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Introduction: Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, known as Whitmore's disease, a tropical disease in humans. The bacteria can infect humans or animals, mostly found in contaminated water and soil. It spreads by direct contact with contaminated sources, inhalation or ingestion of contaminated dust or water droplets, or contact with soil through skin abrasions. Melioidosis is highly endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia but rare in Makassar. Case description: A 44-year-old woman shows a red mass on the right neck, reddish, palpable, ±6x5x4mm in size, and is soft in consistency and has a cystic impression. Direct gram showed purulent mixed with blood. 24 hours after incubation under aerobic conditions, grew small colonies, smooth, cream in color, non-lactose fermenter on Mac Conkey agar. Indirect gram shows a small, gram-negative rod (safety pins appearance). The colonies were positive in the catalase and oxidase test, with citrate and urease test was negative. Burkholderia pseudomallei was identified by Vitek2 with 97% Probability. It was susceptible to doxycycline, ceftazidime, and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole. Conclusion: This is a rare finding in a clinical isolate found in Makassar. A newly emerged case, four years after the last report in Makassar. This is still a challenge to public health problems in Makassar, must be reported consistently and never lost to follow up to get proper treatment.

Bawang merah lokal Topo merupakan salah satu sumberdaya genetik spesifik Maluku Utara yang pada awalnya dibudidayakan di Kelurahan Topo ini kemudian dikenal dengan nama Bawang Merah Topo menurut bahasa lokal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) Menganalisis pendapatan petani bawang merah lokal Topo di Kelurahan Afa-afa Kecamatan Tidore Utara Kota Tidore Kepulauan. (2) Menganalisis tingkat kesejahteraan rumah tangga bawang merah lokal Topo di Kelurahan Afa-afa Kecamatan Tidore Utara Kota Tidore Kepulauan. Jumlah responden petani Bawang Merah Lokal Topo dalam penelitian ini yaitu sebanyak 32 orang. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Rata-rata penerimaan yang diperoleh petani bawang merah lokal Topo di kelurahan Afa-afa sebesar Rp 6.879.484/tahun, dengan biaya produksi rata-rata sebesar Rp 1.629.149, sehingga rata-rata pendapatan yang diperoleh petani bawang merah lokal topo sebesar Rp 5.250.334/tahun. (2) Bawang merah lokal Topo layak diusahakan oleh petani responden di kelurahan afa-afa layak setelah diketahui nilai R/C Ratio sebesar 4,22. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian rumah tangga petani bawang merah lokal Topo di Kelurahan Afa-afa Kecamatan Tidore Utara Kota Tidore Kepulauan termasuk dalam klasifikasi sejahtera yaitu sebesar 93,75 persen.

Most of the use of coffee today is processed into drinks, with various types, brands and one of them is spice coffee which has been produced in the households of Ternate City, Tabahawa Village. Spice coffee is coffee that mixed with spice powder, namely robusta coffee, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, ginger and sugar. Spice coffee has a warm spicy taste and this coffee has been marketed in stores or supermarkets in Ternate City. Various kinds of beverage products can be made using the basic ingredients of coffee, this is because coffee has a distinctive taste and a refreshing effect. Spices also provide a specific aroma to suit one's taste with a distinctive spice refreshing and warming effect. By combining coffee and spices which have almost the same active compound, it is possible to create mixed flavors that consumers can enjoy. Seeing this potential, it is necessary to conduct research on the Analysis of Spice Coffee Processing Business in the Household Industries of Tabahawa Village, Ternate City. The purpose of this research was to analyze the feasibility of the spice coffee processing business in the Household Industry of Tabahawa Village, Ternate City. The analysis method used in this research are NPV analysis, B / C Ratio, IRR and Payback period. Through the results of the research that the process of making spice coffee includes: All raw materials are ground separately into powder, then the powder is mixed so that it becomes one according to the comparison and to answer the second problem through a financial feasibility analysis that the spice coffee processing business shows that, the NPV value is obtained amounting to Rp.41,437,982, the IRR value obtained is 202.5%, the Cost Ratio value is 0.06%, the Gross B / C Ratio value is Rp.53,717,982, while the calculation of the criteria for the return on investment (playback period) is obtained for 1 year. Investment costs can be covered through profits after the business has been running for 2 years so that the home coffee spice industry is feasible to develop.

