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Background: The present investigation was effectuated to study mungbean germplasms with an objective to estimate the genetic variability parameterssuch as coefficient of variation, heritability andgenetic advance for yield and its contributing traits. Methods: The experimental material comprises of forty mungbean genotypes evaluated during Kharif-2017. An experimental study was conducted with emphasis on the selection of superior along with highly variable genotypes thatwere analyzed in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Result: The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the genotypic variations were significant for all of the traits and magnitude of variation was found high for clusters per plant followed by harvest index and seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for clusters per plant (96.00%, 65.48%), seed yield per plant (96.00%, 45.78%), pods per plant (93.00%, 44.81%), harvest index (86.00%, 44.42%). Thus, the present findings could be beneficial to develop superior genotypes through selection in mungbean breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterosis has long been harnessed in crop production, and while crop fertility lays the groundwork for leveraging heterosis, there remains a dearth of comprehensive data regarding genic male sterility in mungbean. Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), being a self‐pollinating crop, exhibits significant hybrid vigour in F1 hybrid seed yield, suggesting the potential for developing hybrid varieties to propel mungbean yield beyond existing plateaus. A new male sterile mutant was induced, isolated, stabilized and evaluated, via gamma irradiation at a rate of 600 Gy, identified in the M3 generation of the GM 4 accession. A uniform male sterile line was crossbred with the wild‐type parental plant to explore the inheritance pattern of male sterility. Pollen sterility was validated through the acetocarmine test, while stigma viability was ascertained using the hydrogen peroxide. While all F1 plants displayed fertile flowers, the F2 generation showed a clear 3:1 segregation ratio for fertile to male sterile plants, indicating the control of male sterility by a single recessive gene, mms. Also, a novel existence of a truncated stigma nestled within the anther column inhibits the effective reception of pollen during anthesis, offering potential in reducing emasculation time by a slight cut on the flower bud and enhancing cross pollination during hybrid seed production. The isolation of these two mutants is poised to significantly advance the global mungbean hybrid breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic stresses, particularly drought and salinity, significantly impact agricultural crop yields, with mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) being no exception. This annual green legume, vital to agricultural systems in Asia, is generally resilient to limited water supply; however, severe drought conditions at critical growth stages can drastically diminish both its quality and yield. Drought stress negatively affects various morpho‐physicochemical properties, impeding plant growth and highlighting the need for sustainable approaches to enhance mung bean's drought tolerance through improved farming practices. In this study, we focused on identifying and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance in mung beans. We retrieved the target gene sequence from the NCBI database, but found no direct sequence similarity, which led to the use of homology modeling. The structure of a known protein (PDB ID: 5T9P) was identified as the most suitable template. Motif prediction using the Motif Search tool highlighted specific motifs relevant to drought stress responses. To investigate potential drought‐tolerance mechanisms, we screened ABA agonists using Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis. Molecular docking and MD simulations revealed the interactions between these ligands and the modeled protein, shedding light on how they might influence drought tolerance. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to assess the stability and conformational dynamics of the modeled protein across different time scales. Our findings underscore the potential of ABA agonists to modulate physiological responses and enhance drought resistance. This research offers valuable insights into the conformational dynamics of drought‐related proteins in mung beans, elucidating the molecular underpinnings of drought response mechanisms. By advancing our understanding of these processes, our findings provide novel strategies for improving breeding approaches aimed at enhancing crop resilience against water scarcity and other abiotic stresses. This work promises to mitigate the detrimental effects of drought on mung bean yields and supports sustainable agricultural practices, thereby contributing to global food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dissection of complex plant cell wall structures demands a sensitive and quantitative method. FTIR is used regularly as a screening method to identify specific linkages in cell walls. However, quantification and assigning spectral bands to particular cell wall components is still a major challenge, specifically in crop species. In this study, we addressed these challenges using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as it is a high throughput, cost-effective and non-destructive approach to understand the plant cell wall composition. This method was validated by analysing different varieties of mungbean which is one of the most important legume crops grown widely in Asia. Results: Using standards and extraction of a specific component of cell wall components, we assigned 1050–1060 cm−1 and 1390–1420 cm−1 wavenumbers that can be widely used to quantify cellulose and lignin, respectively, in Arabidopsis, Populus, rice and mungbean. Also, using KBr as a diluent, we established a method that can relatively quantify the cellulose and lignin composition among different tissue types of the above species. We further used this method to quantify cellulose and lignin in field-grown mungbean genotypes. The ATR-FTIR-based study revealed the cellulose content variation ranges from 27.9% to 52.3%, and the lignin content variation ranges from 13.7% to 31.6% in mungbean genotypes. Conclusion: Multivariate analysis of FT-IR data revealed differences in total cell wall (600–2000 cm−1), cellulose (1000–1100 cm−1) and lignin (1390–1420 cm−1) among leaf and stem of four plant species. Overall, our data suggested that ATR-FTIR can be used for the relative quantification of lignin and cellulose in different plant species. This method was successfully applied for rapid screening of cell wall composition in mungbean stem, and similarly, it can be used for screening other crops or tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate 12 crosses of mungbean genotypes for 11 characters to access the extent of genetic variability and to comprehend the heritable aspect of variation for grain yield and its related characters. All the 12 crosses were raised in a compact family block design with three replications in two environments during the kharif season of 2022. The analysis of variance indicated significant variations among the families for grain yield and all other characters in both environments. Conversely, differences among the progenies within a family varied depending on specific trait and environment (E1) to environment (E2). Inter cross variability revealed high GCV and PCV for primary branches per plant in both environments. High estimates of PCV were recorded for pods per plant and grain yield per plant in both environments and for clusters per plant in E2. High estimates of heritability were exhibited