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Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease characterized by mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies. The main pathology is the lack of the enzyme 3β-hydroxysterol Δ7-reductase, which is the last enzymatic step in cholesterol synthesis, ending with a low cholesterol level. Cholesterol is vitally important in cell membranes and myelination of the nervous system. The cholesterol level affects many systems of the body, especially the nervous system. The cause of liver involvement in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is unclear, and many hypotheses have been suggested. Here, we present the early results of a patient with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome who underwent living-donor liver transplant due to cirrhosis. As a result of liver transplant, normal cholesterol levels were shown, as well as improvements in the patient's neurodevelopment and behavior. Early liver transplant may be considered for patients with a defect of cholesterol biosynthesis, even in the absence of cirrhosis, and may be a future treatment option to prevent risks of neurologic deterioration.

Objective: living liver and kidney donor surgeries are major surgical procedures applied to healthy people with mortality and morbidity risks not providing any direct therapeutic advantage to the donor. In this study, we aimed to share our simultaneous and sequential living liver-kidney donor experience under literature review in this worldwide rare practice. Material and methods: between January 2007 and February 2018, a total of 1109 living donor nephrectomies and 867 living liver donor hepatectomies were performed with no mortality to living-related donors. Eight donors who were simultaneous or sequential living liver-kidney donors in this time period were retrospectively reviewed and presented with their minimum 2-year follow-up. Results: of the 8 donors, 3 of them were simultaneous and 5 of them were sequential liver-kidney donation. All of them were close relatives. Mean age was 39 (26-61) years and mean BMI was 25.7 (17.7-40). In 3 donors, right lobe, in 4 donors, left lateral sector, and in 1 donor, left lobe hepatectomy were performed. Median hospital stay was 9 (7-13) days. Two donors experienced early and late postoperative complications (Grade 3b and Grade 1). No mortality and no other long-term complication occurred. Conclusion: expansion of the donor pool by utilizing grafts from living donors is a globally-accepted proposition since it provides safety and successful outcomes. Simultaneous or sequential liver and kidney donation from the same donor seems to be a reasonable option for combined liver-kidney transplant recipients in special circumstances with acceptable outcomes. / Giriş ve amaç: canlı karaciğer ve böbrek verici ameliyatları tamamen sağlıklı bireylere uygulanan cerrahi işlemlerdir. Bu cerrahiler vericiye doğrudan bir faydası olmayan, ölüm ve komplikasyon riski taşıyan büyük bir işlemdir. Bu çalışmamızda dünya genelinde çok yaygın olmayan eş zamanlı veya birbirini takip eden canlı karaciğer ve böbrek verici ameliyatı deneyimimizi literatür irdemesi ile birlikte paylaştık. Gereç ve yöntem: Ocak 2007-Şubat 2018 tarihleri arasında merkezimizde, alıcısı ile yakınlık ilişkisi olan vericilere toplam 1109 canlı böbrek verici ameliyatı ve 867 canlı karaciğer verici ameliyatı verici kaybı yaşanmadan gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunlardan eş zamanlı veya birbirini takip edecek şekilde canlı karaciğer ve böbrek verici ameliyatı olan 8 verici minimum 2 yıllık takipleri ile incelenmiştir. Bulgular: bu 8 vericiden 3 tanesi eş zamanlı ve 5 tanesi birbirini takip edecek şekilde canlı karaciğer ve böbrek verici ameliyatı olmuşlardır. Hepsi alıcının yakın akrabasıydı. Ortalama yaş 36 (26-61) ve ortalama BMI 25,7 kg/m (17,7-40) idi. Vericilerden 3’üne sağ lob verici hepetektomisi, 4’üne verici sol lateral sektör hepatektomisi ve 1’ine sol lob verici hepetektomisi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Median hastanede kalış süresi 9 (7-13) gündü. Vericilerden 2’sinde erken dönemde komplikasyon gelişmiştir (Dindo Grade 3b ve Grade 1). Verici ölümü ve başka bir geç dönem komplikasyonu gelişmiştir. Sonuç: verici havuzunun genişletilmesinde canlı vericilerin güvenli olarak başarılı sonuçlar ile kullanılması dünya genelinde kabul görmektedir. Aynı vericinin eş zamanlı veya takip eden ameliyatlar ile karaciğer ve böbrek vericisi olması özel durumlarda kombine karaciğer ve böbrek alıcıları için güvenli bir seçenek olabilmektedir., NA

The clinical course of viral infections in patients under immunosuppression can be atypical and/or fatal if not diagnosed and treated appropriately. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may also have an atypical presentation. Contrary to the general opinion, transplant patients may be asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic, which could be a risk factor for underdiagnosis and the dissemination of this viral disease. This study presents the clinical features of 2 oligosymptomatic kidney transplant patients diagnosed with COVID-19. We suggest that new screening algorithms for COVID-19 should be reconsidered for the transplant patient population., NA

Background Cardiovascular complication is one of the leading causes of mortality after liver transplantation (LT). Thus, a thorough cardiac evaluation is a must before proceeding to a liver transplant surgery. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent and to a lesser extent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are both valuable treatment options for patients with coronary artery disease. Methods A retrospective, single-center study that included patients who underwent cardiac intervention and subsequent LT for end-stage liver disease. All patients who had PCI or CABG were included in the study. Results Twenty-nine adult patients out of 51 had a cardiac intervention before liver transplantation. Twenty-four patients had a diagnostic PCI, 3 patients had therapeutic PCI with stent, and 2 had failed PCI and proceeded to CABG before liver transplant. The mean age of the patients was 60.5 years. There were 24 men. All patients had cirrhosis. The 2 CABG cases were done during the same admission with a 13- and 18-day interval between the CABG and the transplantation. Both cases were live-related liver transplantation. No mortality was reported. Conclusion In case of PCI failure, CABG may be a valuable and safe treatment option for cirrhotic patients as a preparation for liver transplantation. Live donor liver transplantation may be a good back-up for those patients in case they develop hepatic decompensation.