The purpose of this research was to analyze the form of topo local shallot marketing distribution channels and marketing margins of topo local shallots in North Tidore District, Tidore Islands City. Respondents which will be researched include producers, collectors, retailers and consumers who are directly involved in the distribution of topo local shallots. The data collection techniques used in this research included farmers, collector traders, retailers involved in developing topo local shallot commodities in North Tidore District, Tidore Islands City, by filling out a questionnaire followed by interviews. The data analysis used consisted of descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis (marketing margin analysis). Through the research results that the marketing channels carried out by local shallot farmers Topo in North Tidore District have 3 marketing distribution channels (1) Farmer-Trader, Collector-Trader, Retailer and consumer. (2) Farmers, Retailers and Consumers. (3) Farmers directly to the final consumer. The marketing margin in channel I is Rp. 17,500 and channel II is Rp. 10,000. The highest margin is obtained in the marketing channel I, they are farmer-trader-gatherer-retailer-consumer, so that causes part received by farmers is less than the traders. Channel III has no margin because the farmers sell their products directly to consumers. So that the most profitable channel for producers is the marketing channel III.

Intestinal helminths are highly prevalent in low-SES children and could contribute to poor health outcomes either directly or via alteration of the gut microbiome and gut barrier function. We analysed parasitic infections and gut microbiota composition in 325 children attending high- and low-SES schools in Makassar, Indonesia before and after albendazole treatment. Lactulose/Mannitol Ratio (LMR, a marker of gut permeability); I-FABP (a surrogate marker of intestinal damage) as well as inflammatory markers (LBP) were measured. Helminth infections were highly prevalent (65.6%) in low-SES children. LMR and I-FABP levels were higher in low-SES children (geomean (95%CI): 4.03 (3.67–4.42) vs. 3.22 (2.91–3.57); p. adj

Desa Lolori Kabupaten Halmahera Barat menjadi salah satu desa yang melakukan uji coba penanaman padi dengan menggunakan metode hazton. Metode hazton merupakan rekayasa budidaya padi yang diinisiasi oleh Ir. Hazairin MS selaku Kepala Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan dan Holtikultura Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dan Anton Komaruddin SP, Msi, staf pada Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan dan Holtikultura Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Teknologi hazton bertumpu pada penggunaan bibit tua 25-30 hari setelah semai dengan jumlah bibit 20-30 batang per lubang tanam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui produksi, pendapatan dan efisiensi usahatani padi sawah di Desa Lolori Kabupaten Halmahera Barat. Bentuk analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis usahatani dan efisiensi usahatani. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Lolori Kabupaten Halmahera Barat, dengan waktu penelitian mulai dari bulan April 2019 sebanyak 17 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Rata-rata produksi usahatani padi sawah dengan metode hazton di Desa Lolori Kabupaten Halmahera yaitu 6,165 ton/ha/musim tanam dengan rata-rata pendapatan Rp. 29.256.175/ha/musim tanam serta nilai R/C Ratio yaitu 2,79 atau nilai R/C adalah >1 sehingga usahatani padi sawah dengan metode hazton layak diusahakan karena sangat menguntungkan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja keuangan perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang go public di Bursa Efek Indonesia, selama 2013-2017 dan menganalisis kinerja keuangan pada harga saham. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Galeri Investasi Syariah Universitas Muhammadiyah Maluku Utara. Metode Analisis menggunakan rasio likuiditas, rasio leverage, rasio profitabilitas, rasio aktivitas, Q Tobin’s dan Regresi Berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) Likuiditas (AALI, BWPT, DNSG, GOZCO, JAWA, SIMP & SMAR) memiliki rasio cepat 1 dan AALI, LSIP, SIMP, SMAR memiliki LTDtER 1.1). (4) Profitabilitas (AALI, BWPT, DNSG, GOZCO, JAWA, LSIP, SIMP & SMAR memiliki ROI 1. Kinerja keuangan dari harga saham yang diprediksi oleh quick ratio, LTDtER, TATO, ROI, dan Tobins'Q menunjukkan bahwa ia memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap harga saham dengan tingkat signifikansi 0,000

