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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has long been used to treat various pathological conditions like arthritis, gout, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Although exploring the effective anti-inflammatory agents possessing antioxidant along with pain relieving properties is still challenging. Acetamide-containing compounds are known to possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, xanthine oxidase, and analgesic activity of an acetamide derivative, N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) Acetamide. In-vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were assessed by protein denaturation inhibition and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, respectively. Xanthine oxidase potential was also evaluated. In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the Formalin-induced paw edema method and analgesic potential was evaluated by an acetic acid-induced writhing test. Results of in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity showed significant (p< 0.001) inhibition of protein denaturation by N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) Acetamide at both100 and 300 µg/ml. It also exhibited high radical scavenging activity (88.16%) by DPPH at 300 µg/ml. In-vivo Formalin-induced paw edema method revealed significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of paw edema when compared with control and formalin groups. Likewise, NA-2 also significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the number of writhes in the Acetic acid-induced writhing test. Moreover, in both aforementioned in-vivo tests, NA-2 showed comparable results with Indomethacin (10 mg/kg). This study demonstrates that N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) Acetamide possesses substantial anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic activity.

Background: Medication prescribing errors were always known as inevitable errors in health care system which mainly includes physician’s writing error which then leads to wrong dispensing error. Manual Prescribing has now shifted to CPOE System that seems to be more efficient. Through this system, it is believed that quality and patient security is improved by lessening medicine and different mistakes at various phases of the request the board procedure and by maintaining a strategic reserve from repetitive testing. This Study was conducted to compare the prescribing errors in different hospital wards of a tertiary care hospital for in-patients by using two approaches; Manual Prescribing and CPOE System Prescribing. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on manual prescriptions for three months and on CPOE prescriptions for three months. In this way a total of 4102 prescriptions were evaluated for different types of prescribing errors occurred in different wards. Whole study was conducted on In-patients from all the wards in the hospital except Emergency and OPD patients. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the maximum number of manual prescription errors were found in Medical ICU ward, while prescribing errors for CPOE setup were found comparatively at higher rate in Medicinal ward. It was also found that maximum frequency of prescribing errors were found in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in both the settings; CPOE System and Manual Prescribing Conclusion: It was concluded that CPOE system is helpful for reducing prescribing errors but it must be supervised by pharmacists to overcome potential errors.

Objective: This study was aimed to establish the prevalence of overweight, obesity and related its factors among the citizens of Karachi. Methodology: From Jan 2018 to August 2018. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted to obtain information from 772 persons using a validated questionnaire and traditional height and weight evaluation methods have been used. Overweight and obesity were described by South Asian cut-off points as 23 ≥ BMI (Normal), 25.0 - 29.9 BMI (Overweight) and 30 ≤ BMI (Obese) respectively. For data processing, version 21.0 of SPSS was used. Results: In this sample study men was 44.5% and women was 55.5%.Age group 20-39 was the most numerous group which was 55.70%. Among Overweight and obesity were found to be higher in men than in women. About 23.3% of the people were smokers, 1.42% was alcohol consumer, while 20.3% had vegetarian diet, 55.8% had semi-vegetarian diet, and 23.8% had non-vegetarian diet. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among individuals with co-morbidities is 33.96 %, p=0.000. There were 38.5% of people who performed physical activity for at least 30 minutes every day. Conclusion: Overweight and obesity prevalence was found to be high among Karachi individuals, particularly in men than in women. The predictors of obesity were sedentary lifestyle, including diet and lack of physical exercise, smoking, alcohol intake, and presence of co-morbidities. Preventive steps to avoid overweight and obesity may be recommended for people.

Pakistani children of school going age significantly differed from WHO references in which overweight and obesity were significantly higher and underweight was lower than normal when compare to WHO references. Due to this huge discrepancy and lack of data, there was a dire need to establish age appropriate BMI ranges for Pakistani population. The basic aim of the study is to find out the BMI ranges among the school going children/adolescents of Karachi Pakistan. A cross sectional study was conducted among children belonging to different ethnic groups in primary, middle, secondary schools and Maddarsa (religious educational institutes) of Karachi. Height in centimeters (cm) and weight in kilogram (kg) were measured. BMI was calculated using height and weight. WHO’s BMI graph was used to find out the percentile for labelling underweight, normal healthy individual, overweight and obese. A total of about 1244 samples of children and adolescents aged seven to eighteen years were included. The mean age of the study participants was 12.96±2.8 years, in which boys having mean age of 13.1±2.7 years while for girls mean age was 12.66±2.8 years. The mean height (cm) and weight (kg) among the study participants were 146.92±15.84 and 41.20±15.69 respectively. Among younger age group, the girls were taller than the boys but after reaching the age of 15 the girls having approximately the same height up to the age of 18th and as for boys, the findings were vice versa. Majority of the participants reported normal BMI while for over abnormality, the higher prevalence of participants being overweight rather than underweight when comparing with the WHO references. Measures must be taken to assess what current set up is doing right, and then it must be implemented at a larger scale.

Background: Swertia chirata has been used for its medicinal purpose worldwide specifically in developing countries. People believe that medicinal plants are safe and economical; However, unaware of their toxic effects. Hematological parameters are the essential tool to assess the degree of toxicity on cellular components of blood. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Swertia chirata on hematological parameters in rats using an automated analyser. Methodology: Albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups of six rats each. Group 1 was control, while group 2 (LD) and group 3 (HD) received 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight of extract respectively, orally once daily. Results: No significant difference was observed in the WBC count of extract treated groups(P>0.05). The HD group did not show any significant difference (P>0.05) in the RBC count, HCT, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, platelet count, PDW, MPV, PLCR as compared to control and LD groups. Whereas, MCHC was decreased in the LD group (P