Background/aim: the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in recipients of living-donor liver transplant (LDLT) compared to deceased-donor liver transplant (DDLT) has not been studied in the literature. We hypothesize that CKD stage progression in LDLT recipients is reduced compared to that of their DDLT counterparts. Materials and methods: a retrospective study was undertaken including 999 adult, single-organ, primary liver transplant recipients (218 LDLT and 781 DDLT) at 2 centers between January 2003 and December 2012, in which CKD progression and regression were evaluated within the first 3 years after transplantation. Results: waiting time from evaluation to transplantation was significantly lower in LDLT patients compared to recipients of DDLT. CKD stage progression from preoperative transplant evaluation to transplantation was significantly greater in DDLT. Deceased-donor liver transplant recipients continued to have higher rates of clinically significant renal disease progression (from stage I-II to stage III-V) across multiple time points over the first 3 years posttransplant. Furthermore, a greater degree of CKD regression was observed in recipients of LDLT. Conclusion: it can be concluded that LDLT provides excellent graft and patient survival, significantly reducing the overall incidence of clinically significant CKD stage progression when compared to DDLT. Moreover, there is a significantly higher incidence of CKD stage regression in LDLT compared to DDLT. These observations were maintained in both high and low model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)populations. This observation likely reflects earlier access to transplantation in LDLT as one of the contributing factors to preventing CKD progression., NA

Objective: living liver donor surgery is a major surgical procedure applied to healthy people with mortality and morbidity risks and does not provide any direct therapeutic advantage to the donor. We retrospectively analyzed the postoperative complication of our living liver donors to figure out the risks of donation. Material and methods: between November, 2006 and December, 2018, a total of 939 living liver donor hepatectomies were performed with no mortality to the living-related donors. Eight hundred and ninety donors with a minimum 1-year follow-up were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Of the 890 donors, 519 (58.3%) were males and 371 (41.7%) were females. Mean age was 35 years (18-64) and mean body mass index was 25.7 kg/m2(17.7-40). Right donor hepatectomy was performed to 601 (67.5%), left donor hepatectomy to 28 (3.2%) and left lateral sector hepatectomy to 261 (29.3%) of the donors. Of the 890 donors, 174 (19.5%) donors experienced a total of 204 early and late complications including life- threatening and nearly life- threatening complications in 26 (2.9%) of them. Intraoperative complication occurred in 4 (0.5%) donors. Right donors hepatectomy complication rate (23.3%) was higher than left donor (14.3%) and left lateral sector donor hepatectomy (11.5%). Conclusion: all donor candidates should be well-informed not only on the details of early and late complications of living liver donation, also possible outcomes of the recipient. In addition to detailed physical evaluation, preoperative psychosocial evaluation is also mandatory. Comprehensive donor evaluation, surgical experience, surgical technique, close postoperative follow-up and establishing a good dialog with the donor allows better outcomes. / Giriş ve amaç: canlı karaciğer verici ameliyatı tamamen sağlıklı bireylere uygulanan, vericinin doğrudan terapötik bir kazanç elde etmediği, ölüm ve ciddi komplikasyon riskleri taşıyan büyük bir cerrahi işlemdir. Bu çalışmamızda; canlı karaciğer vericisi olmanın riskini ortaya koymak amacıyla retrospektif olarak canlı karaciğer verici ameliyatı geçirmiş vericilerimizin ameliyat sonrası komplikasyonlarını ve sonuçlarını inceledik. Gereç ve yöntem: Kasım 2006-Aralık 2018 tarihleri arasında merkezimizde alıcısı ile yakınlık ilişkisi bulunan toplam 939 karaciğer vericisine, canlı karaciğer verici hepatektomisi mortalitesiz olarak gerçekleştirildi. Bu olgulardan minimum bir yıl takipli 890’ı retrospektif olarak incelendi. Bulgular: incelen 890 vericiden, 519 (%58,3)’u erkek, 371 (%41,7)’i kadındı. Ortalama yaş 35 (18-64) ve ortalama beden kütle indeksi 25,7 kg/m2 (17.7-40) idi. Canlı sağ verici hepatektomisi 601 (%67,5), sol verici hepatektomisi 28 (%3,2) ve verici sol lateral sektör hepatektomisi 261 (%29,3) vericide gerçekleştirilmiştir. Vericilerden 174 (%19,5)’ünde toplam 204 komplikasyon görülmüştür. Bunların 26 (%2,9)’sında hayatı tehdit edici komplikasyonlar gelişmiştir. Cerrahi işlem sırasında 4 (%0,5) vericide komplikasyon gelişmiştir. Canlı sağ verici hepatektomisinde (%23,3) komplikasyon oranları, sol (14,3%) ve sol lateral sektör hepatektomisine (%11,5) göre daha fazla gözlenmiştir. Sonuç: tüm verici adayları sadece verici ameliyatının detayları, erken ve geç komplikasyonları ile ilgili olarak değil ayrıca alıcının olası sonuçları hakkında da ayrıntılı olarak bilgilendirilmelidir. Ayrıntılı klinik muayene, tetkik ve değerlendirmelere ek olarak psiko-sosyal değerlendirme de kaçınılmazdır. Kapsamlı verici değerlendirilmesi, cerrahi deneyim ve teknik, yakın cerrahi sonrası takip, verici ve yakınları ile kurulacak iyi diyalog daha iyi sonuçları elde etmemizi sağlayacaktır., NA

Objectives In this paper, the results of liver transplant due to hepatoblastoma in 10 pediatric patients at Istanbul Sisli Memorial Hospital Transplantation Center are presented. Materials and methods We retrospectively evaluated medical records of pediatric patients diagnosed with hepatoblastoma and who underwent liver transplant at our clinic between January 2009 and March 2014. We examined age, weight, chemotherapy regimen, graft type for liver transplant, duration of hospital stay, complications, follow-up duration, and survival information. Results The median age of the 10 patients included in our study was 13.5 months (range, 8-120 mo), and the median weight was 10 kg (range, 6.5-30 kg). Two of the patients were twins. Five patients had pretreatment extent of disease III (centrally placed cases), and five had pretreatment extent of disease IV hepatoblastoma. Preoperative chemotherapy was given to 7 patients as cisplatin plus doxorubicin and to 3 patients per the International Childhood Liver Tumors Strategy Group 3 High-Risk Protocol at external centers. These protocols were administered according to treatment center preference. Nine patients received transplants from living donors. Two grafts were right lobes, and 7 were left lateral segments. In the remaining patient, a whole liver was received from a deceased donor. The histopathologic subgroups were epithelial in 5 patients, with others being of mixed type. Postoperative complications occurred in 3 patients as infection, intra-abdominal fluid collection, and acute rejection. The median follow-up was 32 months. One patient died because of lung metastasis within 9 months after transplant. Conclusions Centers should offer liver transplant to patients with centrally located tumors. For centers that have an insufficient number of deceased donors, living-donor liver transplant with optimal planning and early treatment can be performed.

Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a rare congenital anomaly, and liver transplantation (LT) in an adult SIT patient is extremely rare. Liver transplantation in a SIT patient is also technically challenging due to reversed anatomical structures. Here we present the case of an 18-year-old female with SIT in whom left lobe living donor LT was performed. The patient suffered from cirrhosis due to autoimmune hepatitis. The recipient and donor are doing well without complications 20 months after LT. Situs inversus totalis should not be considered a contraindication for LT. If possible, use of a living donor left lobe graft for LT is more feasible than a living donor right lobe graft. It is also technically easier than using deceased donor full-size liver graft in SIT patients who require liver transplantation.