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis nilai tambah yang diperoleh petani dan menganalisis saluran pemasaran kelapa di Desa Simau Kecamatan Galela Induk Kabupaten Halmahera Utara. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis nilai tambah (Metode Hayami). Untuk menganalisis saluran pemasaran kopra di daerah penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Perhitungan nilai tambah diperoleh keuntungan dalam pengolahan kelapa di Desa Simau adalah sebesar Rp 2.985 per kilo gram dengan tingkat keuntungan sebesar 54,2%. Dalam perhitungan nilai tambah juga berkaitan dengan balas jasa yang terdiri dari marjin, pendapatan tenaga kerja, sumbangan input lain dan keuntungan. Marjin merupakan selisih antara nilai output dengan harga input bahan baku adalah sebesar Rp 4.010 per kilogram. Saluran pemasaran kopra di daerah penelitian terdapat 1 saluran tataniaga, mulai dari produsen ke pedagang pengumpul hingga kepada konsumen. Saluran pemasaran ini memiliki tujuan yaitu mendistribusikan kopra sampai ke konsumen. Pada skema saluran pemasaran dapat dijelaskan bahwa Saluran pemasaran kelapa di daerah penelitian terdapat 2 saluran tataniaga, mulai dari produsen ke pedagang pengumpul dan pedagang pengumpul ke konsumen. Saluran pemasaran ini memiliki tujuan yaitu mendistribusikan kopra sampai ke konsumen. Pada skema saluran pemasaran dapat dijelaskan bahwa petani menjual kelapa ke pedagang pengumpul dan pedagang pengumpul kemudian mengolah kelapa menjadi kopra. Kemudian dijual ke konsumen (Pabrik).

Background: There is not much known about venom allergy in tropical regions. Here, we studied the prevalence of specific IgE (sIgE) and skin prick test (SPT) reactivity and reported sting-related symptoms, in high- and low-socioeconomic status (SES) schoolchildren living in urban city of Makassar in Indonesia. Methods: Children from high- (n = 160) and low- (n = 165) SES schools were recruited. Standardized questionnaires were used to record information on allergic disorders as well as sting-related symptoms. Parasitic infection, SPT reactivity, and sIgE to Apis mellifera (bee-venom) as well as Vespula spp. (wasp-venom) were assessed. Results: SPT reactivity to bee- and wasp-venom was 14.3 and 12.7%, while the prevalence of sIgE was 26.5 and 28.5%, respectively. When SES was considered, prevalence of SPT to bee- and wasp-venom was higher in high-SES than in low-SES schoolchildren (bee: 22.8 vs. 5.7%, p < 0.001; and wasp: 19.6 vs. 5.7%, p < 0.001). Conversely, sIgE to both venoms was lower in high-SES than in low-SES (bee: 19 vs. 34%, p = 0.016; and wasp: 19 vs. 38%, p = 0.003). Furthermore, among SPT positive subjects, considerable proportion had no detectable sIgE to bee- (65.85%) or wasp-venom (66.67%). Altogether the sensitizations were rarely translated into clinical reaction, as only 1 child reported significant local reaction after being stung. No association with parasitic infections was found. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Sensitization against bee- or wasp-venom is quite prevalent among schoolchildren in Indonesia. The discordance between SPT and sIgE might suggest the direct (non-IgE) effect of venoms in skin reactivity. Recorded sensitizations had poor clinical relevance as they rarely translated into clinical symptoms.

Objective The burden of underweight remains a major problem in Indonesia, and at the same time, the prevalence of overweight is increasing. Malnutrition is a major determinant of health and has been linked to allergic disorders in children. We examined the relationship between malnutrition and TH 2 immune markers in school-aged children in Makassar, Indonesia. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in five schools where socio-demographic characteristics were recorded. Children's standardised z-scores of body mass index (z-BMI) and age-standardised z-scores of height (z-HA) were assessed using WHO child growth standards. Skin prick test (SPT) reactivity was determined to house dust mite allergens. Helminth infection status, (growth) hormones including insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and TH 2 immune markers were measured. Results In total, 954 children were included of whom 21.6% were underweight and 14.8% overweight. After controlling for confounders, overweight was positively associated with leptin (GMR 3.55, 95% CI: 2.99-4.23) and IGF-1 (GMR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.15-1.82), whereas underweight was negatively associated (respectively GMR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.49-0.66 and GMR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.63-0.97). Underweight was associated with a lower eosinophil count (GMR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64-0.97) but not with total IgE levels or SPT reactivity. Overweight was positively associated with SPT reactivity (adjusted OR 2.68, 95% CI: 1.50-4.78) but no relationship was found with the other TH 2 immune markers. Conclusion Malnutrition is prominent in school-aged children in Makassar, with overweight associated with increased SPT reactivity. Therefore, interventions should focus on undernutrition, but also on overweight to prevent the increase of allergic disorders in Indonesia.

