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The karyotype, the set of all chromosomes in a cell, is an important characteristics of individual species of both animals and plants. The karyotype of birds is typically stable in terms of the number of chromosomes and their size, and rearrangements between different chromosomes are rare. The changes that occur between the karyotypes of avian species are more often intrachromosomal, such as inversions or duplications and deletions. It is still unclear how often such changes occur between closely related species and whether they can contribute to speciation. This work aims to compare the karyotypes of a total of five closely related species of songbirds of the genus Lonchura (munias and mannikins). Comparing chromosomal changes in such recently diverged species allows us to observe changes that might contribute to speciation. The study is based on karyotype analysis by immunofluorescence staining of synapsed pachytene chromosomes and subsequent identification and comparison of chromosome types. This method allows determination of the changes that are manifested by pericentric inversions where the position of the centromere is changed. The results confirm the general idea of avian karyotypes as very conservative in terms of chromosome number and their sizes. However, in some chromosomes we observed...

In November 2007 and November 2008, we conducted a bird and mammal survey on Wallis and Futuna. We found two non-native bird species on Wallis: the Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) and the Chestnut-breasted Munia (Lonchura castaneothorax), and one on Futuna: the Jungle Myna (Acridotheres fuscus). We also recorded Black Rats (Rattus rattus) on Futuna, a recent introduction to this island. The introduction of 3 bird species and Black Rats in the last decade denotes a lack of preventive measures and demonstrates that the issue of invasive species has not received sufficient priority.

Munia castaneothorax apsleyi Mathews Munia castaneothorax apsleyi Mathews, 1912b: 52 (Melville Island, Northern Territory). Now Lonchura castaneothorax castaneothorax (Gould, 1837). See Mayr et al., 1968: 385; Schodde and Mason, 1999: 771–772; Dickinson, 2003: 736; and Payne, 2010: 374. HOLOTYPE: AMNH 721436, adult male, collected at Coopers Camp, Apsley Straits, Melville Island, Northern Territory, Australia, on 4 December 1911, by J.P. Rogers (no. 2571). From the Mathews Collection (no. 11319) via the Rothschild Collection. COMMENT: Mathews gave his catalog number of the holotype in the original description and mentioned (p. 26) that Rogers had forwarded two shipments from Melville Island, which would have included specimens collected in 1911. The range of apsleyi was given as Melville Island; the six specimens Mathews cataloged in March 1912 are considered his type series. The holotype bears, in addition to Rogers’ label, Mathews and Rothschild type labels and a ‘‘Figured’’ label, indicating that it was used as the model in Mathews (1925: pl. 565, lower fig., opp. p. 196, and p. 197) under Donacola castaneothorax, where the figured male is confirmed as the type of apsleyi. There are only four paratypes in AMNH: AMNH 721437 (Mathews no. 11322), AMNH 721438 (11321), AMNH 721439 (11323), males, AMNH 721440 (11320), female, all collected on 4 December 1911. Another specimen cataloged by Mathews as no. 11324, male, 15 December 1911, if found, is also a paratype. Hart and Pilling (1964: 101) gave the location of Coopers Camp as across Apsley Strait from the Bathurst Island Mission Station, 11.45S 130.41E (Times atlas)., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on page 123, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Mathews, G. M. 1912 b. Additions and corrections to my reference list to the birds of Australia. Austral Avian Record 1: 25 - 52.","Mayr, E. [Australo-Papuan]., R. A. Paynter, Jr. [Oriental], and M. A. Traylor [African]. 1968. Family Estrildidae. In R. A. Paynter, Jr. (editor), Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 14: 306 - 390. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 433 pp.","Schodde, R., and I. J. Mason. 1999. The directory of Australian birds. Passerines. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing, 851 pp.","Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp.","Payne, R. B. 2010. Family Estrildidae (waxbills), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15, weavers to New World warblers: 299 - 377. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 879 pp., 60 pls., photographs.","Mathews, G. M. 1925. The birds of Australia, Vol. 12: 1 - 225, pls. 542 - 570. London: H. F. and G. Witherby, 454 pp.","Hart, C. W. M., and A. R. Pilling. 1964. The Tiwi of north Australia. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 118 pp."]}