Acute liver failure is a rapidly progressive and life-threatening disease in children, whose clinical features differ from those of adults.This is a review of a single center's experience with pediatric acute liver failure in a region with insufficient deceased donor support. The study is a retrospective review and analysis of 22 pediatric patients with acute liver failure between January 2007 and May 2013.The cause of acute liver failure was indeterminate in 45.4% of cases. Listing for liver transplant was required in 72.7% of patients, whereas 27.3% developed spontaneous remission. In the patients placed on the liver transplant wait list, 75% underwent liver transplant and 25% died before undergoing liver transplant. The presence of ascites, high-grade encephalopathy, and laboratory findings including high lactate dehydrogenase and phosphorous levels and international normalized ratio were significant parameters in selecting patients needing liver transplants. All liver transplants were from living donors. One- and 3-year patient survival rates after liver transplant were 75% and 75%. No serious donor complications occurred.Living-donor liver transplant may be the only option to save the lives of pediatric patients with acute liver failure, especially in regions with insufficient deceased-donor support. Timely referral to a multidisciplinary transplant center, expedient evaluation of living donors, and appropriate timing of transplant are crucial for a successful outcome.

Morphologic characteristics of the graft have been proposed as a major contributor to the long-term outcomes in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Our objective was to determine the impact of donor variables, including donor age, donor-recipient HLA match, and type of donation (DCD vs donation after brain death [DBD]), on the outcome of OLT in 192 patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Fourteen patients underwent OLT from donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors and 188 from DBD donors. Mean donor age, warm ischemia time at recovery, and cold ischemia time were similar between the groups. Overall graft survival rate at 1 year (55% DCD vs 85% DBD) and 5 years (46% DCD vs 78% DBD) was significantly lower in the DCD group (P = .0003). Similarly, patient survival rate at 1 year (62% DCD vs 93% DBD) and 5 years (62% DCD vs 82% DBD) was significantly lower in the DCD group (P = .0295). Incidences of hepatic artery thrombosis, portal vein thrombosis, and primary nonfunction were similar between the DCD and DBD groups. The incidence of liver abscess with ischemic-type biliary stricture was higher in recipients from DCD as compared with DBD (42% vs 2%). A trend toward lower graft survival was noted in recipients from donors older than 60 years of age in the HCV population (P = .07), with statistically lower patient survival (P = .02). Donor- recipient HLA matching did not appear to correlate with OLT outcome in patients with HCV. DCD donors and donors older than 60 years of age significantly impact patient and graft survival. Lower graft and patient survival in recipients from DCD donors does not appear to be related to early disease recurrence.

Argininosuccinic aciduria is a urea cycle disorder caused by an argininosuccinate lyase enzyme deficiency that ends with nitrogen accumulation as ammonia. Argininosuccinic aciduria patients are at risk for long-term complications including poor neurocognitive outcome, hepatic disease, and systemic hypertension despite strict pharmacologic and dietary therapy. As the liver is the principle site of activity of the urea cycle, it is logical that a liver transplant should be an option, with careful patient selection, even in the absence of cirrhosis. We present 2 pediatric argininosuccinic aciduria patients who underwent a living-donor liver transplant from their mothers. After the liver transplant, the general well-being of the patients and their quality of life improved significantly. Liver transplant should be an option for argininosuccinic aciduria patients to prevent further neurologic deterioration and improve the patient's quality of life.

Aim: Liver transplantation from living donors affects not only recipients’ but also donors’ lives. The aim of this study was to explore living donors’ experience of life. Methods: The sample consisted of 16 living donors who donated a part of their liver to a patient who had end-stage liver failure. Anonymised interview transcripts were analyzed following established conventions. Results: The analysis showed that participants evaluated their life in terms of limitations brought by organ donation surgery, awareness of the need for lifestyle changes, emotional changes, changes in character, and mixed relationships. Emotional changes involved the experience of both negative and positive emotions (feeling reputable, feeling like being born again). Changes in character included both worsening of character (becoming half human, turning into an aggressive person) and positive changes in character (becoming more of a believer and a humanist). Mixed relationships included feeling supported by loved ones and doctors, reduction of burden of care, formation of a special bond, not feeling supported by potential supporters like mothers, or spouses and worsening of close relationships. Conclusions: Some findings (experience of negative emotions, lack of support from others) could be interpreted in terms of existing psychological theory. Other findings (worsening aspects of character, experience of positive emotions, improvement in aspects of character, formation of a special bond, worsening of close relationships) extended the literature and could be viewed as targets for educational programs for donors. © 2016 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.

Late graft loss (LGL) and late mortality (LM) following liver transplantation (LT) in children were analyzed from the studies of pediatric liver transplantation (SPLIT) database. Univariate and multivariate associations between pre- and postoperative factors and LGL and LM in 872 patients alive with their primary allografts 1 year after LT were reviewed. Thirty-four patients subsequently died (LM) and 35 patients underwent re-LT (LGL). Patients who survive the first posttransplant year had 5-year patient and graft survival rates of 94.2% and 89.2%, respectively. Graft loss after the first year was caused by rejection in 49% of the cases with sequelae of technical complications accounting for an additional 20% of LGL. LT for tumor, steroid resistant rejection, reoperation in the first 30 days and >5 admissions during the first posttransplant year were independently associated with LGL in multivariate analysis. Malignancy, infection, multiple system organ failure and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease accounted for 61.8% of all late deaths after LT. LT performed for FHF and tumor were associated with LM. Patients who are at or below the mean for weight at the time of transplant were also at an increased risk of dying. Frequent readmission was also found to be associated with LM.

To examine the outcome of technical variant liver transplant techniques relative to whole organ liver transplantation in pediatric liver transplant recipients.Technical variant liver transplant techniques comprising split, reduced, and live-donor liver transplantation evolved to address the need for timely and size appropriate grafts for pediatric recipients.Analysis of data from the Studies of Pediatric Liver Transplantation (SPLIT) registry, a multicenter database of 44 North American pediatric liver transplant programs. The outcome (morbidity and mortality) of each of the technical variants were compared with that of whole organ recipients.Data were available on 2192 transplant recipients (1183 whole, 261 split, 388 reduced, and 360 live donor). Recipients of all technical variant graft type were significantly younger than whole organ recipients, but on average spent 2.3 months less on the waiting list. Thirty-day post-transplant morbidity was increased for each type of technical variant relative to whole organ (45.1% whole, 66.7% split, 65.5% reduced, 51.9% live-donor). Biliary complications (30 day: 7.5% whole, 18.8% split, 16% reduced, 17.5% live-donor) and portal vein thrombosis (30 day: 3.6% whole, 8% split, 8% reduced, 7.5% live-donor) were more common in all technical variant types. Graft type was an independent predictor of graft loss (death or retransplantation) in a multivariate analysis. Split and reduced (relative risk = 1.74 and 1.77, respectively) grafts had a worse outcome when compared with whole organ recipients.Technical variant techniques expand the pediatric donor pool and reduce time from listing to transplant, but they are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.

The pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of a once-daily formulation of tacrolimus (tacrolimus extended-release formulation; XL formerly referred to as MR or MR4) were assessed in 18 stable pediatric liver transplant recipients who were converted from the twice-a-day formulation of tacrolimus (TAC) to XL. Patients received their twice-a-day dose of TAC on study days 1 through 7. Beginning on the morning of study day 8, patients were converted to XL on a 1:1 (mg:mg) basis for their total daily dose, and were maintained on a once-daily AM dosing regimen using the same therapeutic monitoring and patient care techniques employed with TAC. Based on pharmacokinetic profiles obtained on study days 7 (TAC) and 14 (XL), steady state exposure (AUC(0-24)) was equivalent between XL and TAC; the mean XL/TAC ratio for lnAUC(0-24) was 100.9% (90% CI: 90.8%, 112.1%). AUC(0-24) and C(min) were strongly correlated at steady state (correlation coefficient: XL 0.90, TAC 0.94). During the first year post-conversion, there were no cases of acute rejection, discontinuation of XL, graft loss or death. The safety profile of XL was consistent with that known for TAC. These results support the safe and convenient conversion of pediatric liver transplant recipients from twice-a-day TAC to once-daily XL.

Developments in surgical technique, immunosuppression, organ procurement and preservation, and patient selection criteria have resulted in improved long-term patient and graft survival after pediatric liver transplantation. In this study, we examined the results of 196 liver transplants performed in 155 pediatric patients at University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital. Patients were divided into two groups according to age at the time of liver transplant. Infants under 12 months of age comprised Group 1 (n=74) and children from one to 18 yr comprised Group 2 (n=122). Outcomes for whole, reduced-size, and split liver transplantation were compared in infants and children. Biliary atresia was the most common indication in both groups. Patients underwent 128 whole size, 50 reduced size, and 18 split liver transplants. Forty-one retransplantations were performed in 14 infants (18.9%) and in 27 children (22.1%). One hundred eleven patients (56.6%) had one or more rejection episode [37 infants (50.0%) and 74 children (60.6%)]. Thirty-nine patients (19.8%) developed CMV infections, 42 (21.4%) developed EBV infections, and 14 developed PTLD (six infants and eight children). Thirty-six patients (18.3%) developed HAT. Seven patients (4.5%) developed malignancy (one infant and six children). Out of 155 patients, 33 (21.3%) died during the study period. The most common etiology of mortality included central nervous system pathology (n=7; 4.5%), sepsis (n=6; 3.8%), and cardiac causes (n=6; 3.8%). One-, five-, and 10-yr actuarial patient survival was 86, 79, and 74% in infants and 90, 83 and 80% in children. Graft survival at one, five, and 10 yr was 77, 73 and 71% in infants and 88, 81 and 78% in children, respectively. Despite its technical challenges, the outcomes of liver transplantation in pediatric patients with end-stage liver disease are excellent and result in significant long-term patient and graft survival.

The LDLT option in the pediatric population allows recipients to be transplanted early. A total of 202 consecutive pediatric liver transplants from two different institutions--108 (LDLT) and 94 (DDLT)--were retrospectively compared. Overall, one- and three-yr patient and graft survival were similar between DDLT and LDLT. ACR was greater in recipients of DDLT at one and three yr (50.8% and 61.0%) compared to LDLT (30.8% and 32.2%) (p = 0.002). When the data were stratified according to PELD/MELD score, LDLT with a low score had better one- and three-yr graft survival (96.2% and 96.2%) compared to DDLT (88.2% and 85.2%) (p = 0.02), with comparable patient survival (p = 0.75). Patient and graft survival were similar between DDLT and LDLT in the high PELD/MELD group. Lower incidence of ACR in both low and high PELD/MELD groups was (29.6% and 34.3%) for LDLT compared to DDLT (50.3% and 53.3%, p = 0.002 and p = 0.028, respectively). Regardless of PELD/MELD score, status, age group, and recipient weight, LDLT provides excellent patient and graft survival with a lower incidence of rejection compared to DDLT.

Aim Liver transplantation affects not only recipients and living donors' lives, but also the nature and quality of their relationship. Moreover, the ways in which recipients of liver transplant experience life and views of living donors on how recipients experience life may differ. These differences may account for relational changes. It is also important to understand how recipients and their living donors' views differ if the aim is to devise psychoeducational programs for recipients and living donors. Therefore, the present study examined the recipients' experience of life after a diagnosis of end-stage liver failure (ESLF) and transplantation surgery from donors' perspective. Methods The sample consisted of 16 living donors who donated a part of their liver to a patient with ESLF. Thematic analysis was undertaken in parallel with interviews during which an interview guide was followed. Findings Donors felt that recipients evaluated life after the diagnosis of ESLF and transplantation surgery in terms of limitations, mixed relationships, emotional changes, and improvement in life. Conclusion Experience of social limitations, negative emotions, and the feeling that one is supported by others could be interpreted in terms of existing psychological theory. Some ways of adjusting that have not been reported before within the context of ESLF extended the literature. These included others being frightened of being infected by ESLF and being insensitive, experience of positive emotions, and ways of improving. Overall, compared with findings of previous qualitative work among recipients, our findings suggest that donors' evaluation of recipients' lives converge with that of recipients.

We present here the outcomes of our first 500 liver transplants and discuss the lessons learned during this time.We retrospectively analyzed the first 500 consecutive transplants within the listing criteria of the United Network for Organ Sharing, with recipients and donors with minimum 1-year follow-up. Patient survival and donor complications were analyzed for 31 liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the Milan criteria who had transplant performed during the same time.Between August 2006 and March 2013, there were 519 liver transplants performed in 500 patients (365 adult, 135 pediatric). There were 394 living-donor and 125 deceased-donor liver transplants. In addition, 31 adult liver transplants were performed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma beyond Milan criteria (22 living-donor and 9 deceased-donor transplants). The main cause of chronic liver failure was biliary atresia in pediatric patients (30.4%) and chronic hepatitis B infection in adults (35.6%). The complication rate for primary nonfunction was 3.8%, overall biliary complications 24.0% (significantly higher after adult living-donor liver transplant, 30.3%), hepatic artery thrombosis 1.6%, portal vein thrombosis 3.0%, retransplant 3.8%, acute cellular rejection 29.6%, and bacterial infection 39.4%. Overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival rates in the first 500 consecutive transplants performed on recipients within United Network for Organ Sharing listing criteria were 87.8%, 85.0%, and 78.6%; for hepatocellular carcinoma patients beyond the Milan criteria, survival rates were 71.9%, 52.5%, and 38.2%.In regions without a sufficient number of deceased donors, living-donor liver transplant, with its associated problems, is the only alternative to deceased-donor liver transplant. Liver transplant requires teamwork, with all players working well together for a successful outcome. The important keys to success in liver transplant include decision-making, timing, surgical skills, experience, and close follow-up.