The burden of underweight remains a major problem in Indonesia, and at the same time, the prevalence of overweight is increasing. Malnutrition is a major determinant of health and has been linked to allergic disorders in children. We examined the relationship between malnutrition and TA cross-sectional study was performed in five schools where socio-demographic characteristics were recorded. Children's standardised z-scores of body mass index (z-BMI) and age-standardised z-scores of height (z-HA) were assessed using WHO child growth standards. Skin prick test (SPT) reactivity was determined to house dust mite allergens. Helminth infection status, (growth) hormones including insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and TIn total, 954 children were included of whom 21.6% were underweight and 14.8% overweight. After controlling for confounders, overweight was positively associated with leptin (GMR 3.55, 95% CI: 2.99-4.23) and IGF-1 (GMR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.15-1.82), whereas underweight was negatively associated (respectively GMR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.49-0.66 and GMR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.63-0.97). Underweight was associated with a lower eosinophil count (GMR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64-0.97) but not with total IgE levels or SPT reactivity. Overweight was positively associated with SPT reactivity (adjusted OR 2.68, 95% CI: 1.50-4.78) but no relationship was found with the other TMalnutrition is prominent in school-aged children in Makassar, with overweight associated with increased SPT reactivity. Therefore, interventions should focus on undernutrition, but also on overweight to prevent the increase of allergic disorders in Indonesia.La charge de l'insuffisance pondérale reste un problème majeur en Indonésie et parallèlement, la prévalence du surpoids augmente. La malnutrition est un déterminant majeur de la santé et a été associée à des troubles allergiques chez les enfants. Nous avons examiné la relation entre la malnutrition et les marqueurs immunitaires TLa malnutrition est importante chez les enfants d'âge scolaire à Makassar, avec un surpoids associé à une réactivité accrue du SPT. Par conséquent, les interventions devraient se concentrer sur la dénutrition, mais aussi sur le surpoids pour prévenir l'augmentation des troubles allergiques en Indonésie.

industri 4.0 menuntut kita untuk lebih terampil dan kreatif dalam bekerja agar bisa bersaing dengan negara lain atau dengan kata lain bersaing secara global. tentu hal ini harus dipersiapkan dimulai dari merestrukturisasi sistem pendidikan yang ada di indonesia saat ini. mengingat bahwa pendidikan sangat penting dalam membangun sebuah SDM yang memiliki kompetensi yang baik dan diharapkan dapat menjawab semua masalah-masalah yang akan datang kedepannya dapat terjawab dengan banyak nya inovasi-inovasi yang dikembangkan mulai saat ini, ataupun pemikiran-pemikiran yang cukup kritis untuk menjawab hal tersebut.

To understand the relationship between the gut microbiota and the health profile of Indonesians, it is important to elucidate the characteristics of the bacterial communities that prevail in this population. To this end, we profiled the faecal bacterial community of 140 Indonesian schoolchildren in urban Makassar. The core microbiota of Indonesian schoolchildren consisted of Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, and multiple members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminicoccaceae families, but the relative abundance of these taxa varied greatly among children. Socioeconomic status (SES) was the main driver for differences in microbiota composition. Multiple bacterial genera were differentially abundant between high and low SES children, including Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Escherichia-Shigella. In addition, the microbiota of high SES children was less diverse and strongly associated with body mass index (BMI). In low SES children, helminth infection was prevalent and positively associated with Olsenella, Enterohabdus, Lactobacillus, and Mogibacterium abundance, while negatively associated with relative abundance of Prevotella. Protozoa infection was also prevalent, and positively associated with Rikenellaceae, while it was negatively associated with the relative abundance of Romboutsia and Prevotella. In conclusion, Indonesian schoolchildren living in urban Makassar share a core microbiota, but their microbiota varies in diversity and relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa depending on socioeconomic status, nutritional status, and intestinal parasites infection.