Munia nigerrima Rothschild and Hartert Munia nigerrima Rothschild and Hartert, 1899: 139 (New Hanover). Now Lonchura hunsteini nigerrima (Rothschild and Hartert, 1899). See Hartert, 1919a: 143; Mayr et al., 1968: 384; Mayr and Diamond, 2001: 399; Dickinson, 2003: 736; and Payne, 2010: 377. LECTOTYPE: AMNH 721341, adult male, collected on New Hanover Island, 02.35S, 150.10E (PNG Reference Map, 1984), New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, in 1897, by Herbert Cayley-Webster. From the Rothschild Collection. COMMENTS: For the original description, Rothschild and Hartert had two specimens that had been preserved in spirits, an adult male and an immature; no type was designated. Hartert (1919a: 143) listed the adult male as the type, thereby designating it the lectotype. The paralectotype is AMNH 721342, immature, collected on New Hanover Island in 1897 by Cayley-Webster. Cayley-Webster (1898: 282–298) described his stay on New Hanover, and Hartert (in Cayley-Webster, 1898: 369–375) provided a preliminary list of the birds collected, on which no specimen of ‘‘ Munia ’’ appeared. However, Hartert mentioned (p. 369) that additional species were preserved in spirits and had not all been identified. Seven additional species were found in the spirit collection and reported on by Rothschild and Hartert (1899). In February 1923, Albert S. Meek sent Albert F. Eichhorn to collect on New Hanover for Rothschild, and Hartert (1924a: 194, 213) further commented on Cayley-Webster’s collection when reporting on Eichhorn’s., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on page 122, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Rothschild, W., and E. Hartert. 1899. Ein kleiner Beitrag zur ferneren Kenntnis der Ornis von Neu-Hannover. Ornithologische Monatsberichte 7: 138 - 139.","Hartert, E. 1919 a. Types of birds in the Tring Museum. B. Types in the general collection. Novitates Zoologicae 26: 123 - 178.","Mayr, E. [Australo-Papuan]., R. A. Paynter, Jr. [Oriental], and M. A. Traylor [African]. 1968. Family Estrildidae. In R. A. Paynter, Jr. (editor), Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 14: 306 - 390. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 433 pp.","Mayr, E., and J. M. Diamond. 2001. The birds of northern Melanesia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 492 pp., 9 pls.","Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp.","Payne, R. B. 2010. Family Estrildidae (waxbills), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15, weavers to New World warblers: 299 - 377. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 879 pp., 60 pls., photographs.","Cayley-Webster, H. 1898. Through New Guinea and the cannibal countries. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 387 pp., photographs and map.","Hartert, E. 1924 a. The birds of New Hanover. Novitates Zoologicae 31: 194 - 213."]}

Munia molucca vagans Meise Munia molucca vagans Meise, 1929: 440 (Binongka (Tukang besi-Inseln)). Now Lonchura molucca (Linnaeus, 1766). See Mayr, et al., 1968: 375; White and Bruce, 1986: 422; Dickinson, 2003: 734; and Payne, 2010: 367. HOLOTYPE: AMNH 721121, female, collected on Binongka (5 Binungku, as on label) Island, 05.57S, 124.02E (White and Bruce, 1986: 490), Tukangbesi Islands, Indonesia, on 12 December 1901, by Heinrich Kühn (no. 4243). From the Rothschild Collection. COMMENTS: In the original description, Meise gave Kühn’s unique field number of the holotype and noted that he had studied about 10 additional specimens from the Tukangbesi Islands in the Rothschild Collection. The following eight paratypes came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection: Tomia Island, AMNH 721117, male; Wantjee Island, AMNH 721118, female; Binongka Island, AMNH 721119, 721120, 721122– 721124, two males, three females; Kalidupa Island, AMNH 721125, female, all collected in December 1901 and January 1902 by Kühn. Most recent authors have considered L. molucca monotypic, but Payne recognized two subspecies, with vagans a synonym of the nominate subspecies., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on page 115, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Meise, W. 1929. Die Vogel vom Djampea und benachbarten Inseln nach einer Sammlung Baron Plessens. Journal fur Ornithologie 77: 431 - 480.","White, C. M. N., and M. D. Bruce. 1986. The birds of Wallacea. B. O. U check-list no. 7. London: British Ornithologists' Union, 524 pp.","Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp.","Payne, R. B. 2010. Family Estrildidae (waxbills), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15, weavers to New World warblers: 299 - 377. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 879 pp., 60 pls., photographs."]}