by primary branches per plant in both the environments and plant height in E1. High estimates of genetic advance as per cent of mean were observed for primary branches per plant and plant height in both environments. Inter cross variability revealed that the highest magnitude of heritability was recorded by family C1 and C7 for grain yield per plant in E1 and E2 respectively. The highest magnitude of genetic advance as per cent of mean was exhibited by family C3 for primary branches per plant in E1 and by family C12 for clusters per plant in E2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of different processing methods on the antinutritional factors of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) of the Pusa Baisakhi variety. The values obtained were as follows: tannin 477 mg/100 g, oxalate 227 mg/100 g, phytate 627 mg/100 g, total phenolic content 772 mg/100 g, and saponin 2618 mg/100 g in raw mungbean, on a dry basis. The maximum reduction in tannin (63%) was observed when the mungbean was processed by the soaking and dehulling processes. The reduction achieved by soaking for 12 h and germination for 36 h was the most effective method in reducing the phytate content of mungbean (39%). The maximum reduction in saponin (22%) and oxalate (71%) was observed by autoclaving the soaked seeds. In comparison to other methods, roasting was the least effective method to reduce tannin, phytate, and oxalate. Autoclaving of the soaked seeds was the most effective method for reducing the antinutrients of mungbean among the cooking treatments. The processing methods such as soaking, dehulling, germination, roasting, raw open cooking, raw autoclaving, soaked open cooking, and autoclaving of soaked seeds significantly reduced the antinutrient contents of mungbean (p < 0.05). However, the effects of the treatments combined were more effective than those of the single process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TATA-box binding protein (TBP) and TBP-associated factors (TAFs) constitute the transcription factor IID (TFIID), a crucial component of RNA polymerase II, essential for transcription initiation and regulation. Several TFIID subunits are shared with the Spt–Ada–Gcn5–acetyltransferase (SAGA) coactivator complex. Recent research has revealed the roles of TBP and TAFs in organogenesis and stress adaptation. In this study, we identified 1 TBP and 21 putative TAFs in the mungbean genome, among which VrTAF5, VrTAF6, VrTAF8, VrTAF9, VrTAF14, and VrTAF15 have paralogous genes. Their potential involvement in abiotic stress responses was also investigated here, including high salinity, water deficit, heat, and cold. The findings indicated that distinct genes exerted predominant influences in the response to different abiotic stresses through potentially unique mechanisms. Specifically, under salt stress, VrTBP, VrTAF2, and VrTAF15–1 were strongly induced, while VrTAF10, VrTAF11, and VrTAF13 acted as negative regulators. In the case of water-deficit stress, it was likely that VrTAF1, VrTAF2, VrTAF5–2, VrTAF9, and VrTAF15–1 were primarily involved. Additionally, in response to changes in ambient temperature, it was possible that genes such as VrTAF5–1, VrTAF6–1, VrTAF9–2, VrTAF10, VrTAF13, VrTAF14b–2, and VrTAF15–1 might play a dominant role. This comprehensive exploration of VrTBP and VrTAFs can offer a new perspective on understanding plant stress responses and provide valuable insights into breeding improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity tolerance requires coordinated responses encompassing salt exclusion in roots and tissue/cellular compartmentation of salt in leaves. We investigated the possible control points for salt ions transport in roots and tissue tolerance to Na+ and Cl– in leaves of two contrasting mungbean genotypes, salt‐tolerant Jade AU and salt‐sensitive BARI Mung‐6, grown in nonsaline and saline (75 mM NaCl) soil. Cryo‐SEM X‐ray microanalysis was used to determine concentrations of Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, P, and S in various cell types in roots related to the development of apoplastic barriers, and in leaves related to photosynthetic performance. Jade AU exhibited superior salt exclusion by accumulating higher [Na] in the inner cortex, endodermis, and pericycle with reduced [Na] in xylem vessels and accumulating [Cl] in cortical cell vacuoles compared to BARI Mung‐6. Jade AU maintained higher [K] in root cells than BARI Mung‐6. In leaves, Jade AU maintained lower [Na] and [Cl] in chloroplasts and preferentially accumulated [K] in mesophyll cells than BARI Mung‐6, resulting in higher photosynthetic efficiency. Salinity tolerance in Jade AU was associated with shoot Na and Cl exclusion, effective regulation of Na and Cl accumulation in chloroplasts, and maintenance of high K in root and leaf mesophyll cells. Summary statement: Salinity tolerance in mungbean is related to its ability to intercept Na and Cl in roots, thereby reducing Na and Cl transport to shoot, effectively regulate Na and Cl accumulation in chloroplasts, and maintain high K in root and leaf mesophyll cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity drastically hampers the germination and growth of legumes including mungbean which jeopardizes the food and nutritional security of the rising human population. An experiment entailing varying salinity levels (0, 50, and 150 Mm NaCl) was conducted to investigate the response of salinity on germination and seedling growth of four mungbean genotypes (BARI Mung-7, BARI Mung-8, BU Mug-2, and BU Mug-4). The germination indices such as percentage and rate of germination along with the coefficient of velocity (GP) of all mungbean genotypes were significantly reduced by the salt stress, especially of Binamoog-5 at 150 mM NaCl. Contrarily, BARI Mung-8 remained superior by recording better germination indices under all salinity levels. The same cultivar outperformed the rest of the cultivars based on the greatest weights (fresh and dry) and length of roots and shoots, while BU Mug-2 could not perform at par under a saline environment. Thus, it might be inferred that mungbean genotypes differ in their potential for salt endurance due to the germination vigor and seedling growth robustness and screening of salt-tolerant cultivars could mitigate the detrimental effects of saline environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate 12 crosses of mungbean genotypes for 11 characters to access the extent of genetic variability and to comprehend the heritable aspect of variation for grain yield and its related characters. All the 12 crosses were raised in a compact family block design with three replications in two environments during the kharif season of 2022. The analysis of variance indicated significant variations among the families for grain yield and all other characters in both environments. Conversely, differences among the progenies within a family varied depending on specific trait and environment (E1) to environment (E2). Inter cross variability revealed high GCV and PCV for primary branches per plant in both environments. High estimates of PCV were recorded for pods per plant and grain yield per plant in both environments and for clusters per plant in E2. High estimates of heritability were exhibited by primary branches per plant in both the environments and plant height in E1. High estimates of genetic advance as per cent of mean were observed for primary branches per plant and plant height in both environments. Inter cross variability revealed that the highest magnitude of heritability was recorded by family C1 and C7 for grain yield per plant in E1 and E2 respectively. The highest magnitude of genetic advance as per cent of mean was exhibited by family C3 for primary branches per plant in E1 and by family C12 for clusters per plant in E2.

