding elements that control transcription are found in the chromatin structure of organisms. Recent findings identify the non-coding regulatory elements (e.g., enhancers, silencers, promoters) that control transcription and examine their respective protein interactions. The multiple topological environment limitations, including interactions of promoter-enhancer and specific enhancer-bound proteins with variable promoter compatibility, begin to shape a picture. These transcription factors and co-factors contribute to various expressions based on which enhancers and promoters are found inside sequences. A novel trait of transcription factors and co-factors establishes nuclear microenvironments or membranes compartments with phase-separated liquid characteristics. These settings are capable of enriching some proteins and tiny molecules at the expense of others. To better understand gene regulation

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a crucial regulator of tumor progression and cells in the TME release a number of molecules that are responsible for anaplasticity, invasion, metastasis of tumor, establishing stem cell niches, up-regulation and down-regulation of various pathways in cancer cells, interfering with immune surveillance and immune escape. Moreover, they can serve as diagnostic markers, and determine effective therapies. Among them, CircRNAs have gained special attention due to their involvement in mutated pathways in cancers. By functioning as a molecular sponge for miRNAs, binding with proteins, and directing selective splicing. CircRNAs modify the immunological environment of cancers to promote their growth. Besides of critical role in tumor growth, circRNAs are emerging as potential candidates as biomarkers for diagnosis cancer therapy. Also, circRNAs vaccination even offers a novel approach to tumor immunotherapy. Over the recent years, studies are advocating that circRNAs have tissue specific tumor specific expression patterns, which indicates their potential clinical utility. Especially, circRNAs have emerged as potential predictive and prognostic biomarkers. Although, there has been significant progress in deciphering the role of circRNA in cancers, literature lacks comprehensive overview on this topic. Keeping in view of these significant discoveries, this review systematically discusses circRNA and their role in the tumor in different dimensions.

The copolymerization of carbonyl sulfide (COS) with epoxides has been developed to be a facile method to synthesize well-defined sulfur-containing polymers. This work describes the steric effect of tertiary amines on the copolymerization of COS with propylene oxide (PO) via a zwitterionic approach, using triethyl borane (TEB) accompanied by various tertiary amines. N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine accompanied by TEB (1/1) showed an exceedingly high turnover frequency of up to 69 800 h−1 and a copolymer selectivity of up to >99% for organocatalytic COS/PO copolymerization at 60 °C under solvent-free conditions. The obtained poly(propylene monothiocarbonate)s (PPMTC)s have fully alternating sequences, regioregularity of >99% tail-to-head (T–H) content, and high-number average molecular weights of up to 221.8 kg mol−1 and narrow dispersities (1.1–1.3) within 1 min. We disclosed that tertiary amines (pKa values range from 8.19 to 10.80) with less steric hindrance exhibited higher catalytic activity for COS/PO copolymerization.

Histones are important component of eukaryotic cells chromatin and consist of arginine and lysine residues. Histones play an important role in the protection of DNA. Their contents significantly affect high-level chromatin structure formation, gene expression, DNA replication, and other important life activities. Protein degradation is an important regulatory mechanism of histone content. Recent studies have revealed that modification of amino acid sequence is directly related to histone breakdown. In addition, histone degradation is closely related to covalent modifications, such as ubiquitination and acetylation, which are considered to be driving factors in gene regulation. Gene regulation is an important mechanism in adaptation to the environment and survival of species. With the introduction of highly efficient technology, various mutations in histones have been identified in yeast. In the field of epigenetics and the transmission of chromatin states, two widely used model organisms are the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Higher eukaryotes can use their silent loci to maintain their epigenetic states and providing the base to investigate mechanisms underlying development. Therfore, both species have contributed a plethora of information on these mechanisms in both yeast and higher eukaryotes. This study focuses on the role of histone modifications in controlling telomeric silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and centromeric silencing in S. pombe as examples of genetic loci that demonstrate epigenetic inheritance. In view of recent advances, this review focuses on the post-translational modification of histone amino acid residues and reviews the relationship between histone degradation and amino acid residue modification.

The d-band center and surface negative charge density generally determine the adsorption and activation of CO2, thus serving as important descriptors of the catalytic activity toward CO2 hydrogenation. Herein, we engineered the d-band center and negative charge density of Rh-based catalysts by tuning their dimensions and introducing non-noble metals to form an alloy. During the hydrogenation of CO2 into methanol, the catalytic activity of Rh75W25 nanosheets was 5.9, 4.0, and 1.7 times as high as that of Rh nanoparticles, Rh nanosheets, and Rh73W27 nanoparticles, respectively. Mechanistic studies reveal that the remarkable activity of Rh75W25 nanosheets is owing to the integration of quantum confinement and alloy effect. Specifically, the quantum confinement in one dimension shifts up the d-band center of Rh75W25 nanosheets, strengthening the adsorption of CO2. Moreover, the alloy effect not only promotes the activation of CO2 to form CO2δ− but also enhances the adsorption of intermediates to facilitate fu...