Munia bichenovii pallescens Mathews Munia bichenovii pallescens Mathews, 1912a: 429 (New South Wales). Now Taeniopygia bichenovii bichenovii (Vigors and Horsfield, 1827). See Mayr et al., 1968: 359; Schodde and Mason, 1999: 763–764; Dickinson, 2003: 733; and Payne, 2010: 357–358. LECTOTYPE: AMNH 720312, adult female, collected at Bourke, 30.06S, 145.56E (USBGN, 1957), New South Wales, Australia, in April 1893, from T. Thorpe. From the Mathews Collection (no. 7322) via the Rothschild Collection. COMMENTS: In the original description, Mathews gave the type locality and the range of pallescens as New South Wales but did not give his catalog number. AMNH 720312 bears, in addition to the original label, Mathews and Rothschild type labels and a ‘‘ Figured’ ’ label, indicating that it served as the model for Mathews (1925: 191, pl. 564 (middle fig.), opp. p. 189), where the figured female from Bourke and collected in April 1893 is said to be the type of pallescens. The above specimen, the only Bourke specimen collected in April 1893, is thereby designated the lectotype. Paralectotypes are: Bourke, AMNH 720311 (Mathews no. 7323), male, May 1893, AMNH 720313 (7321), female, May 1895, both received from T. Thorpe; New South Wales, AMNH 720314 (3505), undated, but cataloged prior to the publication of the description., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on pages 105-106, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Mathews, G. M. 1912 a. A reference-list to the birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171 - 446.","Mayr, E. [Australo-Papuan]., R. A. Paynter, Jr. [Oriental], and M. A. Traylor [African]. 1968. Family Estrildidae. In R. A. Paynter, Jr. (editor), Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 14: 306 - 390. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 433 pp.","Schodde, R., and I. J. Mason. 1999. The directory of Australian birds. Passerines. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing, 851 pp.","Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp.","Payne, R. B. 2010. Family Estrildidae (waxbills), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15, weavers to New World warblers: 299 - 377. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 879 pp., 60 pls., photographs.","Mathews, G. M. 1925. The birds of Australia, Vol. 12: 1 - 225, pls. 542 - 570. London: H. F. and G. Witherby, 454 pp."]}

Munia punctulata blasii Stresemann Munia punctulata blasii Stresemann, 1912: 317 (Timor-Deli). Now Lonchura punctulata blasii (Stresemann, 1912). See Mayr et al., 1968: 377; White and Bruce, 1986: 422–423; Dickinson, 2003: 735; and Payne, 2010: 366. HOLOTYPE: AMNH 720826, adult male, collected at Dili (5 Deli or Dilly, as on label), 08.35S, 125.35E (Times atlas), Timor Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, on 12 March 1885, by Carl C. Platen. From the Nehrkorn Collection (no. 3027) via the Rothschild Collection. COMMENTS: In the original description, Stresemann commented that the type of blasii was a specimen in the Rothschild Collection the label of which had been filled in with an unpublished manuscript name by Wilhelm Blasius and that he was naming this form in Blasius’ memory. There was a close connection between Wilhelm Blasius at the Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum in Braunschweig, Germany, and Adolf Nehrkorn although Nehrkorn’s collection remained separate from that of the Museum until after his death (Hevers, 2005: 456–457). The collecting done by Carl C. and Margarete Platen in the Philippines was supported jointly by the Braunschweig Museum and Nehrkorn (see Dickinson et al., 1991: 78), and the same was probably also true for this earlier collection in the Lesser Sundas. Apparently, exchanges were made between Nehrkorn and Rothschild and in this way the above holotype bearing Blasius’ label came to Rothschild via Nehrkorn. Stresemann, in the original description, said that he examined 41 adult examples of blasii in the Rothschild Collection from Flores, Sumba, Sawu (5 Savu), Lomblen, Timor, Kisar (5 Kisser), Leti (5 Letti), Moa, Romang (5 Roma), Babar (5 Babber), and Tanimbar (5 Tenimber). The following 35 fully adult paratypes, mostly collected by Doherty, Everett, and Kühn, are in AMNH: Sumba Island, AMNH 720816–720821, two males, one [male], three females, collected in 1896; these specimens are also the holotype and paratypes of L. p. sumbae (see above). Sawu Island, AMNH 720824, 720825, two females, collected in 1896. Lomblen Island, AMNH 720828, female, collected in 1897. Flores Island, AMNH 720829, 720830, female, sex?, collected in 1896; AMNH 720831, sex?, 1862, collected for A.R. Wallace; AMNH 720832, sex?, no date, also possibly collected for Wallace. Romang Island, AMNH 720837, female, collected in 1902. Leti Island, AMNH 720840–720845, 720847, four males, three females, collected in 1902. Moa Island, AMNH 720848–720850, two males, female, collected in 1902. Kisar Island, AMNH 720852–720856, two males, three females, collected in 1901. Babar Island, AMNH 720859, 720865, two males, collected in 1905. Tanimbar Island, AMNH 720861– 720864, four males, collected in 1901. An additional four specimens, molting into adult plumage, are probable paratypes: Sawu, AMNH 720822, 720823, males, collected in 1896; Leti, AMNH 720846, female, collected in 1902; Babar, AMNH 720866, sex?, collected in 1905. One additional specimen did not come to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection and may have been exchanged by Rothschild. Eight immature specimens are not considered paratypes, as Stresemann mentioned only adults. Three specimens from Wetar (5 Wetter) Island are not considered paratypes as Stresemann did not list material from Wetar., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on pages 116-117, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Stresemann, E. 1912. Ornithologische Miszellen aus dem Indo-Australischen Gebiet. IV. Die Formen von Munia punctulata (L.). Novitates Zoologicae 19: 317 - 318.","Mayr, E. [Australo-Papuan]., R. A. Paynter, Jr. [Oriental], and M. A. Traylor [African]. 1968. Family Estrildidae. In R. A. Paynter, Jr. (editor), Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 14: 306 - 390. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 433 pp.","White, C. M. N., and M. D. Bruce. 1986. The birds of Wallacea. B. O. U check-list no. 7. London: British Ornithologists' Union, 524 pp.","Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp.","Payne, R. B. 2010. Family Estrildidae (waxbills), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15, weavers to New World warblers: 299 - 377. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 879 pp., 60 pls., photographs.","Hevers, J. 2005. Die Typusexemplare des staatlichen naturhistorischen Museums in Braunschweig. Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften 7: 443 - 490.","Dickinson, E. C., R. S. Kennedy, and K. C. Parkes. 1991. The birds of the Philippines. BOU Checklist no. 12. Tring, UK: British Ornithologists' Union, 507 pp."]}