The shortage of cadaveric donors for simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation has prompted the use of cadaveric organs from pediatric donors. The long-term outcome and its impact on overall long-term survival are unknown. A total of 680 recipients receiving cadaver Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation from pediatric and adult donors between July 1986 and September 2001 were analyzed and compared. Ten-year kidney and pancreas graft survival for SPK transplantation from donors aged18 years (n = 142) were 80% and 72%, respectively, compared to 61% pancreas and kidney graft survival from donorsor =18 years of age (n = 538; p = 0.03 and 0.05, respectively). Five years post-transplant, blood glucose, HbA1c and creatinine clearance were significantly better in recipients from pediatric donors (85.3 +/- 13 mg/dL, 5.5 +/- 3.5% and 65.6 +/- 16 mL/min, respectively), compared to recipients from adult donors (95.1 +/- 29 mg/dL, 5.9 +/- 3.5% and 58.3 +/- 17 mL/min; p = 0.001, 0.01 and 0.002, respectively). Causes of graft failure for kidney and pancreas transplants were similar between the two groups. No statistically significant difference was observed in patient survival between recipients from pediatric donors compared to adult donors (85% vs. 76%, p = 0.29). When recipients of SPK from pediatric donors were stratified according to age (3-11 years and 12-17 years) and compared, no difference in kidney or pancreas graft survival was observed (kidney 76.4% vs. 81.3%, p = 0.15; pancreas 75% vs. 76%, p = 0.10, respectively). Pediatric donors represent a valuable source of organs, providing excellent short- and long-term outcomes. Wide utilization of pediatric organs will substantially increase the donor pool.

Background. Infected hepatic fluid collections (bilomas) are a major infectious complication of liver transplantation. Limited data exist on management and outcome of biloma.Methods. We report a cohort study of 57 liver transplant recipients with posttransplantation bilomas undertaken to identify the clinical features of biloma, management strategies, and outcome.Results. Fever (44%) and abdominal pain (40%) were the most common presenting symptoms, but one-third of patients were asymptomatic; 79% had elevated hepatic enzyme levels. Patients without hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) had the highest rates of resolution with percutaneous drainage and anti-infective therapy (64%). Retransplantation was necessary in 64% of patients with HAT and biloma. Independent predictors of resolution with nonsurgical therapy were absence of HAT (odds ratio [OR] 7.69; P = .01) and absence of Candida (OR, 9.09; P = .02) or enterococcal infection (OR, 7.69; P = .03). Patients with bilomas had significantly greater mortality (Cox proportional hazard ratio [HR], 2.38; P = .008, by log rank test) and graft loss (HR, 4.31; P < .0001). Predictors of mortality by multivariable analysis included renal insufficiency (OR, 12.51; P = .02) or infection with Candida species (OR, 4.93; P = .03) or gram-negative bacilli (OR, 9.12; P = .01).Conclusion. Posttransplantation biloma should be suspected in patients with fever or abdominal pain or abnormalities of hepatic enzymes, and it can be confirmed by computerized tomography and radiographically guided aspiration. Bilomas are most likely to be successfully treated nonsurgically in patients without HAT and without Candida or enterococcus infection.

Choledochal cysts occur most frequently in East Asian children and rarely in Western adults. Over the past two decades, pediatric treatment has been standardized, but relatively little information is available on the management of Western adults with choledochal cysts. Therefore the aims of this analysis were to compare the presentation, management, and late results of Western adults and children with choledochal cysts. Records were reviewed of patients with choledochal cysts at three academic institutions in Wisconsin. Fifty-seven patients were identified, and 51 of these patients (89%) were managed surgically. Thirty-one patients (54%) were adults, and the adults were more likely to be male (29% vs. 4%, P

Campath-1H, an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, was used as induction therapy (40 mg i.v. total dose) in 29 primary human renal transplants, and the patients were maintained on rapamycin monotherapy (levels 8-15 ng/mL) post-transplant. Campath-1H profoundly depletes lymphocytes long-term and more transiently depletes B cells and monocytes. All patients are alive and well at 3-29 months of follow up. One graft was lost because of rejection. There have been no systemic infections and no malignancies. Eight of 29 patients have experienced rejection, which was successfully treated in seven of eight patients. Five of these patients had pathological evidence of a humoral component of their rejection. Seven of the 29 patients were converted to standard triple therapy on account of rejection. Rapamycin was generally well tolerated in that there were no significant wound-healing problems; two lymphoceles required surgical drainage; and most patients were treated with a lipid-lowering agent. Flow crossmatch testing post-transplant revealed evidence of alloantibody in two patients tested with previous combined cellular and humoral rejection. Biopsies have shown no chronic allograft nephropathy to date. In view of the relatively high incidence of early humoral rejection, we plan to modify the immunosuppressive regimen in subsequent pilot studies. This clinical trial provides insight into the use of Campath-1H induction in combination with rapamycin maintenance monotherapy.

Background. Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) remains a major barrier to long-term allograft survival. The authors retrospectively compared the development of CAN in recipients of cadaveric (CAD), living-related donor (LRD), and living-unrelated donor (LURD) transplants at their center. Methods. The authors retrospectively examined the impact of various factors on the incidence of CAN using univariate and multivariate proportional hazards analysis in a single-center kidney transplant population. Results. Between 1 January 1990 and 31 May 2000, 2,140 kidney-alone transplants were performed at the authors' center. The overall 5-year incidence of biopsy-proven CAN was 12.2% (n=203). Risk factors for CAN included the number of transplants (P=0.0001), acute rejection (P=0.0001), panel reactive antibody (P=0.0001), discharge creatinine (P=0.0001), 1-year creatinine (P=0.0015), delayed graft function (P=0.007), total human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B and -DR mismatches (P=0.0005), recipient age (P=0.003), black donor race (P=0.001), black recipient race (0.0457), donor age (P=0.0053), cold storage time (P=0.019), and cytomegalovirus infections (P=0.002). Interestingly, although the LRD HLA-identical recipients had a significantly lower incidence of CAN (P=0.0015), the incidence of CAN in CAD and HLA-nonidentical LRD recipients did not differ. Graft survival was significantly worse in CAD recipients compared with all other groups (P

In our initial study of liver transplant recipients using the trans vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay, we found that in donor derived B-LCL or sonicates of donor leukocytes triggered linked suppression of the response to recall antigens tetanus toxoid (TT) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Since both donor antigen sources contain HLA class I and class II proteins, we wished to determine which donor HLA proteins were responsible for the linked suppression effect. PBMC from four liver transplant recipients with donor-specific DTH regulation were studied. Surprisingly, we found that single donor HLA-A or B antigens (4/4 patients) but not single HLA-DR (0/4) donor antigens triggered linked suppression of DTH. A dose response study of two patients revealed that donor-type HLA-DR antigens (0.5–500ng) were not capable of triggering any linked suppression; however, as little as 500pg of donor-type HLA-class I protein triggered linked suppression of DTH response to a recall antigen. These findings may have implications for the differential impacts of class I vs class II mismatching in organ transplantation. On a practical level, they indicate that soluble HLA-A and B antigens are the proper choice for detection of DTH regulation as part of a “tolerance assay” in human liver transplant recipients.