Composite systems of P25 (titania) functionalized with thioglycolic acid (TGA)-capped CdTe colloidal quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized, structurally characterized, and photocatalytically tested in the photocatalytic NO

Non-noble bimetallic nanocrystals (NCs) have been widely explored due to not only their low cost and abundant content in the Earth's crust but also their outstanding performance in catalytic reactions. However, controllable synthesis of non-noble alloys remains a significant challenge. Here we report a facile synthesis of CuNi octahedra and nanocubes with controllable shapes and tunable compositions. Its success relies on the use of borane morpholine as a reducing agent, which upon decomposition generates a burst of H2 molecules to induce rapid formation of the nuclei. Specifically, octahedra switched to nanocubes with an increased amount of borane morpholine. In addition, the ratio of CuNi NCs could be facilely tuned by changing the molar ratio of both precursors. The obtained CuNi NCs exhibited high activity in aldehyde-alkyne-amine coupling reactions, and their performance is strongly facet- and composition-dependent due to the competition of the surface energy (enhanced by increasing the percent of Ni) and active sites (derived from Cu atoms).

Composite systems of P25 (titania) functionalized with thioglycolic acid (TGA)-capped CdTe colloidal quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized, structurally characterized, and photocatalytically tested in the photocatalytic NOx oxidation and storage during NO(g) + O2(g) reaction. Pure P25 yielded moderate-to-high NO conversion (31% in UV-A and 40% in visible (vis)) but exhibited extremely poor selectivity toward NOx storage in solid state (25% in UV-A and 35% in vis). Therefore, P25 could efficiently photooxidize NO(g) + O2(g) into NO2; however, it failed to store photogenerated NO2 and released toxic NO2(g) to the atmosphere. CdTe QD-functionalized P25 revealed a major boost in photocatalytic performance with respect to pure P25, where NO conversion reached 42% under UV-A and 43% under vis illumination, while the respective selectivity climbed up to 92 and 97%, rendering the CdTe/P25 composite system an efficient broad-band photocatalyst, which can harvest both UV-A and vis light efficiently and display a strong NOx abatement effect. Control experiments suggested that photocatalytic active sites responsible for the NO(g) + O2(g) photooxidation and formation of NO2 reside mostly on titania, while the main functions of the TGA capping agent and the CdTe QDs are associated with the photocatalytic conversion of the generated NO2 to the adsorbed NOx species, significantly boosting the selectivity toward solid-state NOx storage. Reuse experiments showed that photocatalytic performance of the CdTe/P25 system can be preserved to a reasonable extent with only a moderate decrease in the photocatalytic performance. Although some decrease in the photocatalytic activity was observed after aging, CdTe/P25 could still outperform P25 benchmark photocatalyst. Increasing CdTe QDs loading from the currently optimized minuscule concentrations could be a useful strategy to increase further the catalytic lifetime/stability of the CdTe/P25 system with only a minor penalty in catalytic activity. Accepted version E.O. acknowledges the scientific collaboration with TARLA project founded by the Ministry of Development of Turkey (project code: DPT2006K-120470). H.V.D. is grateful to the support from TUBA. The authors acknowledge SASOL Ltd. for providing Puralox SBA200 γ-Al2O3 materials.

The d-band center and surface negative charge density generally determine the adsorption and activation of CO

The photothermal effect is applied in CO

As the electron transfer to CO2 is a critical step in the activation of CO2 , it is of significant importance to engineer the electronic properties of CO2 hydrogenation catalysts to enhance their activity. Herein, we prepared Pt3 Co nanocrystals with improved catalytic performance towards CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Pt3 Co octapods, Pt3 Co nanocubes, Pt octapods, and Pt nanocubes were tested, and the Pt3 Co octapods achieved the best catalytic activity. Both the presence of multiple sharp tips and charge transfer between Pt and Co enabled the accumulation of negative charges on the Pt atoms in the vertices of the Pt3 Co octapods. Moreover, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy confirmed that the high negative charge density at the Pt atoms in the vertices of the Pt3 Co octapods promotes the activation of CO2 and accordingly enhances the catalytic activity.

The photothermal effect is applied in CO2 hydrogenation to reduce the reaction temperature under illumination by encapsulating Pt nanocubes and Au nanocages into a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8). Under illumination, the heat generated by the photothermal effect of Au nanocages is mainly insulated in the ZIF-8 to form a localized high-temperature region, thereby improving the catalytic activity of Pt nanocubes.