Munia atricapilla novana Mathews Munia atricapilla novana Mathews, 1929: 91 (Utingu, Cape York, North Queensland). Now considered an escaped cage bird. See Mayr et al, 1968: 380, fn.; Slater, 1975: 71, 265. HOLOTYPE: AMNH 720588, adult sex?, collected at Utingu, Cape York, Queensland, Australia, on 8 August 1912, by Robin Kemp (no. 1389). From the Mathews Collection via the Rothschild Collection. COMMENTS: Mathews named this form after his collection had become the property of Rothschild; therefore, the type is said to be in the Rothschild Collection. I did not find it in Mathews’ catalog. However, he did receive four specimens of Lonchura castaneothorax collected at Utingu on 8 August 1912 by Kemp, and I see no reason to doubt the locality on Kemp’s label (contra Mayr, Mayr et al., 1968: 380, fn., although the specimen is referrable to L. a. atricapilla). It is, however, probable that it was an escaped cage bird. Its feet are in fine condition and it shows no sign of having been recently in a cage, but the species is known to have been introduced in the Sydney area (Hindwood and McGill, 1958: 107; Slater, 1975: 265) and cage birds might have been purchased in many places and carried widely. According to Jack (1921: 739), Utingu was a coconut plantation on the mainland opposite Possession Island, 10.43S, 142.24E (USBGN, 1957)., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on page 118, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Mathews, G. M. 1929. [Mr. Gregory M. Mathews described the following new finch]. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 49: 91.","Mayr, E. [Australo-Papuan]., R. A. Paynter, Jr. [Oriental], and M. A. Traylor [African]. 1968. Family Estrildidae. In R. A. Paynter, Jr. (editor), Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 14: 306 - 390. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 433 pp.","Slater, P. 1975. A field guide to Australian birds. Wynnewood, PA: Livingston Publishing Co., xv + 309 pp., 39 pls.","Hindwood, K. A., and A. R. McGill. 1958. The birds of Sydney (County of Cumberland) New South Wales. Sydney: Royal Zoological Society of N. S. W., 128 pp., 19 pls.","Jack, R. L. 1921. Northmost Australia. Three centuries of exploration, discovery, and adventure in and around the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. 2 vols. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 768 pp."]}

