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The study aims to review and discuss the outcomes of emergency preparedness training programs among nursing students.

Introduction: This study estimates community forest tree species’ energy using allometric models. Accurate tree-level energy stock estimation is needed to evaluate community forest tree species for renewable energy development. Three commercial species in community forests utilized as temporary energy sources, Falcataria moluccana, Swietenia macrophylla, and Tectona grandis were sampled by cutting 45 trees. Those tree types were investigated as cofiring materials supplied by the community while the region develops a strategy including finding the best species for continuous wood energy stock to power Java and Bali. Methods: This study recorded data to compare with the potential determined fast-growing species established specifically for the next annual energy stock. Multiplying the biomass calorific value gave each tree component’s energy stock and adding all energy stock tree components result in an estimate for each tree. Regression analysis was used to make allometric models that use diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height as predictors. Results: The calorific value of components varied among species, with foliage having the highest (5,021.24 ± 39.37 kcal kg−1), followed by stem (4,352.8 ± 32.07 kcal kg−1) and branches (4,200.11 ± 33.54 kcal kg−1). Thus, leaves could be used for energy as trees are harvested for timber. All species stored most energy in stems (60.59 0.97%), branches (27.04 1.13%), and leaves (12.38 0.84%). Discussion: As DBH classes grew, the energy stock of stems and branches improved but foliage fell. With adjusted R²adj of 0.84–0.99 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.03–0.64, allometric models accurately assessed species energy stocks in each component and the overall tree. Tree height does not necessarily improve model accuracy; therefore, each species had a different best-fit model. Generalized allometric models for all species might estimate component and tree energy storage and our study demonstrated that allometric models could measure community forest tree species energy stocks. These should also be estimated for the next species for co-firing wood biomass when coppice harvest is applied. The above alternative species and the proposed much faster-growing species for co-firing are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of gliricidia plantation (Gliricidia sepium) in Indonesia can be considered as a climate change mitigation action to reduce greenhouse gases emission. This paper investigates the yield regulation and potential above-ground carbon storage of gliricidia at Perhutani Forest Management Unit Semarang. The biomass production of gliricidia at various age (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 years) can be utilized to determine the biological cycle and estimating the potential above-ground carbon storage. The result showed that gliricidia could be harvested after 2-years to produce optimum biomass. Above-ground carbon storage in gliricidia plantation distributed in the tree (94.73%), litter (2.98%), and understorey plants (2.29%). Total above-ground carbon storage in gliricidia plantation at age 1-5 years are 6.285,45 Mg C, 8.052,58 Mg C, 9.161,93 Mg C, 14.238,63 Mg C, and 25.474,79 Mg C, respectively.

The problem of small and limited agricultural land ownership constrains community forest farmers in Indonesia. A strategy is needed to drive the small and limited farmland to meet the needs of farmers' lives. This study aims to determine the strategy of community forest farmers in meeting their daily needs. We have conducted case studies in Muktisari Village and Cipaku Village, Cipaku Subdistrict, Ciamis Regency. The method used was interviews with 30 farmers who were randomly selected. The results showed that the average area of community forest land owned by farmers was 0.31 ha, with the majority being mixed gardens (63%). The strategy of smallholder forest farmers in meeting their needs is to plant more than one species as a source of income. Farmers with private forest landholdings <0.25 ha are more intensive by planting more species than smallholder forest farmers with larger land. The most widely cultivated cropping pattern combines trees (sengon) and secondary crops (bananas and coconuts). In addition to land use strategies, community forest farmers have side jobs such as traders and laborers, especially during the dry season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most bamboo research has focused on growth performance, physic-chemical attributes, and biomass estimation. There are few studies on elaborating the biometric of bamboo, especially in internodes mathematical expression. In this study, we revealed the mathematical expression of bamboo internode along the culm. We used 30 samples of culms and cut each culm by its internodes. A total of 928 sample internodes were measured for the outer diameter, wall thickness, and length of internodes. The findings showed that the mathematical expression for two-dimensional culm morphometric was a two and three-order function. In contrast, the three and four-dimensional culm morphometric were a four-order function. Moreover, the relationship between relative internode number (RIN) and relative internode length (RIL), and relative cumulated internode length (RCIL) showed a third-order function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]