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Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for one of the common cause of hospital visits and therefore determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogens will help guide physicians to choice the best choice of antibiotics to affected patients. The aim of this study was to isolate the bacteriological agent causing the urinary tract infection and determination of their susceptibility to antibiotics. Methods: Our study was hospital based prospective study in which patients suspected of UTI were admitted and urine sample were collected using ‘urinary catheter’ method in patients less than 3 years of age, while for older children ‘mid stream clean catch’ method was used. Cultures were bacteriologically analyzed using standard microbiological procedures and antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for the isolated pathogens.Results: 208 patients with suspected UTI were included in study, out of 208 patients, urine cultures were taken from all patients, 38 cultures (18.2%) were reported as positive. The most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli 27 (71%), Klebsiella Species 6 (15%), Enterococcussps 3(7.8%), Proteus sps 1(2.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1(2.6%). E. coli and Klebsiella showed the highest percentage of resistance to amoxicillin and ampicillin (100%) however, all isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella were susceptible to Nitofurantoin. Among all UTI isolates, least resistance was observed against drugs such as ceftriaxone, cefixime ciproflaxacilin and gentamicin. Conclusion: The finding of our study showed that E. Coli was the most common uropathogen and there was high resistance to routinely used drugs in clinical practice. So it high time to change the empirical therapy from conventional drugs like ampicillin and amoxicillin to drugs like nitrofurantoin or ciprofloxacilin. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, urine culture, antibiotic susceptibility.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Few researches are found concerning the relationship of life-altering events and psychological health among mental health nurses in Saudi Arabia. Thereby, the study examines the influence of life-altering events on Saudi mental health of nurses. METHODS: A descriptive correlational research design was used where mental health nurses from three different hospitals were recruited using a random sampling method. Data was collected using Qandil’s Arabic Modified Life Events Questionnaire. Pearson correlation evaluated the relationship between variables. RESULTS: Major change in eating habits was responsible for expressing both depression and stress. Inclusion of new members, leaving loved ones due to several causes, spouses’ death, and substantial changes in the family members’ health status are all significantly related to depression. Change occurred in the parents’ marital status due to divorce or death also became the cause of depression. This is also same when person felt burden in taking care of the sick family member. Going on vacations and short trips, change in the meetings of family and social activities may help in relieving depression. CONCLUSION: The findings show that big personal achievements lead to negative relationship with depression. Stress-related factors are also a personal problem, which must be intervened with the enhancement of the working conditions.

BACKGROUND: Primary Health Care (PHC) Services in Saudi Arabia has reportedly been poorly accessed and utilized. Another concern is that the kingdom has to be strategic in reducing inequalities that exist between rural and urban communities. At present, there were limited scientific studies on access, utilization, and satisfaction of PHC services in areas most central to the kingdom. AIM: The aim of this study is to explore the factors associated with access, utilization, and level of satisfaction with primary health care services in Hafar Al-batain of Saudi Arabia. METHOD: A survey was conducted on June to August 2018 and data were gathered from June to August 2018. A self-report questionnaire was used which asked for the participants’ characteristics, organization factors, financial factors, doctor-patient communication, access, utilization, satisfaction to PHC services and barriers were distributed to the different health centers. A total of 384 PHC receivers served as respondents of the study. Data analysis were processed and Chi-square was used to analyse quantitative data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Ver. 21. Thematic analysis was used in analysing qualitative data. RESULTS: Findings showed that 50% of the total respondents were satisfied to some extent with the PHC services. On the other hand, only 39.7% were completely satisfied. Organizational, financial and doctor-patient communication factors were found to be barriers to PHC services in terms of access and utilization. Gender, age and educational level were found to influence perceived satisfaction towards PHC services. Themes relevant to barriers to PHC services were relevant to inadequate facilities and services, inaccessible location and access of health services, lack of specialized health care workers and services, poor observance of therapies and management, and insufficient implementation of policy and protocols. CONCLUSION: Health care services in Hafar Al-batin were found satisfying to some extent but were found to have areas which needs improvement which are relevant to factors in the organizational, finance, doctor patient communication and health promotion and prevention.

Background: The aim was to study the antibiotic resistance in children with urinary tract infection and to observe any difference between antibiotic resistance rates.Methods: It was a prospective study carried out in SKIMS Medical College Hospital, Srinagar over a period of two years from January 2017 to January 2019. The study included 210 children between 1 year and 15 years who had presented with complaints of urinary tract infection and whose urine cultures were positive for the growth of an organism. These children were analyzed in order to find the frequency of organisms grown on culture, sensitivity of organisms isolated on culture and the rates of developed resistance to the antibiotics.Results: A total of 210 patients aged were included in the study, encompassing 66 (31.4) males and 144 (68.6%) females. Out of 144 female children 108 were under 6years of age while as out of 66 male children 48 were under 6years of age. As per the growth on urine culture, the commonest organism that grew on culture were Escherichia coli (E. coli) was observed in 156 (74.3%), enterococcus in 18 (8.57%), Proteus mirabilis in 11 (5.2%), Acinetobacter spp. in 7 (3.3%), Pseudomonas spp. 5 (2.4%), Staphylococcus aureus in 4 (1.9%), Morganella spp. in 3 (1.4%) patients. Authors found imipenem, aminoglycosides and nitrofurantoin as the most effective antibiotics for urinary tract infections in pediatric age group.Conclusions: From this study, they concluded that parenteral antibiotics to be started empirically for the treatment of UTIs in all pediatric age groups are aminoglycosides. In contrast for outpatient management of urinary tract infections, our results suggest that nitrofurantoin should be used for children aged beyond 1 year of age due to the low rate of resistance to nitrofurantoin in patients aged over 1 year.

Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a major morbidity encountered in preterm neonates, especially in babies less than 28 weeks gestation or 1000g. It may close spontaneously in preterm neonates; however, failure to close spontaneously in preterm neonates results in significant mortality and morbidity in them.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in north India over a period of one year. The study cohort consisted of preterm, newborn babies admitted in the hospital with gestational age less than 37weeks and birth weight