Munia pectoralis incerta Mathews Munia pectoralis incerta Mathews, 1912a: 430 (Alexandra [sic], Northern Territory). Now Heteromunia pectoralis (Gould, 1841). See Mayr et al., 1968: 387; Schodde and Mason, 1999: 774; Dickinson, 2003: 736; and Payne, 2010: 351. HOLOTYPE: AMNH 721521, adult male, collected at Alexandria, 19.02S, 136.42E (USBGN, 1957), Northern Territory, Australia, on 2 January 1906, by Wilfred Stalker (no. 104). From the Mathews Collection (no. 3517) via the Rothschild Collection. COMMENTS: In the original description, Mathews cited his catalog number of the holotype. The holotype bears, in addition to Stalker’s label, Mathews and Rothschild type labels and a ‘‘Figured’’ label, showing that it served as the model for Mathews (1925, pl. 568, lower fig., opp. p. 213, text p. 214) where it is confirmed as the type of incerta. As shown by his catalog, Mathews received three specimens from Alexandria. Two paratypes are: AMNH 721520 (Mathews no. 3514), male, February 1906, and AMNH 721522 (3513), female, 2 January 1906). Stalker’s collection at Alexandria was made for Sir William Ingram, reported on by his son, Collingwood Ingram (1907, 1909), and later purchased by Mathews. Mathews’ three specimens were listed by Ingram (1907: 415; 1909: 618) as the only specimens of this species collected by Stalker. Mathews gave the range of incerta as ‘‘ Northern Territory.’’ Three additional specimens from the Mathews Collection were collected early enough to be available to Mathews for the description. AMNH 721518 was collected at Port Essington, ‘‘North Queensland’’ in July 1883 and cataloged (no. 7313) with the Thorpe Collection in February 1911. Mathews probably quickly realized that Port Essington was in Northern Territory and changed his label. I consider it a paratype of incerta. AMNH 721519 was collected on the Mary River in May 1895 by Knut Dahl, but was not received from ZMO until after the publication of the name (Mathews, 1912b: 25); The third specimen, AMNH 721523, was the only one collected at Eureka on 7 January 1903 by J.T. Tunney (no. 1022) (Hartert, 1905: 238), but it was never in the Mathews Collection even though it bears a ‘‘Figured’’ label and was illustrated in Mathews (1925: pl. 568, upper fig., opp. p. 213, pp. 213–214 of text), apparently borrowed by Mathews for the purpose. These last two specimens are not paratypes of incerta. Mathews (1913b: 60) introduced the generic name Heteromunia, with Amadina pectoralis Gould as its type species., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on page 126, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Mathews, G. M. 1912 a. A reference-list to the birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171 - 446.","Mayr, E. [Australo-Papuan]., R. A. Paynter, Jr. [Oriental], and M. A. Traylor [African]. 1968. Family Estrildidae. In R. A. Paynter, Jr. (editor), Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 14: 306 - 390. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 433 pp.","Schodde, R., and I. J. Mason. 1999. The directory of Australian birds. Passerines. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing, 851 pp.","Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp.","Payne, R. B. 2010. Family Estrildidae (waxbills), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15, weavers to New World warblers: 299 - 377. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 879 pp., 60 pls., photographs.","Mathews, G. M. 1925. The birds of Australia, Vol. 12: 1 - 225, pls. 542 - 570. London: H. F. and G. Witherby, 454 pp.","Ingram, C. 1907. On the birds of the Alexandra District, north territory of South Australia. Ibis (9) 1: 387 - 415, pl. 9.","Ingram, C. 1909. Supplementary list of the birds of the Alexandra District, Northern Territory, S. Australia. Ibis (9) 3: 613 - 618.","Mathews, G. M. 1912 b. Additions and corrections to my reference list to the birds of Australia. Austral Avian Record 1: 25 - 52.","Mathews, G. M. 1913 b. New generic names, with some notes on others. Austral Avian Record 2: 55 - 62."]}

Munia bichenovii bandi Mathews Munia bichenovii bandi Mathews, 1912a: 429 (Northern Territory (Alexandra)). Now from a zone of intergradation between Taeniopygia b. bichenovii and T. b. annulosa. See Mayr et al., 1968: 359; Schodde and Mason, 1999: 763–764; Dickinson, 2003: 733; and Payne, 2010: 357–358. LECTOTYPE: AMNH 720329, adult male, collected at Alexandria (5 Alexandra), 19.02S, 136.42E (USBGN, 1957), Northern Territory, Australia, in June 1905, by Wilfred Stalker. From the Mathews Collection (no. 3495) via the Rothschild Collection. COMMENTS: In the original description, Mathews said only that his type was from ‘‘ Northern Territory (Alexandra)’’ and gave the range as ‘‘ Northern Territory.’’ The Alexandria collection was made by Stalker for William Ingram and reported on by Collingwood Ingram (1907, 1909). It was later purchased by Mathews. C. Ingram (1907: 415) recorded an adult specimen, without sex and date of collection, as Stictoptera bichenovii and an adult male and female (no. 54, that shared a label), collected in June 1905, as Stictoptera annulosa. On his label, however, Mathews had identified the female specimen collected in June 1905 as S. annulosa, and the unsexed, undated bird and the male collected in June 1905 as M. bichenovii, labeling the last as his type of M. bichenovii bandi. It is clear from the ranges given in his listing of the subspecies of M. bichenovii (Mathews, 1912a: 429) that he assigned all his Northern Territory specimens to his new subspecies bandi, which he regarded as intermediate between M. b. annulosa and M. b. bichenovii, and that he considered M. b. annulosa to be confined to ‘‘North-West Australia.’’ He had marked the Stalker label of the unsexed, undated bird (AMNH 720332) as ‘‘Type,’’ but apparently changed his mind, as AMNH 720329 bears his green type label as well as a Rothschild type label. It is this specimen that was evidently Mathews’ intended type, was so cataloged when the Rothschild Collection came to AMNH, and has since then been considered the type without question. I hereby designate AMNH 720329 the lectotype of Munia bichenovii bandi in order to settle the issue. Paralectotypes are: Alexandria, AMNH 720331 (Mathews no. 3494), female, June 1905; AMNH 720332 (3503), sex?, undated, both collected by Stalker. AMNH 720333, collected at Glencoe, Northern Territory, by Knut Dahl in January 1895 was not cataloged by Mathews (no. 11046) until 8 February 1912, after the 31 January 1912 publication date of bandi and is not considered a paratype., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on page 106, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Mathews, G. M. 1912 a. A reference-list to the birds of Australia. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 171 - 446.","Mayr, E. [Australo-Papuan]., R. A. Paynter, Jr. [Oriental], and M. A. Traylor [African]. 1968. Family Estrildidae. In R. A. Paynter, Jr. (editor), Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 14: 306 - 390. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 433 pp.","Schodde, R., and I. J. Mason. 1999. The directory of Australian birds. Passerines. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing, 851 pp.","Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp.","Payne, R. B. 2010. Family Estrildidae (waxbills), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15, weavers to New World warblers: 299 - 377. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 879 pp., 60 pls., photographs.","Ingram, C. 1907. On the birds of the Alexandra District, north territory of South Australia. Ibis (9) 1: 387 - 415, pl. 9.","Ingram, C. 1909. Supplementary list of the birds of the Alexandra District, Northern Territory, S. Australia. Ibis (9) 3: 613 - 618."]}