The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of different processing methods on the antinutritional factors of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) of the Pusa Baisakhi variety. The values obtained were as follows: tannin 477 mg/100 g, oxalate 227 mg/100 g, phytate 627 mg/100 g, total phenolic content 772 mg/100 g, and saponin 2618 mg/100 g in raw mungbean, on a dry basis. The maximum reduction in tannin (63%) was observed when the mungbean was processed by the soaking and dehulling processes. The reduction achieved by soaking for 12 h and germination for 36 h was the most effective method in reducing the phytate content of mungbean (39%). The maximum reduction in saponin (22%) and oxalate (71%) was observed by autoclaving the soaked seeds. In comparison to other methods, roasting was the least effective method to reduce tannin, phytate, and oxalate. Autoclaving of the soaked seeds was the most effective method for reducing the antinutrients of mungbean among the cooking treatments. The processing methods such as soaking, dehulling, germination, roasting, raw open cooking, raw autoclaving, soaked open cooking, and autoclaving of soaked seeds significantly reduced the antinutrient contents of mungbean (p < 0.05). However, the effects of the treatments combined were more effective than those of the single process.

Abstract Background Dissection of complex plant cell wall structures demands a sensitive and quantitative method. FTIR is used regularly as a screening method to identify specific linkages in cell walls. However, quantification and assigning spectral bands to particular cell wall components is still a major challenge, specifically in crop species. In this study, we addressed these challenges using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as it is a high throughput, cost-effective and non-destructive approach to understand the plant cell wall composition. This method was validated by analysing different varieties of mungbean which is one of the most important legume crops grown widely in Asia. Results Using standards and extraction of a specific component of cell wall components, we assigned 1050–1060 cm−1 and 1390–1420 cm−1 wavenumbers that can be widely used to quantify cellulose and lignin, respectively, in Arabidopsis, Populus, rice and mungbean. Also, using KBr as a diluent, we established a method that can relatively quantify the cellulose and lignin composition among different tissue types of the above species. We further used this method to quantify cellulose and lignin in field-grown mungbean genotypes. The ATR-FTIR-based study revealed the cellulose content variation ranges from 27.9% to 52.3%, and the lignin content variation ranges from 13.7% to 31.6% in mungbean genotypes. Conclusion Multivariate analysis of FT-IR data revealed differences in total cell wall (600–2000 cm−1), cellulose (1000–1100 cm−1) and lignin (1390–1420 cm−1) among leaf and stem of four plant species. Overall, our data suggested that ATR-FTIR can be used for the relative quantification of lignin and cellulose in different plant species. This method was successfully applied for rapid screening of cell wall composition in mungbean stem, and similarly, it can be used for screening other crops or tree species.

Background: Optimum crop growth and yield is result of interlinking of several factors. In semi- tropical soil in central plateau and hills zone are deficit in organic carbon and NPK content; therefore inadequate fertilization may leads to pure quality and also lower crop productive capacity of soil. For the maintenance of sustainable and productive production, maintaining soil health is a critical factor. Under low fertility levels, mungbean gives low seed yield. Potassium humate, nitrogen and phosphorus (RDF) application may be increase yield of mungbean in this zone. Methods: A field experiment was conducted to study, “Nodulation, yield attributes and yield of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.)] influenced by different level of potassium humate and fertility level”. The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized block design with three replications and sixteen treatment combination. Result: Result showed that total number of root nodules, effective nodules, fresh and dry weight of root nodules, leghaemoglobin, nodule index, no. of pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod, test weight, seed and straw yield were observed significantly higher with application of potassium humate @ 4.5 kg/ha. Among different fertility level, the application of 100% RDF significantly increased the total number of root nodules and effective nodules, fresh and dry weight of root nodules, leghaemoglobin, nodule index, no. of pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod and test weight, seed and straw yield. With combined application of potassium humate @ 3.0 Kg/ha + 75% RDF significantly higher no. effective nodules, dry weight of root nodules and seed yield were observed, as well as saving of 25% RDF and 1.5 kg potassium humate were also observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among several reasons for low productivity in mungbean, various biotic and abiotic factors play a major role. Although intensive research work has been done on genetic architecture of yield and yield attributes of mungbean but limited work was done on yield attributes along with water use efficiency (WUE) and heat stress tolerance related traits. The present study is aimed to identify the genetic potential of mungbean genotypes with high yield and drought and heat stress tolerance. Methods: The F2 seed was harvested from selfed F1 population during 2017-18 from three superior crosses viz., ML 267xLGG 528, MGG 390xLM 95 and LM 95xEC 362096. These crosses were selected based on their per se performance of yield, yield attributes and WUE related traits. Genetic analysis was carried out in F2 populations of three crosses for fourteen quantitative characters to identify the number of transgressive segregants in desirable direction. Result: A good number of transgressive segregants in desirable direction were observed for plant height, number of pods per cluster, harvest index, SLA, SLW and relative injury in the cross ML 267xLGG 528: for plant height, number of branches per plant, SCMR, SLA, SLW and relative injury in the cross MGG 390xLM 95 and for plant height, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant SCMR, SLA, SLW, relative injury and seed yield in the cross LM 95xEC 362096. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: YMV disease in mungbean is one of the major disease causing heavy losses annually throughout the country. As the disease is transmitted by insect vector, management of vector is important to check the YMV disease that can minimise the losses. The present investigation was aimed to evaluate different IPM modules for management of YMV disease of mungbean. Methods: Field experiments were carried out during Rabi season of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at the Research Farm of Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station, Chiplima, Sambalpur, Odisha, India. Population of whitefly was recorded on three leaves selected from top, middle and bottom canopy of the plant. Disease severity was recorded by using 0-9 scale. Result: The IPM module i.e. seed treatment with Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 5 gm kg-1 of seed, installation of yellow sticky trap @ 50 ha-1 and spraying of Acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.3 gm l-1 of water was found as the most effective among all other modules. Pooled analysis of two years data revealed that 65.5% YMV disease control and 59.3% reduction of white fly population over control were performed by the said IPM module. A maximum increase in yield (84.8%) and highest cost benefit ratio (1.77) were also achieved with the module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were undertaken to estimate the yield losses due to Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) in kharif mungbean at Pulses Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bahowal, Hoshiarpur during kharif 2022. The yield losses were estimated using insect-infestation and chemical protection method in the recommended variety of mungbean, ML 1808. In insect-infestation method, at both the locations, the mean number of webs produced per plant after 5 days of insect infestation during first release and second release and pod damage were significantly lower in the infested treatment in comparison to the uninfested treatment. The yield losses were determined to be 21.93 per cent and 21.56 per cent at Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur, respectively using this method. The outcome of chemical protection method at both the locations revealed that the mean number of larvae and webs per plant in the protected plots were significantly lower than unprotected plots after three and five days of two insecticide sprays. Pod damage was significantly higher in the unprotected plots than protected plots at both the locations. The yield losses were determined to be 21.30 per cent and 21.91 per cent in Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur, respectively using chemical protection method. Such estimated yield losses can ultimately be linked to the production factors to identify opportunities for remedial actions that farmers can implement to reduce losses. This study's experimental methods could be used to evaluate yield losses in other crops as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by Cercospora canescens is a formidable seed-borne disease and survives in crop debris or other host plants affecting mungbean cultivation. This study presents a comparative assessment of enzymatic activity assays and functional components in mungbean, focusing on the relationship of host plant and the pathogen, responsible for CLS. Comparative analyses were conducted between susceptible and resistant genotypes in both inoculated and uninoculated conditions to analyze defense-related activity like ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), lipid peroxidase (LPX), and catalase (CAT). In addition, C-based compounds including total phenols and flavonoids were analyzed through detached mungbean leaf method. The study further extended its analysis beyond leaves to other parts like pods, stems, and seeds. The host–pathogen relationship was investigated at various stages; control, 2 days after inoculation (DAI), 4 DAI, 6 DAI. At 6 DAI (T4), in the pods, the enzyme activity was 3.1-fold higher for ascorbate peroxidase, two-fold higher for peroxidase, and 1.8-fold higher for lipid peroxidase in case of susceptible genotype in contrast to mock inoculation (T1). For resistant genotype, the antioxidant activity at 6 DAI (T4) was 3.7-fold higher for ascorbate peroxidase, 2.73-fold higher for peroxidase, 1.8-fold higher for lipid peroxidase, and 2.7-fold higher for catalase compared to mock inoculation (T1). In pods, catalase activity was upregulated by 1.47-fold in resistant genotype and conversely, its activity was downregulated by 1.30-fold in pods of susceptible genotype at 6 DAI. Results indicate a positive regulation of catalase in pods of resistant genotype throughout infection period. These findings underscore the plant's ability to mount a well-coordinated defense response, involving multiple components of the anti-oxidative system. The sophisticated regulation of these defense mechanisms reflects the adaptability and resilience of mungbean plants against pathogen challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

San Mateo serves as the mungbean capital of the Philippines. However, it lacks information concerning indigenous microsymbiont that could be exploited to sustain mungbean production. This study aimed to evaluate the phylogeny and symbiotic potential of indigenous nodule bacteria in San Mateo, Philippines. A total of 183 bacterial strains were isolated from mungbean nodules established in the area. The isolates were grouped into 9 distinct morpho-biochemical clusters, coded as MB1–MB9. Thereafter, a representative isolate for each cluster was subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Phylogeny of the sequences revealed that the isolates are distributed to diverse bacterial genera namely Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Agrobacterium, Stenotrophomonas and Leifsonia. Interestingly, both isolates MB1 (Bradyrhizobium) and MB7 (Rhizobium) induced nodulation in mungbean after authentication tests. Unlike previous reports, this study confirms that Rhizobium strains also harbors nodulating trait and establishes symbiotic relationship with mungbean in tropical soils. Furthermore, inoculation trial revealed that native strain MB1 and MB7 lead to a significant increase in leaf N-accumulation, nodulation and shoot yield with corresponding symbiotic scores of 94.32 and 39.70% respectively. These results suggest the remarkable symbiotic performance of local strains isolated, which could be utilized to further boost mungbean production in the municipality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: The investigation of MYMIV-infected mung bean leaf apoplast revealed viral genome presence, increased EVs secretion, and altered stress-related metabolite composition, providing comprehensive insights into plant–virus interactions. The apoplast, an extracellular space around plant cells, plays a vital role in plant–microbe interactions, influencing signaling, defense, and nutrient transport. While the involvement of apoplast and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in RNA virus infection is documented, the role of the apoplast in plant DNA viruses remains unclear. This study explores the apoplast's role in mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) infection. Our findings demonstrate the presence of MYMIV genomic components in apoplastic fluid, suggesting potential begomovirus cell-to-cell movement via the apoplast. Moreover, MYMIV infection induces increased EVs secretion into the apoplast. NMR-based metabolomics reveals altered metabolic profiles in both apoplast and symplast in response to MYMIV infection, highlighting key metabolites associated with stress and defense mechanisms. The data show an elevation of α- and β-glucose in both apoplast and symplast, suggesting a shift in glucose utilization. Interestingly, this increase in glucose does not contribute to the synthesis of phenolic compounds, potentially influencing the susceptibility of mung bean to MYMIV. Fructose levels increase in the symplast, while apoplastic sucrose levels rise significantly. Symplastic aspartate levels increase, while proline exhibits elevated concentration in the apoplast and reduced concentration in the cytosol, suggesting a role in triggering a hypersensitive response. These findings underscore the critical role of the apoplast in begomovirus infection, providing insights for targeted viral disease management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salinity stress remains a chronic threat to pulses productivity in India. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play a major role which influences plant growth, nutrient uptake and contributes to ecosystem processes under salt stress. The present study aims, to demonstrate the impact of Glomus mosseae (Gm), on physio-biochemical attributes of mungbean exposed to salinity. Methods: Two highly tolerant, two moderately susceptible and two highly susceptible mungbean lines were subjected to salinity stress alone and in presence of Gm under greenhouse. Result: Results revealed that Gm alleviates the salinity stress related alterations by improving the nutrient uptake and by balancing the ratio between K:Na, which impact directly the osmoregulation of the plants. Mycorrhiza inoculation also increased the proline content (23%), water-use efficiency (38%) and activity of different antioxidant enzymes in a significant manner providing efficient protection against salinity stress. All these positive impacts of Gm were duly reflected in a significant increase in grain yield (more than 2 fold increase) in mungbean. Interestingly, salt-induced retarded growth and decline in other biochemical parameters in susceptible lines recorded remarkable recovery following Gm inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean (Vigna radiata) has gained increasing significance as a crucial grain legume in Nepal's tropical and sub-tropical regions due to its short growth cycle and soil fertility enhancement properties. This research was conducted at Agronomy farm of Lamjung campus, to assess how mungbean performs under varying row spacing and Npk fertilizer levels. The study employed two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three row spacing levels (20 cm, 25 cm, and 30 cm) and three NPK fertilizer doses (10:10:10, 20:20:20, and 30:30:30 kg NPK/ha) as treatments. The investigation explored phenological and yield attributing parameters. Interestingly, the outcomes showed that row spacing had negligible impact on root growth attributes, including root length and nodule formation. However, root nodule number increased with higher NPK fertilizer levels, particularly notable with the application of (30:30:30) kg NPK/ha, resulting in the highest nodules per plant (140.40), while the lowest nodules (91.35) were observed with (10:10:10) kg NPK/ha. Vital traits like plant height, branch and leaf counts, pod set, pod length, and seed weight were unresponsive to both NPK doses and row spacing levels. In contrast, grain yield exhibited a substantial increase with NPK fertilizer application, with the highest yield (1263.55 kg/ha) achieved with (30:30:30) kg NPK/ha and the lowest (929.27 kg/ha) with (10:10:10) kg NPK/ha. Therefore, this study shows strong correlations, especially between root nodules and grain yield, emphasized key links. NPK doses impacted vital root nodules for nitrogen fixation and suggests dense planting of Pratikshya mung beans with increased NPK fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Dry fractionation, combining milling and air classification technology, offers an economical and sustainable pathway for the processing of value‐added protein ingredients from Australia's major pulse crops. Leveraging a wider range of pulses will help meet the growing demand for plant‐based protein ingredients. This study demonstrates the efficient processing of protein concentrates from Australian mungbean, which were characterized for key nutritional properties, phytochemical constituents, protein quality, and protein secondary structure. Findings: Milling and air classification of mungbean flour resulted in protein concentrates (fine fraction) with a protein content of 62.2 g/100 g (db), reflecting a two‐fold increase in protein content compared to the original flour (p <.05). Ash, fat, dietary fiber, and free phenolic and antioxidant compounds, also co‐concentrated with protein in the fine fraction (p <.05), imparting enhanced nutritional properties with the potential to deliver health benefits. The protein quality of dry fractionated mungbean protein concentrate was compared to a commercial source of mungbean protein isolate (88 g/100 g, [db]). Amino acid scores highlighted deficiencies in sulfur‐containing amino acids, methionine, and cysteine, as well as tryptophan and threonine. In vitro protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid scores for the mungbean protein concentrate and protein isolate were 63.7% and 59.5%, respectively. SDS‐PAGE protein profiles showed no major differences in protein composition, indicating that no specific types of proteins are lost during the dry fractionation process. Fourier transform infrared analysis of protein secondary structure showed that β‐sheets were the dominant structural component, with relative percentages of 36% and 49%, for the mungbean protein concentrate and isolate, respectively. Conclusions: There is significant potential for dry fractionation to deliver value‐added opportunities for Australian mungbean, through the production of protein concentrate ingredients with enhanced nutritional properties for use in new and existing foods. Significance and Novelty: Nutritional properties, protein quality, and protein secondary structure were compared for protein concentrates and protein isolates processed from Australian‐grown mungbean. Key findings from this study will inform pulse protein processors and pulse‐based food manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigated the effect of different sowing dates on yield of mungbean varieties by conducting field experiments at Research farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (CSHAU) Regional Research Station in Rohtak, India. Topics include significant effect of date of sowing on occurrence of various phenophases of mungbean varieties and interaction of date of sowing and varieties on seed yield.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the important abiotic stresses in mungbean which significantly reduces yield and quality of the produce. This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic variability for tolerance to pre-harvest sprouting in diverse mungbean genotypes while simultaneously deciphering the association of yield contributing traits with PHS. Eighty-three diverse mungbean genotypes (23 released varieties, 23 advanced breeding lines and 37 exotic germplasm lines) were investigated for tolerance to PHS, water imbibition capacities by pods, pod and seed physical traits. Wide variation in PHS was recorded which ranged between 17.8% to 81% (mean value 54.34%). Germplasm lines exhibited higher tolerance to PHS than the high-yielding released varieties. Correlation analysis revealed PHS to be positively associated with water imbibition capacity by pods (r = 0.21) and germinated pod % (r = 0.78). Pod length (r = −0.13) and seeds per pod (r = −0.13) were negatively influencing PHS. Positive associations between PHS and water imbibition capacity by pods, germinated pod % and 100-seed weight was further confirmed by multivariate analysis. Small-seeded genotypes having 100-seed weight <3 