Background: The molecular pathogenesis of severity of illness in typhoid fever is poorly understood. Previous studies have found a direct relationship between flagellar function as determined by motility, and invasiveness in Salmonella species. A previous study revealed that the Hj flagellin genes association of decreased severity of illness, motility and invasiveness of bacteria and compared with Hd flagellin genes. However the role of flagella in in-vivo virulence however remains more controversial. Objectives: In an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms behind severity of typhoid fever in relation with flagellin genes variation, we conducted a prospective and retrospective study to describe the clinical sign & symptoms, flagellin genes variations among from acute and carrier state of typhoid fever patients. Methods: 187 genomic DNA of S. typhi strains from culture of 141 acute typhoid fever and feces of 46 carriers state of typhoid fever who enrolled in several primary health care and hospitals in endemic area of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. All isolate were examine the Hd, Hj, z66 and z66 Ind of flagellin genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: The results of this study revealed that predominant in severity of illness in both acute and carriers state of typhoid fever belong Hd+ and Hd+z66 Ind+ in endemic area of Indonesia. Conclusion: Hd+ and Hd+ z66 Ind+ flagellin gene variation are related to clinical severity of acute typhoid fever.

This research aims to determine the prospects of organic nutmeg development and analyze internal and external factors of organic nutmeg development. Furthermore, it is analyzed by the formula of SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) to analyze the development prospect of organic nutmeg. From the research result of development prospect of organic nutmeg which developed research area in Ngidiho Village of West Galela District of North Halmahera Regency, it is seen from biophysical aspect seeming that climate condition is very supportive, from social aspect also seems the local society are very supported the development prospect of organic nutmeg and also economic aspect one of the determinants in improving the economy of local society which also increasing the production because those are supported by aspects of the availability of agricultural facilities and experience in organic nutmeg. The result of identification by SWOT analysis of internal factors there are five strengths and five weaknesses, while on the external environmental factors there are five opportunities and five threats. The integration of IFAS 2.74 and EFAS value is 2.80. In the SWOT diagram shows that the position of organic nutmeg development located in quadrant I or strategy that is made by using all the strength to make use the opportunity of aggressive strategy that is to encourage farmers to maximize the land as the development of organic nutmeg by improving the product quality, intensification of agriculture done by doing development like giving organic fertilizer to nutmeg plants, to increase production and meet market demand.

Buah naga merah merupakan komoditas yang baru dikembangkan di Wasile Timur. Ketertarikan petani dalam mengusahakan buah naga merah selain karena ingin memanfaatkan tanah yang sudah dimiliki petani juga dikarenakan adanya peluang pasar buah naga merah yang masih terbuka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui analisis SWOT sebagai strategi perkembangan usahatani buah naga merah (Hylocereus Costaricensis) di Kecamatan Wasile Timur. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian survey dengan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Populasi penelitian yaitu masyarakat yang berusahatani buah naga merah di Kecamatan Wasile Timur. Untuk mengetahui strategi pengembangan Buah Naga Merah di Kecamatan Wasile Timur Kabupaten Halmahera Timur, dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities. dan Threats). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian strategi perkembangan usahatani buah naga merah (Hylocereus Costaricensis), dari hasil identifikasi analisis SWOT faktor internal terhadap lima kekuatan dan lima kelemahan, sementara pada faktor lingkungan eksternal terdapat lima peluang dan lima ancaman. Perpaduan nilai IFAS sebesar 2,94 dan nilai EFAS sebesar 3,04. Dalam diagram SWOT menunjukan bahwa posisi strategi perkembangan usahatani buah naga merah terletak pada kuadran 1atau strategi yang dibuat dengan menggunakan seluruh kekuatan untuk memanfaatkan peluang strategi agresif yaitu strategi ini menjukan situasi yang sangat menguntungkan. Pengembangan buah naga merah di Kecamatan Wasile Timur memiliki kekuatan dan peluang yang sifatnya menyatu dan saling mendukung dengan cara menggunakan faktor semua kekuatan untuk memanfaatkan peluang yang ada..