Munia caniceps kumusii Hartert Munia caniceps kumusii Hartert, 1911: 47 (Kumusi River, north coast of British New Guinea). Now Lonchura caniceps kumusii (Hartert, 1911). See Hartert, 1919a: 143; Mayr et al., 1968: 383; Coates, 1990: 339–340; Dickinson, 2003: 736; and Payne, 2010: 376. HOLOTYPE: AMNH 721282, adult male, collected on the Kumusi River, 08.30S, 148.10E (PNG General Reference Map, 1984), Oro Province, Papua New Guinea, on 5 August 1907, by Albert S. Meek (no. 3372). From the Rothschild Collection. COMMENTS: In the original description, Hartert cited Meek’s field number of the holotype and said that he examined 10 specimens (apparently in addition to the holotype). The 10 paratypes are: Kumusi River, AMNH 721283–721292, six males, four females, 1 and 5 June and 24 July 1907, by Albert S. Meek. This species was not included when Rothschild and Hartert (1912) reported on Meek’s Kumusi River expedition., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on page 121, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Hartert, E. 1911. [Dr. Ernst Hartert exhibited and described examples of two new subspecies of birds which he proposed to name]. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 17: 46 - 47.","Hartert, E. 1919 a. Types of birds in the Tring Museum. B. Types in the general collection. Novitates Zoologicae 26: 123 - 178.","Mayr, E. [Australo-Papuan]., R. A. Paynter, Jr. [Oriental], and M. A. Traylor [African]. 1968. Family Estrildidae. In R. A. Paynter, Jr. (editor), Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 14: 306 - 390. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 433 pp.","Coates, B. J. 1990. The birds of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Passerines. Alderley, Queensland: Dove Publications Pty., 576 pp., photographs.","Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp.","Payne, R. B. 2010. Family Estrildidae (waxbills), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15, weavers to New World warblers: 299 - 377. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 879 pp., 60 pls., photographs.","Rothschild, W., and E. Hartert. 1912. List of a collection of birds made by Mr. Albert Meek on the Kumusi River, north-eastern British New Guinea. Novitates Zoologicae 19: 187 - 206."]}

Munia subcastanea Hartert Munia subcastanea Hartert, 1897: 161 (Dongala and Tawaya). Now Lonchura pallida subcastanea (Hartert, 1897). See Hartert, 1919a: 143; Mayr et al., 1968: 382; Watling, 1983: 260; White and Bruce, 1986: 423–424; Dickinson, 2003: 736; Payne, 2010: 373. LECTOTYPE: AMNH 721260, adult male, collected at Donggala (5 Dongala), 00.38S, 119.45E (Times atlas), Sulawesi, Indonesia, in August 1896, by William Doherty. From the Rothschild Collection. COMMENTS: The description was based on three specimens, two males and a female, said to be from Donggala and Tawaya; however, the three specimens are all labeled as from Donggala. No type was designated in the original description, but Hartert (1919a: 143) listed the male from Donggala as the type. Because there are two males bearing the same collecting data, Hartert’s listing did not distinguish between the two. AMNH 721260 bears a Rothschild type label and Doherty’s original label that is marked ‘‘Type. Munia subcastanea sp. n. Hart.’’ by Hartert; it was his intended type and, having been so cataloged when the Rothschild Collection came to AMNH, has been considered the type without question. In order to confirm his intent and remove the ambiguity, I hereby designate AMNH 721260 the lectotype of Munia subcastanea. The two paralectotypes are: Donggala, AMNH 721261, male, AMNH 721262, female, August 1896, collected by Doherty; The label of the latter specimen is marked ‘‘ Type of ♀ ’’ in a hand other than Hartert’s. Most recent authors consider Lonchura pallida monotypic, but Watling (1983: 260), based on his work in Lore Lendu Reserve, considered subcastanea a ‘‘distinctive subspecies.’’ These three specimens appear to confirm this as they are much darker on the underparts than any other specimens of pallida., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on page 120, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Hartert, E. 1897. Mr. William Doherty's birdcollections from Celebes. Novitates Zoologicae 4: 153 - 166.","Hartert, E. 1919 a. Types of birds in the Tring Museum. B. Types in the general collection. Novitates Zoologicae 26: 123 - 178.","Mayr, E. [Australo-Papuan]., R. A. Paynter, Jr. [Oriental], and M. A. Traylor [African]. 1968. Family Estrildidae. In R. A. Paynter, Jr. (editor), Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 14: 306 - 390. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 433 pp.","Watling, D. 1983. Ornithological notes from Sulawesi. Emu 83: 247 - 261.","White, C. M. N., and M. D. Bruce. 1986. The birds of Wallacea. B. O. U check-list no. 7. London: British Ornithologists' Union, 524 pp.","Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp.","Payne, R. B. 2010. Family Estrildidae (waxbills), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15, weavers to New World warblers: 299 - 377. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 879 pp., 60 pls., photographs."]}