In patients with biliary atresia, portal vein problems may cause challenges for liver transplant. Interposition grafts have been used for vascular anastomoses in transplant recipients with varied success. A cryopreserved iliac artery graft was used for the reconstruction of the portal vein in a 29-month-old infant with biliary atresia. At 17 months after transplant, she developed upper gastrointestinal bleeding that was caused by portal vein occlusion because of vascular calcifications in the graft. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed esophageal varices with fresh bleeding, and the varices were band ligated. At 3 months after the bleeding episode, the patient was asymptomatic and biochemical tests were normal. In summary, liver transplant with cryopreserved iliac artery graft may be complicated by calcifications and portal vein occlusion, and caution is advised in using this graft material for portal vein anastomoses.

Human allograft acceptance is associated with immune regulation, characterized by donor-antigen-linked suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). We wished to determine if "classical" in vitro assays of alloreactivity could also detect linked suppression and thus be useful in the clinical diagnosis of active immune regulation. We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a group of eight liver transplant recipients, one of whom had stopped all immunosuppression 4.5 years ago yet continues to have good graft function (graft acceptor). The regulator phenotype was defined as the ability to suppress a DTH response to a recall antigen in the presence of donor antigen. Using the trans vivo DTH test, we identified four regulators, and four nonregulators. When we tested two of the regulators for in vitro mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCL), we found both patients to be specifically hyporesponsive to donor compared with third-party B-LCL stimulators. However, in contrast to the linked suppression of DTH seen when a given B-LCL expressed donor-type HLA-B antigens, there was no evidence of linked suppression in vitro, either in CTL, proliferative, or interferon-gamma cytokine release assays. The primary CTL hyporesponsiveness to donor B-LCL could not be reversed by neutralizing antibodies to transforming growth factor beta or interleukin-10, which could restore a strong DTH response to donor B-LCL. We conclude that DTH analysis can readily detect donor antigen-linked suppression in liver transplant recipients. CTL and MLC tests failed to do so. These findings may be relevant to the development of a tolerance assay suitable for use in clinical trials.

Background. Initiated in 1995, the Studies of Pediatric Liver Transplantation (SPLIT) registry database is a cooperative research network of pediatric transplantation centers in the United States and Canada. The primary objectives are to characterize and follow trends in transplant indications, transplantation techniques, and outcomes (e.g., patient/graft survival, rejection, growth parameters, and immunosuppressive therapy.) Methods. As of June 15, 2000, 29 centers registered 1144 patients, 640 of whom received their first liver-only transplant while registered in SPLIT. Patients are followed every 6 months for 2 years and yearly thereafter. Data are submitted to a central coordinating center. Results. One/two-year patient survival and graft loss estimates are 0.85/0.82 and 0.77/0.72, respectively. Risk factors for death include: in ICU at transplant (relative risk (RR) = 2.63, P

Acute hepatic allograft rejection occurs in approximately 50% to 60% of the patients undergoing liver transplantation. In this study, we compared the rate of acute rejection in liver transplant recipients randomized in a double-blind comparative study to treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine (AZA), both in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids. Five hundred sixty-five primary liver transplant recipients were randomly assigned to treatment with MMF, 1 g twice daily intravenously followed by 1.5 g twice daily orally (n = 278), or AZA, 1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg/d intravenously followed by oral administration (n = 287), in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids. Patients were followed up for at least 1 year, and efficacy analysis was based on intent-to-treat methods. Acute rejection was defined according to the Banff histological criteria. The two study groups were balanced for demographic and clinical baseline characteristics. The incidence of acute rejection or graft loss was 47.7% in the AZA patients and 38.5% in the MMF patients (P

BACKGROUND: Advances in perioperative care and immunosuppression have enabled clinicians to broaden the indications for organ transplantation. Advanced age is no longer considered a contraindication to transplantation at most centers. Although short-term studies of elderly liver transplant recipients have demonstrated that the incidence of complications and overall patient survival are similar to those of younger adults, transplant center-specific, long-term data are not available. METHODS: From August of 1984 to September of 1997, 91 patients 60 years of age or older received primary liver transplants at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. This group of patients was compared with a group of younger adults (n=387) ranging in age from 18 to 59 years who received primary liver transplants during the same period. The most common indications for transplantation in both groups were Laennec's cirrhosis, hepatitis C, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cryptogenic cirrhosis. There was no difference in the preoperative severity of illness between the groups. Results. The length of hospitalization was the same for both groups, and there were no significant differences in the incidence of rejection, infection (surgical or opportunistic), repeat operation, readmission, or repeat transplantation between the groups. The only significant difference identified between the groups was long-term survival. Five-year patient survival was 52% in the older group and 75% in the younger group (P

Background: Since the advent of liver transplantation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS), the role of surgical portosystemic shunts in the treatment of portal hypertension has changed. However, we have continued to use portosystemic shunts in patients with noncirrhotic portal hypertension and in patients with Child's A cirrhosis. Methods: We performed 48 surgical portosystemic shunt procedures between 1988 and 1998. The outcomes of these patients were evaluated to assess the efficacy of this treatment. Data from 39 of 48 patients were available for analysis. The average follow-up was 42 months. Results: Liver function generally remained stable for the patients; only 2 patients had progressive liver failure and required transplant procedures. Gastrointestinal bleeding (3 patients), encephalopathy (3 patients), and shunt thrombosis (3 patients) were rare. Patient survival was 81% at 4 years, similar to survival with liver transplantation (P = .22). Conclusions: Surgical shunts remain the treatment of choice for prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding in patients with good liver function and portal hypertension. (Surgery 1999; 126:708-13.)

Experience with hepatic artery embolization for the treatment of symptomatic hepatic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in Rendu-Osler-Weber disease is limited. We report 2 cases of hepatic AVMs that caused mesenteric angina-like symptoms that were treated with embolization. Both patients developed parenchymal and bile duct necrosis, intrahepatic bilomas, and refractory biliary sepsis, subsequently leading to liver failure. We hypothesize that the pathophysiological cause of biliary necrosis in this setting is similar to that which occurs in the setting of hepatic artery thrombosis of the liver allograft. Progressive liver failure in these patients was treated successfully by liver transplantation. Liver transplantation offers definitive therapy by removing the source of ongoing sepsis, restoring normal liver function, and eliminating the intrahepatic AV shunt.