g exhibited higher tolerance to PHS compared to bold-seeded genotypes having 100-seed weight more than 3.5 g. Fresh seed germination among the selected PHS tolerant and susceptible genotypes ranged from 42% (M 204) to 98% (Pusa 1131). A positive association (r = 0.79) was recorded between fresh seed germination and PHS. Genotypes M 1255, M 145, M 422, M 1421 identified as potential genetic donors against PHS could be utilized in mungbean breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbeans are one of the important agricultural products for food security in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Province, which is one of the driest regions in Indonesia. The low productivity and profitability of mungbean farming in this region are caused by factors that influence agricultural inefficiency. This study was conducted to measure the productivity and technical efficiency levels, as well as investigate the factors affecting farm inefficiency, using the Technical Efficiency Effect Model (TEEM) applied to the frontier logarithmic transcendental production function. The method applied in this research is descriptive qualitative based on survey and interview results through primary and secondary data. Firstly, the results showed that mungbean farming was in the increasing return to scale stage of production and productivity only reached 57% of its production potential, with a technical efficiency level of 66%. Secondly, the factors that positively influence the low productivity and technical efficiency level of mungbean farming are land, seeds, labor, and the interaction between land and labor. Meanwhile, farmer experience and farm training significantly reduce the inefficiency of mungbean farming. It is suggested that increasing land productivity with appropriate and intensive modern technology and improving labor skills are the main strategies for reducing inefficiencies and increasing the income of smallholder farmers in drylands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foliar spray of nutrients offers a best way to accelerate crop growth and boost up productivity of mungbean under irrigated conditions to meet out the demand raised by ever increasing population of our country. The study was framed to investigate physiochemical and biological properties of fermented fish waste extract (FFWE) and its effects on productivity performance in mungbean. Methods: The organic liquid FFWE was characterized for its physiochemical and biological properties in the laboratory. Field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2019 and 2020 in mungbean to study the effect of FFWE as foliar spray on growth, yield, quality and economics. Treatments consisted of foliar spray of different concentrations of FFWE (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %) compared with 1% urea and control. The treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. Result: Laboratory analysis showed that fermented fish waste extract contains considerable amount of essential nutrients namely nitrogen (1.87%), phosphorus (0.49%), potassium (0.93%), calcium (0.54%), magnesium (0.26%), sulphur (0.04%), copper (3.1 ppm), zinc (38.2 ppm), manganese (4.8 ppm) and iron (118 ppm). The microbial population viz., total bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in FFWE were found to be 196±1.8, 11±0.06 and 203±0.87 (CFU/mL), respectively. Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%). Economics of foliar nutrition showed that foliar spray of 2.0% FFWE gave higher net return of Rs. 24057/- per ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.30. Thus, it could be concluded that foliar spray of 2.0% fermented fish waste extract could be considered as an excellent source of organic liquid manure for enhancing the productivity of mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is a versatile legume widely cultivated for its nutritional value and adaptability. Meeting the increasing global demand for nutritious food requires the development of high-yielding varieties. Therefore, understanding the inheritance of yield and component traits is crucial for defining effective breeding strategies. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the genetic effects and interactions governing inheritance through generation mean analysis. The four crosses viz., IPM409-4×VGG18-002, IPM409-4×WGG42, COGG13-39×VGG16-058 and COGG13-39×VGG18-002 and their five generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, and F3) were evaluated for nine yield and yield component traits during 2023 summer season. The significance of additive, dominance, and epistatic components viz., additive×additive [i] and dominance×dominance [l] of each trait was found to be different among all the crosses. Mungbean is a self-pollinated crop, so only fixable gene effects can be exploited for trait improvement. In the IPM409-4×VGG18-002 cross, all the traits exhibited additive or additive × additive gene action except for plant height and seed yield per plant (dominance). The scaling test was significant in IPM409-4×WGG42 cross for all the traits, except for the number of pods per cluster. Except for the number of branches per plant in which the dominance effect was evident, additive or additive×additive gene effects were observed for the other traits. In COGG13-39×VGG16-058 and COGG13-39×VGG18-002 crosses, all the yield traits recorded fixable (additive and additive×additive) gene effects except for number of pods per plant in COGG13-39×VGG18-002. Considering the results of all four crosses, gene actions that exhibit consistency across crosses revealed that epistatic interaction (additive×additive) significantly influenced the expression of various mung bean traits. Therefore, the later generation selection of short-duration segregants with high yield, bold seeds, and resistance to yellow mosaic disease from the above populations can be carried out to develop commercially valuable mung bean varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted to explore the role of potassium nutrition in improving biomass and physio-chemical alterations to reduce the adverse effects of salinity in mungbean. A sand-culture experiment was carried out under different salinity levels (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl) with two levels of potassium (0 and 50 mM K2SO4) and two mungbean cultivars (NM-92 and Ramzan), and the alterations in mungbean biomass and metabolic activities were investigated. The results suggested that salinity significantly reduced the biomass, nitrate reductase activity (NRA), nitrite reductase activity (NiRA), total soluble proteins, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous contents in both mungbean cultivars in comparison to the control. However, K2SO4 at 50 mM significantly improved all the parameters in both mungbean cultivars except for the sodium content. A significant increase in the total free amino acids, carotenoids, and sodium content in both mungbean cultivars was observed due to salt stress. Moreover, principal component analysis and heatmaps were developed individually for both mungbean cultivars to assess the variability and correlation among the studied attributes under all applied treatments. Under saline conditions, the mungbean 'Ramzan' showed more marked reductions in almost all the growth parameters as compared to 'NM-92'. The results suggest that the application of K2SO4 ameliorates the adverse effects of salinity by regulating osmolyte production, NRA, and NiRA, thus promoting plant growth and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out during kharif season of 2022 and 2023 at the Punjab Agricultural University (PAU)-Regional Research Station (RRS), Ballowal Saunkhri (SBS Nagar) with the objective to find out the impact of foliar spray of agrochemicals on biophysical parameters, PAR interception and heat use efficiency of rainfed mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) under variable sowing dates. Timely sown crop (second fortnight of July) resulted in higher leaf area index, chlorophyll index, PAR interception and heat use efficiency (HUE) as compared to late sowing (first fortnight of August). Significantly higher seed yield, stover yield and biological yields were obtained in timely sowing during both the years of study. Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% recorded significantly higher leaf area index, chlorophyll index, PAR interception, heat use efficiency (HUE) and helio-thermal use efficiency (HTUE) but it was statistically similar with foliar spray of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5%. Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% and N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5% gave statistically similar seed, stover and biological yields and significantly better than other treatments. There was an increase of 33.3% in seed yield with foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% and increase of 29.1% with foliar spraying of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5%, when compared with control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean, a socioeconomically important legume, is a key player in the pursuit of food security and sustainable agriculture demanding attention for developing a highly efficient transformation system to support functional genomics and translational research. This study was focused to fill in the gap using both Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic methods by experimenting with variables of the procedure to attain higher regeneration and transformation efficiencies. The study found comparable regeneration and transformation efficiencies between direct and indirect methods of gene transfer under selection pressure. Biolistic transformation of embryonic axis explants yielded an average transformation efficiency of 14.22% alongwith the one step regeneration method, whereas the Agrobacterium-mediated method involving a selection regime achieved an average efficiency of 1.19%. Presence and transmission of transgene across two generations were confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analyses in five mungbean lines. Two southern positive homozygous transgenic lines (T3 generation), when under PEG (Polyethylene glycol) induced drought stress, revealed AtDREB1a transgene expression and tolerance to the stress that was evaluated by morpho biochemical parameters including relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), proline concentration and total chlorophyll content of the investigated lines. This study documents a first report of use of biolistic in mungbean supported by a one-step regeneration method that minimizes losses incurred during in vitro based regeneration of transformants and thus enhances the transformation efficiency. It also reports generation of transgenic mungbean in cultivar Samrat that is tolerant to PEG induced drought stress.Key message: We compared the biolistic and Agrobacterium-mediated modes of genetic transformation in mungbean highlighting the bottlenecks of the latter. AtDREB1a overexpression conferred drought stress tolerance to T3 transgenic lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powdery mildew (PM) caused by Erysiphe polygoni is an important foliar disease in mungbean (Vigna radiata). A previous study showed that QTL qPMRUM5-2 is a major locus for PM resistance in mungbean accession RUM5 (highly resistant). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that flanking markers of the qPMRUM5-2 covered a region of 1.93 Mb. In this study, we conducted fine mapping for the qPMRUM5-2 using the F2 population of 1156 plants of the cross between Chai Nat 60 (CN60; highly susceptible) and RUM5. PM resistance evaluation was performed under field conditions using F2:3 lines grown in three different environments. QTL analyses consistently located the qPMRUM5-2 to a 0.09 cm interval on linkage group 6 between InDel markers VrLG6-InDel05 and VrLG6-InDel10, which corresponded to a 135.0 kb region on chromosome 8 containing nine predicted genes of which five were NBS-LRR-type genes Recognition of Peronospora parasitica 13-like protein (RPP13L). Whole-genome re-sequencing of RUM5 and CN60 showed polymorphisms in four RPP13L genes predictively cause substantial amino acid changes, rendering them important candidate genes for PM resistance. The InDel markers VrLG6-InDel05 and VrLG6-InDel10 flanking to the qPMRUM5-2 would be useful for marker-assisted breeding of PM resistance in the mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The small-holding farmers tend to follow traditional farming systems over sustainable systems of productivity. A strategy was devised to introduce an agricultural system that ensures sustainable yield production and restores diversity in the agroecosystem. The research trial was performed to evaluate the net productivity and economic viability of the sorghum and mungbean intercropping system using an integrated nutrient management strategy. Research Method: The study comprised both split and combined doses of nationally recommended organic and mineral sources of fertilizers using mungbean and sorghum as sole and intercrops in the following sequence of treatments; T0 = unfertilized, T1 = 100% compost, T2 = 100% farmyard manure, T3 = 50% N & 50% P2O5, T4 = 50% compost + 25% N & 25% P2O5, T5 = 50% farmyard manure + 25% N & 25% P2O5. Findings: The results revealed that the sole cropping system was dominant over intercrop with a maximum grain or seed yield of 2229.1 kg ha-1, a biological yield of 7230.3 kg ha-1, and a harvest index of 30.34% of mungbean was obtained in sole standing of the crop. Similarly, the sole culture of sorghum gave a maximum grain or seed yield of 2779.8 kg ha-1, a biological or biomass yield of 10473 kg ha-1, and a harvest index of 25.63% compared to the mixed culture of sorghum and mungbean. The treatments with integrated nutrient supply gave significant results (P≤0.05) of all yield parameters in mungbean and sorghum compared to those where these fertilizers were applied in split doses. The economic analysis showed that mungbean-sorghum intercrop gave maximum net income benefits of PKR 225628 ha-1 and PKR 218635 ha-1 and the highest benefit-cost ratio of 1.91 and 1.90 in NP + compost and NP + farmyard manure, respectively. Research Limitations: A particular cereal might not be compatible with a legume, so further studies at the farmer field level in different locations are needed to ensure the compatibility of the crops and the suitability of the cropping system. Originality/Value: The short-duration growth pattern of cereal and legume grown in proximity affirms maximum yield and income benefits per unit area of land and thereby has great significance for farming communities to get more returns with limited available resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flowering time is an important agronomic trait that is highly correlated with plant height, maturity time and yield in mungbean. Up to present, however, molecular basis of flowering time in mungbean is poorly understood. Previous studies demonstrated that flowering time in mungbean is largely controlled by a major QTL on linkage group 2 (LG2). In this study, the QTL on the LG2 in mungbean was investigated using F2 and F2:3 populations derived from a cross between mungbean cultivar Kamphaeng Saen 2 (KPS2) and wild mungbean accession ACC41. The QTL was narrowed down to a genome region of 164.87 Kb containing a phytochrome gene, designated VrPHYE, encoding phytochrome E (phyE), a known photoreceptor modulating flowering time. Compared to VrPHYE of the wild ACC41, VrPHYE of KPS2 contained several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) causing amino acid changes. Those SNPs were also found in other mungbean cultivars. Some amino acid changes were predicted to occur in the regulatory region of phytochromes. Gene expression analysis revealed that VrPHYE in KPS2 was expressed significantly higher than that in ACC41. These results showed that VrPHYE is the candidate gene controlling flowering time in the mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], commonly recognized as green gram, is the most significant and advanced pulse crop grown in Rajasthan. Dry root rot is one of the important diseases of mungbean caused by M. phaseolina, which is responsible for 30 to 40 per cent disease incidence with huge yield loss during seedling to mature stages. Methods: The experiments were conducted for two consecutive years during kharif 2020 and 2021 for managing the disease through organic amendments, plant extracts and bio-agents viz., Trichoderma harzianum (10 g/kg seeds), garlic extract (15%), neem cake (0.5 t/ha) and mustard cake (0.5 t/ha) alone and in combinations through seed as well as soil applications. Result: Our investigations cleared that the maximum disease reduction and highest seed yield were reported by treating the seeds with T. harzianum @10 g/kg seed + soil application of mustard cake @ 0.5 t/ha followed by seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10 g/kg seed + soil application of neem cake @ 0.5 t/ha. In view of consumer health, present findings may be helpful for growers to get extra benefits by producing organic mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Microgravity or low gravity environment of space can be simulated on Earth by using clinorotation with appropriate speed of rotation. Previous reports show that microgravity environment (real or simulated) affects growth, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic performance in different plants. However, most of the reports showed variation in results. Earlier studies carried out on simulated microgravity (SMG) using clinorotation in our laboratory showed increase in growth, chlorophyll content and various yield attributes in case of laboratory and field grown rice. Subsequent studies were carried out on mungbean seedlings. In the present work, comparative aspects of these studies are reported. Results of the present study showed increase in growth, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in SMG samples as compared to control samples in rice and mungbean seedlings. Interestingly, percentage of enhancement in growth, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of SMG samples is significantly higher in rice (monocotyledonous) seedlings as compared to mungbean (dicotyledonous). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Exogenous use of potential organic compounds through different modes is a promising strategy for the induction of water stress tolerance in crop plants for better yield. Aims: The present study aimed to explore the potential role of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) in inducing water stress tolerance in mungbean lines when applied exogenously through various modes. Methods: The experiment was conducted in a field with a split-plot arrangement, having three replicates for each treatment. Two irrigation regimes, including normal and reduced irrigation, were applied. The plants allocated to reduced irrigation were watered only at the reproductive stage. Three levels of ALA (0, 0.1, 0.15 mM) were applied through different modes (seed priming, foliar or priming+foliar). Key results: ALA treatment through different modes manifested higher growth under reduced irrigation (water stress) and normal irrigation. Compared to the other two modes, the application of ALA as seed priming was found more effective in ameliorating the adverse impacts of water stress on growth and yield associated with their better content of leaf photosynthetic pigments, maintenance of plant water relations, levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants, improved activities of enzymatic antioxidants, and decreased lipid peroxidation and H2O2 levels. The maximum increase in shoot fresh weight (29% and 28%), shoot dry weight (27% and 24%), 100- grain weight (24% and 23%) and total grain yield (20% and 21%) in water-stressed mungbean plants of line 16003 and 16004, respectively, was recorded due to ALA seed priming than other modes of applications. Conclusions: Conclusively, 0.1 and 0.15 mM levels of ALA as seed priming were found to reduce the adverse impact of water stress on mungbean yield that was associated with improved physio-biochemical mechanisms. Implications: The findings of the study will be helpful for the agriculturalists working in arid and semi-arid regions to obtain a better yield of mungbean that will be helpful to fulfill the food demand in those areas to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imbalanced and excessive use of chemical fertilizers has brought many soil fertility problems. Soil test crop response (STCR) approach aims to estimate precise fertilizer requirement for target yield under varying soil test values and gaining prominence for site-specific nutrient management. A field experiment to estimate STCR based fertilizer requirement for targeted yield of mungbean was conducted during 2019–2020 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India. Three fertility gradient plots of varying soil fertility levels were created by applying graded dose of N, P2O5 and K2O and growing wheat as an exhaust crop. Each of three soil fertility gradient plot was divided into 24 subplots (21 plots with different combinations of varying levels of N, P2O5, K2O and FYM, remaining 3 plots as controls) and mungbean was grown as main crop. Results revealed the requirement of 6.72, 0.883, and 3.52 kg of N, P and K, respectively for producing one quintal of mungbean grain. Soil, FYM, fertilizer and fertilizer along with FYM contributed 28.06%, 5.94%, 113.22%, and 135.01% for N; 24.73%, 3.18%, 15.1%, and 18.85% for P; 13.19%, 7.21%, 39.52%, and 55.84% for K, respectively. This information is used to develop STCR based fertilizer prescription equations along with ready reckoners of fertilizer doses at different soil fertility levels and yield targets of mungbean for providing balanced fertilization. The maximum response of mungbean in terms of grain and protein yield was obtained with the application of 20:50:30 kg ha−1 N: P2O5: K2O, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]