A recent modeling study estimated that there could be as many as 20,000 human melioidosis cases per year in Indonesia, with around 10,000 potential deaths annually. Nonetheless, the true burden of melioidosis in Indonesia is still unknown. The Indonesia Melioidosis Network was formed during the first melioidosis workshop in 2017. Here, we reviewed 101 melioidosis cases (99 human and two animal cases) previously reported and described an additional 45 human melioidosis cases. All 146 culture-confirmed cases were found in Sumatra (n = 15), Java (n = 104), Kalimantan (n = 15), Sulawesi (n = 11) and Nusa Tenggara (n = 1). Misidentification of Burkholderia pseudomallei was not uncommon, and most cases were only recently identified. We also evaluated clinical manifestations and outcome of recent culture-confirmed cases between 2012 and 2017 (n = 42). Overall, 15 (36%) cases were children (age

Penelitian ini tentang kegiatan operasi kapal Purse Seine. Yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2016 di Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara Ternate. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui tingkat efisiensi operasi Purse Seine di Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara Ternate. (2). mengetahui tingkat efektifitas operasi Purse Seine di Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara Ternate. Metode yang digunakan yaitu data primer dan data sekunder yang bersifat kuantitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa nilai rata-rata investasi untuk usaha Purse Seine kecil sebesar Rp 186,160,875 sedangkan investasi usaha Purse Seine besar nilai rata-rata sebesar Rp 414,287,500. dengan produksi untuk Purse Seine ukuran GT kecil kelompok satu memiliki nilai rata-rata 29,742 kg per tahun, sedangkan produksi ukuran GT besar kelompok dua memiliki nilai rata-rata 48,415 kg. dari analisis perhitungan usaha unit penangkapan Purse Seine kecil diperoleh rata-rata penerimaan total Rp 359,419,500,- biaya total 276,283,327,- keuntungan 83,136,173,- R/C 13,140,- Payback period 48,144,- sedangkan untuk kapal Purse Seine besar diperoleh nilai rata-rata penerimaan total Rp 567,295,625,- dengan biaya total Rp 441,009,765,- keuntungan Rp 126,285,860,- R/C 12,734,- Payback period 39,389,- Hal ini menunjukan bahwah usaha Purse Seine kecil dapat bersaing dengan kapal Purse Seine yang berukuran lebih besar.

Dinas Pertanian Kabupaten Halmahera Utara merupakan Daerah dataran rendah dengan tipe lahan kering beriklim kering. Komoditas yang dominan diusahakan di Kabupaten Halmahera Utara adalah tanaman pangan (jagung) Tujuan pengkajian adalah untuk mengetahui strategi pengembangan agribisnis tanaman jagung. Pengkajian dilakukan pada Dinas Pertanian Kabupaten Halmahera Utara. Metode yang digunakan adalah surfei dan observasi lapangan, analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Berdasarkan analisis SWOT, bahwa posisinya berada pada kuadran I (satu) dengan demikian jagung pada situasi yang menguntungkan yaitu sebesar 0,57. Memiliki peluang dan kekuatan sehingga harus dapat memanfaatkan peluang yang ada. Dalam kondisi ini strategi yang harus diterapkan dalam pengembangan agribisnis tanaman jagung adalah mendukung kebijakan pertumbuhan yang agresif dengan memanfaatkan kekuatan untuk meraih peluang. Strategi pengembangan agribisnis tanaman jagung dapat dilakukan dengan peningkatan sumberdaya manusia, pengembangan kelembagaan, optimisasi potensi sumberdaya alam, perbaikan pemasaran kelembagaan permodalan dan perbaikan teknologi produksi pertanian.

Background: Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay has recently emerged as a genotyping method which is both robust and highly discriminatory for bacterial strain differentiation. However, RAPD assessment for Mycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex (MTC) isolates is still limited. Despite its simplicity and rapidity, conventional RAPD also has low reproducibility due to its sensitivity to several factors. Therefore we studied the feasibility of an RAPD-PCR assay to define the genetic diversity of MTC isolates and to evaluate its reproducibility.Methods:493clinical MTC isolates from the island of Sulawesi in Eastern Indonesia, collected from 2005-2012were subjected to Multiplex RAPD assay using 11 random decamer primers instead of one primer which is common in conventional RAPD. All 11 primers were found to be differentiated and produced specific RAPD profiles. The polymorphic amplicons served as RAPD markers for MTC. The dendrograms, obtained by different primers, showed the discriminatory ability of the primers.Results:Multiplex RAPD-PCR results show that the majority of the isolates from South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi andCentral Sulawesiin eastern region of Indonesia belong to group MT-C (80.7%, 80.0% and 62.6 % respectively) with result reproducibility as high as 100%. Conclusion:Molecular typing with multiplex RAPD-PCR is a powerful approach to show the genetic heterogeneity of MTC isolates. The discrimination power and reproducibility of this multiple loci-based RAPD was higher than conventional fewer loci-targeted RAPD.