The liver is the major source of circulating insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II) and several of their binding proteins (BPs). This study examined the effects of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and subsequent liver transplantation (LT) on serum levels of these growth factors and their BPs in four children and six adults for up to 2 years. Serum IGF-I and IGF-II were quantified by radioimmunoassay (RIA), IGFBP-3 by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), and changes in IGFBP-1, -2, -3, and -4 were estimated by Western ligand blotting (WLB). In severe hepatic disease, serum concentrations of IGF-I (10 +/- 5 ng/mL) and IGF-II (126 +/- 32 ng/mL) were significantly (P.01) less than in normal controls (170 +/- 37 and 590 +/- 41 ng/mL, respectively). One year following LT, the mean levels of IGF-I (344 +/- 55 ng/mL) and IGF-II (627 +/- 38 ng/mL) were within normal limits and remained so for the duration of the study. Patients exhibited considerable variation not only in the rate of achieving normal IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations, but also in the ultimate height and stability of these peptide levels. Serum IGFBP-3 in hepatic failure (580 +/- 140 ng/mL) was significantly (P.05) lower than in controls (2,900 +/- 220 ng/mL) and increased to normal levels (3,650 +/- 360 ng/mL) 2 to 14 weeks after LT. Serum levels of IGFBP-1, -2, and -4 before and after LT were variable but usually remained within normal limits compared with control sera. The decreases observed in IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-3 in patients with hepatic failure and their subsequent restoration after LT probably result primarily from the reduced number of functional hepatocytes in ESLD and their subsequent replacement by healthy hepatic tissue. These changes may also result from hormonal alterations and nutritional deficiencies known to exist in patients with severe liver dysfunction, which are corrected by LT. We conclude that LT in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency enhances the potential for normal cell growth and replication by restoring serum IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-3 concentrations to normal concomitantly with the improvement in hormonal and nutritional status.

An 18-year-old female presented with a mass involving the liver which was resected. Microscopically, it was diagnosed as monophasic synovial sarcoma. Cytogenetic study (FISH) revealed translocation t(X; 18), confirming the diagnosis.

We studied multiple determinants of graft survival at a single center and the effects of nonimmunologic graft loss on transplant survival. This retrospective study examined the results of 589 cadaver donor transplants performed between 1986 and 1992. Graft survival rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates for both overall graft survival (all causes of graft loss) and immunologic graft survival (function lost due to acute or chronic rejection and noncompliance). Cadaver graft survival was significantly poorer with an increasing degree of DR mismatch (P=0.02). An analysis of pretransplant variables showed graft loss risk was highest with greater DR mismatches, two B-antigen mismatch, higher donor serum creatinine, and younger recipient age. After transplantation, acute rejection was the most significant factor associated with long-term graft survival. Our data demonstrate a significant advantage for zero DR and one DR mismatch cadaver donor transplants, with excellent immunologic graft survival. This study suggests that a combination of immediate graft function, prevention of acute rejection by appropriate early immunosuppressive therapy, and acceptable DR match enhances cadaveric graft survival.

Risk factors for renal allograft loss in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Controversy exists regarding the risk factors for renal allograft loss in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study is a retrospective evaluation of each of these independent risk factors in 80 renal transplants for ESRD secondary to SLE done at our institution between 1971 and 1994. Our entire non-diabetic cohort of 1,966 renal transplants is used as a comparison group. Our results showed equivalent graft survival rates between lupus patients and the cohort at 1, 5 and 10 years ( P = 0.56). However, an analysis of cyclosporine-era cadaver grafts revealed that the lupus group had poorer 5-year graft survival than the cohort (41% vs. 71%, P = 0.02). Evaluation of cyclosporine-era lupus graft survival showed significantly improved out-come in living-related lupus recipients over cadaver grafts at five years (89% vs. 41%, P = 0.003). The majority of grafts lost in the lupus cadaver recipients were due to chronic rejection. Rejection was increased in lupus recipients: 69% of lupus patients experienced rejection in the first year compared to 58% of controls ( P = 0.01). Stratified for age, sex, race and cyclosporine use, this difference remained significant ( P = 0.003, relative risk 1.7). Nephrectomy, splenectomy and 3 to 6 months of pretransplant dialysis did not improve graft survival. A dialysis duration of greater than 25 months predicted worse graft survival ( P = 0.01). Among lupus patients, PRA did not correlate with graft outcome ( P = 0.5), and HLA-identical cadaver grafts had improved outcomes compared to cadaver grafts. We conclude that acute and chronic rejection are the major risk factors for graft loss in lupus patients. The superior outcome of living-related over cadaver grafts in lupus patients suggests an increased role for living-related grafts. Pretransplant dialysis, nephrectomy and splenectomy are not indicated.

The current liver allocation system has been criticized, since available organs go to those who are the most critically ill. These recipients have the poorest overall survival. Identification of pretransplant risk factors for mortality would allow better allocation of donor livers. This study was a retrospective analysis of pretransplant clinical and laboratory parameters and subsequent postoperative liver transplant mortality to identify high-risk subgroups. Of 347 consecutive consecutive primary liver transplant recipients, 59 (17%) met United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) criteria for status 4. Pretransplant factors included liver function, coagulation, albumin and ammonia levels, renal function, the presence of ascites, and etiology of liver disease. Overall 1-year patient survival was significantly worse for the status 4 recipients (89.0fi vs. 67.7% ; P=0.01). In a univariate analysis of pretransplant risk factors for all recipients, elevated creatinine (P=0.008) and ammonia (P=0.009), and UNOS status 4 (P=0.01) significantly affected postoperative survival. In multivariate analysis of pretransplant risk factors for all recipients, elevated creatinine (P=0.003) was the only factor to significantly affect postoperative survival. In UNOS status 4 patients, univariate analysis of pretransplant risk factors and their influence on patient survival demonstrated that prolonged coagulation partial thromboplastin time (P=0.04) and a higher grade of encephalopathy (P=0.02) significantly affected postoperative survival. Advanced encephalopathy (P=0.009) and prolonged partial thromboplastin time (P=0.01) were the only significant risk factors by multivariate analysis in status 4 patients. In status 4 and non-status 4 patients, we identified risk factors that adversely affected patient survival, but their predictive power was insufficient to deny transplantation. Despite the higher mortality in status 4 recipients, their long-term survival is only slightly worse than that of non-status 4 patients. Until better predictors of survival are ascertained, our data do not support limiting the use of donor livers in UNOS status 4 recipients.