Munia spectabilis mayri Hartert Munia spectabilis mayri Hartert, 1930b: 42 (Ifaar). Now Lonchura spectabilis mayri (Hartert, 1930). See Mayr et al., 1968: 383; Coates, 1990: 342– 344; Dickinson, 2003: 736; and Payne, 2010: 376. HOLOTYPE: AMNH 721328, adult male, collected at Ifaar, 02.34S, 140.31E (USBGN, 1982), Sentani Lake, Papua Province, Indonesia, on 27 September 1928, by Ernst Mayr (no. 2639). From the Rothschild Collection. COMMENTS: Hartert cited Mayr’s field number of the holotype in the original description and said that he had a ‘‘series’’ collected in September and October, giving measurements for four males and three females. Mayr’s fieldwork was jointly sponsored by L.C. Sanford for AMNH and Rothschild; Hartert studied the entire collection and then sent half to AMNH. The Rothschild half came to AMNH in 1932. The following paratypes, all collected at Ifaar by Mayr in September and October 1928, are in AMNH: AMNH 294409–294411, three males, AMNH 294412, female, AMNH 721329, immature male, AMNH 721330, male, AMNH 721331, 721332, two females. AMNH 721332 was exchanged to FMNH in the 1960s. For further information on this collection by Mayr, see Hartert (1930a: 18–19) and Mayr (1930: 20–26)., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on page 122, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Hartert, E. 1930 b. III. List of the birds collected by Ernst Mayr. Novitates Zoologicae 36: 27 - 128.","Mayr, E. [Australo-Papuan]., R. A. Paynter, Jr. [Oriental], and M. A. Traylor [African]. 1968. Family Estrildidae. In R. A. Paynter, Jr. (editor), Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 14: 306 - 390. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 433 pp.","Coates, B. J. 1990. The birds of Papua New Guinea, vol. 2. Passerines. Alderley, Queensland: Dove Publications Pty., 576 pp., photographs.","Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp.","Payne, R. B. 2010. Family Estrildidae (waxbills), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15, weavers to New World warblers: 299 - 377. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 879 pp., 60 pls., photographs.","Hartert, E. 1930 a. I. On a collection of birds made by Dr. Ernst Mayr in northern Dutch New Guinea. Novitates Zoologicae 36: 18 - 19.","Mayr, E. 1930. My Dutch New Guinea expedition, 1928. Novitates Zoologicae 36: 20 - 26."]}

