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We conducted a systematic review of the literature that has examined carotid arteries using ultrasonography in order to better explain the association between diabetes, hypertension, and intima-media thickness (IMT). The goal of this study was also to get a precise evaluation of increasing intima-media thickness predictive value for clinical cardiovascular outcomes. From 2000 through 2021, we searched the Google Scholar, NCBI, PubMed, and Medscape databases. The following essential keywords were looked up: ultrasound of carotid arteries, ultrasound of common carotid arteries intima-media thickness, and carotid IMT in diabetes and hypertension. Of the 135 retained studies the percentage of detection was used to calculate the diseases that affect intima–media thickness. As a result following were the causes that alter intima–media thickness: diabetes and hypertension at 81.4 % and 80 % respectively. Coronary artery disease at 21.4%, dyslipidemia and stroke at 14.8% and 5.2% respectively. Microalbuminuria at 3%. However, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) at an equal effect of 2.2%, MI at 1.5%. Breast arterial calcification, polycystic kidneys and glomerulonephritis at an equal effect of 0.7%. In conclusion, patients with hypertension and diabetes are most at risk of developing coronary artery disease.

Objective: Female infertility may be a commonly encountered problem that presently accounts for a great percentage of women seeking gynecologic services. A systematic review was preformed to evaluate the most common cause of infertility, using sonography. Materials and Methods: A search was executed with Google Scholar, PubMed, NCBI, and Medscape databases, from 2001 to 2020. Two investigators independently reviewed and assessed those studies for eligibility. The data were tabulated in a Microsoft Excel sheet. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24 software was used to evaluate the data. Results: Out of 70 studies, the contributing factors, detected with sonography, for infertility were as follows: polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), 44.9%; fibroids, 43.6%; endometriosis, 33.3%; polyps, 29.5%; adhesions, 29.5%; pelvic inflammatory disease, 23.1%; ovarian cysts, 23.1%; congenital anomalies, 20.5%; and adenomyosis, 11.5%. Conclusion: The most common cause of infertility, detected with sonography, was PCOS, and the least contributor to infertility was adenomyosis.

Objectives: To sonographically assess uterine leiomyoma among pregnant women. Study Design: Cross-sectional Descriptive study. Setting: Gilani Ultrasound Center, Ferozepur Road Lahore. Period: Sep to Dec 2019. Material & Methods: The sample size was all the pregnant women with fibroid. Ultrasound machine Honda 2000 HS and Toshiba xerio x4 were used. Results: Out of 73 patients, 47(64.4%) had fibroid at the anterior wall of the uterus, 14(19.2%) patients had fibroid at the posterior wall of the uterus, 5(6.8%) patients had submucosal fibroid, 2(2.7%) patients had fibroid in the lateral wall of the uterus, 2(2.7%) patients had fibroid at fundal region of the uterus and 1(1.4%) of each had fibroid in cervix, lower uterine segment and subserosal. Conclusion: The findings of this study concluded that the anterior wall of the uterus is more favorable for leiomyoma in pregnant women.