Background. Liver transplantation has emerged as the definitive treatment for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Its relationships to inflammatory bowel disease and cholangiocarcinoma were evaluated in this series. Methods. Fifty-three liver transplantations were performed in 41 patients with PSC at the University of Wisconsin from 1986 through 1994. Fourteen of the patients underwent colectomies for inflammatory bowel disease, eight before transplantation and six after transplantation. Five patients had cholangiocarcinoma on the hepatectomy specimen, and another two had been diagnosed before transplantation. Results. Patient survival for PSC without cholangiocarcinoma was 85% and 62% at 2 and 9 years, respectively. No patient with PSC and cholangiocarcinoma has survived 2 years, although two patients were free of disease 11 and 20 months after transplantation. Despite maintenance immunosuppression seven patients with liver transplants had reactivation of inflammatory bowel disease and colon carcinoma developed in three after liver transplantation. Conclusions. Liver transplantation should be performed early in the course of PSC to avoid the lethal complications of cholangiocarcinoma. Careful colonoscopic follow-up is necessary in patients undergoing transplantation for PSC because immunosuppressive therapy does not necessarily cause inflammatory bowel disease to be quiescent, nor does it reduce the risk of colon carcinoma developing.

The current organ shortage has made utilization of organs from less-than-ideal donors more common. Although several transplant centers use kidneys from non-heart-beating donors (NHBDs), there has been reluctance to extend the use of these donors to extrarenal organs. Of the 130 donors referred to our organ procurement organization between January 1993 and May 1994, 16 (12.3%) were NHBDs. Organ retrieval from 10 of these resulted in extrarenal donation, 5 resulted in renal donation only, and 1 resulted in no retrieval as a result of prolonged warm ischemia (> 2 hr). A total of 39 organs were transplanted from these NHBDs. A rapid en bloc retrieval technique was used for extrarenal NHBDs. The mean warm ischemic time was 15.4 min; preservation times were similar for both NHBDs and heart-beating donors. After liver transplantation (n = 5), one episode of primary nonfunction that was technical in origin required retransplantation. Following simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (n = 6), all patients were insulin independent and free of graft pancreatitis; one patient required hemodialysis (16.7%). After isolated renal transplantation (n = 21), 3 patients (14.3%) required hemodialysis. Three of 4 liver recipients are alive after a mean follow-up period of 12.7 months; all simultaneous pancreas-kidney and renal transplant recipients are alive after a mean follow-up period of 8.4 and 8.3 months, respectively. Three liver allografts, 5 pancreas and kidney allografts, and 19 renal allografts are functioning. The lung allograft was lost to rejection 81 days after transplantation; however, the recipient is alive 3 months after retransplantation. Our results demonstrate that in controlled situations, extrarenal organs can be utilized from NHBDs and can be expected to function similarly to organs retrieved from heart-beating donors. We increased the number of transplanted organs by 8.6% using NHBDs for both renal and extrarenal donation. Continued application of these techniques will likely further increase the number of organs retrieved for transplantation.

We report on the efficacy and safety of FK506 (tacrolimus) compared with a cyclosporine (CsA)-based immunosuppressive regimen after 1 year of treatment in pediatric liver allograft recipients (< 12 years) participating in a multicenter U.S. randomized trial. Patients received either FK506 or CsA as primary immunosuppression following a first ABO-compatible liver transplant. Intravenous FK506 was initiated at 0.1 mg/kg per day, followed by oral FK506 beginning at 0.3 mg/kg per day. The dose was adjusted to maintain plasma trough levels of 0.5-2.0 ng/ml. The CsA group was treated according to each center's usual protocol. Both groups received the same initial doses of corticosteroids. All rejection episodes were biopsy-proven and a standardized algorithm was adopted for the treatment of rejection. Thirty patients were randomized to the FK506 group and 20 to the CsA group. After twelve months of follow-up 20 patients remained in the FK506 group and 13 in the CsA group. Patient survivals were 80% and graft survival 70% in the FK506 group compared with 81% and 71% respectively, in the CsA group. 48% of the FK506 group remained rejection-free compared with 21% of the CsA group, and 79% of FK506-treated patients did not require OKT3 compared with 68% of CsA treated patients. The cumulative corticosteroid dose was less at each time point throughout the first year in the FK506 group. The incidence of serious and minor infections was similar in both groups. Nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and gastrointestinal disturbances were the major toxicities reported. Differences did not reach statistical significance between the two groups although major neurologic events, diarrhea and dyspepsia were more often reported in the FK506 group. There was no difference in mean serum creatinine at 12 months between the two groups. There was a tendency toward lower mean serum cholesterol in the FK506 group. There was no hirsuitism in the FK506 group compared with a 30% incidence in the CsA group. In conclusion, compared with CsA, there is a trend toward less rejection in FK506-treated pediatric allograft recipients, while both drugs have a similar spectrum of side effects.

Orthotopic liver transplantation has become the treatment of choice for most children and infants with end-stage liver disease. The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine the results of 100 consecutive liver transplants performed in infants and children at a single institution. During an 8-year study period (July 1984 to December 1992), 100 pediatric liver transplants were performed in 76 patients. Thirty-four patients (44.7%) were infants (mean age, 7.0 months; mean weight, 6.1 kg), and 42 (55.3%) were children (mean age, 8.2 years; mean weight, 30.6 kg). There were 36 reduced-size liver transplants (RLT) and 64 whole-size transplants (WLT). Eight infants (23.5%) and 10 children (20.7%) required retransplantation. After transplantation, 71% of the patients had one or more rejection episodes, 66% had one or more infections, 17.1% had biliary complications, and 39.4% required one or more reoperations. There were 17 deaths. The actuarial 8-year survival rate for the patients with biliary atresia was 82.3%; for all infants in this series, it was 77.6%. No difference in patient survival was noted when RLT was compared with WLT. The overall 8-year actuarial patient survival rate for infants and children was 77.3%.

OBJECTIVE: The urological complications of 210 patients who underwent simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation over a 7-year period were reviewed. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Worldwide, bladder drainage has become the accepted method of exocrine drainage after pancreas transplantation. With the increasing use of bladder drainage, the surgical post-transplant complications have shifted from intra-abdominal complications to urological complications. METHODS: Two hundred ten diabetic patients received SPK transplants with bladder drainage. A retrospective review was conducted to analyze the incidence, type, and management of urological complications. RESULTS: The most frequent urological complications were hematuria, leak from the duodenal segment, recurrent urinary tract infections, urethritis, and ureteral stricture and disruption. Complications related to the renal transplant included ureteral stricture and leaks, as well as lymphoceles. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high incidence of urological complications, 5-year actuarial patient and graft survival are excellent. Only one graft and one patient were lost secondary to urological complications.