Munia grandis destructa Hartert Munia grandis destructa Hartert, 1930b: 42 (Ifaar). Now Lonchura grandis destructa (Hartert, 1930). See Mayr et al., 1968: 382; Dickinson, 2003: 736; and Payne, 2010: 377. SYNTYPES: AMNH 294407, adult female, AMNH 721305, male, collected at Ifaar, 02.34S, 140.31E (USBGN, 1982), Sentani Lake, Papua Province, Indonesia, on 22 September 1928, by Ernst Mayr (nos. 2509 and 2508, respectively). The male from the Rothschild Collection. COMMENTS: A male and a female specimen were collected. In the original description, Hartert designated the female as the type, but gave Mayr’s field number of the male. This expedition by Mayr was sponsored jointly by Rothschild and by L.C. Sanford for AMNH. The specimens were divided between the two collections, with half of the types to go to each institution, and a representative set was sent to MZB (see Hartert, 1930a: 18–19). The specimen that first came to AMNH, AMNH 294407, was stamped with an S within a circle, representing Sanford’s share. It bears an AMNH type label and Mayr’s field label is marked ‘‘Type of M.g. destructa ’’ in what appears to be Mayr’s hand. The second specimen, AMNH 721305, was in Rothschild’s share, which came to AMNH in 1932 with the purchase of that collection. It bears a Rothschild type label filled in by Hartert and with Mayr’s label marked ‘‘ Munia grandis destructa Hart. ’’ and ‘‘TYPE!!’’ by Hartert. In light of the above, it seems best to consider the two specimens syntypes of M. g. destructa. Mayr (1930: 20–26) wrote an account of his 1928 expedition., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on pages 120-121, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Hartert, E. 1930 b. III. List of the birds collected by Ernst Mayr. Novitates Zoologicae 36: 27 - 128.","Mayr, E. [Australo-Papuan]., R. A. Paynter, Jr. [Oriental], and M. A. Traylor [African]. 1968. Family Estrildidae. In R. A. Paynter, Jr. (editor), Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 14: 306 - 390. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 433 pp.","Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp.","Payne, R. B. 2010. Family Estrildidae (waxbills), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15, weavers to New World warblers: 299 - 377. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 879 pp., 60 pls., photographs.","Hartert, E. 1930 a. I. On a collection of birds made by Dr. Ernst Mayr in northern Dutch New Guinea. Novitates Zoologicae 36: 18 - 19.","Mayr, E. 1930. My Dutch New Guinea expedition, 1928. Novitates Zoologicae 36: 20 - 26."]}

Munia vana Hartert Munia vana Hartert, 1930b: 42 (Kofo (Anggi gidji)). Now Lonchura vana (Hartert, 1930). See Mayr et al., 1968: 382; Dickinson, 2003: 736; and Payne, 2010: 373. HOLOTYPE: AMNH 294415, adult female, collected at Kofo, Anggi Gita (5 Anggi Gidji), 01.23S, 133.58E (USBGN, 1982), Arfak Mountains, Papua Province, Indonesia, on 11 June 1928, by Ernst Mayr (no. 1083). COMMENTS: As explained above, Mayr’s 1928 expedition was jointly sponsored. This holotype was part of Sanford’s share of the collection and came directly to AMNH. It bears an AMNH type label and was individually designated in the original description. In the type series there were also three male specimens and one juvenile, which are paratypes: Kofo, Anggi Gita, AMNH 294413, juvenile male, AMNH 294414, 721263, 721264, adult males, all collected on 11 June 1928 by E. Mayr. The first two were part of Sanford’s share; the last two came to AMNH with the Rothschild Collection. See Hartert (1930a: 18–19) and Mayr (1930: 20–26) for further information on Mayr’s expedition., Published as part of LeCroy, Mary, 2013, Type Specimens Of Birds In The American Museum Of Natural History Part 11. Passeriformes: Parulidae, Drepanididae, Vireonidae, Icteridae, Fringillinae, Carduelinae, Estrildidae, And Viduinae, pp. 1-155 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2013 (381) on page 121, DOI: 10.1206/832.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4611863, {"references":["Hartert, E. 1930 b. III. List of the birds collected by Ernst Mayr. Novitates Zoologicae 36: 27 - 128.","Mayr, E. [Australo-Papuan]., R. A. Paynter, Jr. [Oriental], and M. A. Traylor [African]. 1968. Family Estrildidae. In R. A. Paynter, Jr. (editor), Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 14: 306 - 390. Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology, 433 pp.","Dickinson, E. C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 3 rd ed. London: Christopher Helm, 1039 pp.","Payne, R. B. 2010. Family Estrildidae (waxbills), species accounts. In J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie (editors), Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 15, weavers to New World warblers: 299 - 377. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 879 pp., 60 pls., photographs.","Hartert, E. 1930 a. I. On a collection of birds made by Dr. Ernst Mayr in northern Dutch New Guinea. Novitates Zoologicae 36: 18 - 19.","Mayr, E. 1930. My Dutch New Guinea expedition, 1928. Novitates Zoologicae 36: 20 - 26."]}

Author(s): Garrett, Kimball L. | Abstract: At least 10 species of parrots (Family Psittacidae). along with the Eurasian collared-dove (Columbidae: Streptopelia decaocto), orange [northern red] bishop (Ploceidae: Euplectes frandscanus), and nutmeg mannikin ["spice finch" or "spotted munia"] (Estrildidae: Lonchura punctulata). have recently established significant viable and generally increasing populations in California. Populations of all of these taxa are concentrated in highly modified urban and suburban habitats (parrots, doves) or in flood control basins and river channels with abundant rank annual growth (bishop, mannikin). With various collaborators, the author has monitored these taxa in southern California through the 1990s. Because of the potential for deleterious ecological interactions with native bird species and for damage to certain commercial crops, monitoring of these species and other potentially established exotic bird species must be ongoing. Here the author reports his present knowledge of population sizes and trends, geographical distribution, habitat relationships, and foraging and breeding ecology of these introduced species and suggest schemes for continued monitoring.