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Reliability in petabyte-scale file transfers is critical for data collected from scientific instruments. We introduce a Multi-Layer Error Detection (MLED) architecture that significantly reduces the Undetected Error Probability (UEP) in file transfer. MLED is parameterized by a number of layers $n$ , and a policy $P_{i}$ for each layer $1 \le i \le n$ that describes its operation. MLED generalizes existing error detection approaches used in file transfer. We show conditions under which MLED reduces UEP. Analytical results show that a petabyte-size file transfer in MLED with $n=2$ using CRC-32s improves UEP by $2.49E\,+\,28$ compared to a single-layer CRC-64, when the BER is 10−10.

Editor’s notes: This article studies a layered architecture for robotics design, proposes a contract-based interface between the layers, and shows how cross-layer adaptation between these layers can be done in response to different scenarios. – Samarjit Chakraborty, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Unprecedented attention towards blockchain technology is serving as a game-changer in fostering the development of blockchain-enabled distinctive frameworks. However, fragmentation unleashed by its underlying concepts hinders different stakeholders from effectively utilizing blockchain-supported services, resulting in the obstruction of its wide-scale adoption. To explore synergies among the isolated frameworks requires comprehensively studying inter-blockchain communication approaches. These approaches broadly come under the umbrella of Blockchain Interoperability (BI) notion, as it can facilitate a novel paradigm of an integrated blockchain ecosystem that connects state-of-the-art disparate blockchains. Currently, there is a lack of studies that comprehensively review BI, which works as a stumbling block in its development. Therefore, this article aims to articulate potential of BI by reviewing it from diverse perspectives. Beginning with a glance of blockchain architecture fundamentals, this article discusses its associated platforms, taxonomy, and consensus mechanisms. Subsequently, it argues about BI’s requirement by exemplifying its potential opportunities and application areas. Concerning BI, an architecture seems to be a missing link. Hence, this article introduces a layered architecture for the effective development of protocols and methods for interoperable blockchains. Furthermore, this article proposes an in-depth BI research taxonomy and provides an insight into the state-of-the-art projects. Finally, it determines possible open challenges and future research in the domain.

As cloud resource demand grows, supply chain management (SCM), which is the core function of cloud computing, faces serious challenges. Quite a number of techniques have been proposed by many researchers for such a challenge. As such, numerous proposed strategies are still under reckoning and modification so as to enhance its potential. An optimized dynamic scheme that combined several algorithms' characteristics was proposed to map out such a challenge. The hybridized proposed scheme involved the meta-heuristic swarm mechanism of ant colony optimization (ACO) and deterministic spanning tree (SPT) algorithm as it obtained faster convergence chain, ensured resource utilization in least time and cost. Extensive experiments conducted in cloudsim simulator provided an efficient result in terms of minimized makespan time and throughput as compared to SPT, round robin (RR), and pre-emptive fair scheduling algorithm (PFSA) as it significantly improves performance.

Detecting and classifying a brain tumor is a challenge that consumes a radiologist’s time and effort while requiring professional expertise. To resolve this, deep learning techniques can be used to help automate the process. The aim of this paper is to enhance the accuracy of brain tumor classification using a new layered architecture of deep neural networks rather than the current state-of-the-art algorithms. In this paper, we propose automated tumor classification by concatenating two convolutional neural network structures of layers and tuning the hyperparameters by utilizing Bayesian optimization. The proposed solution focuses on enhancing the accuracy of classifying tumors to increase the level of trust in the technologies employed in the medical field. The work is tested and evaluated to predict the classification of magnetic resonance imaging inputs and achieving a higher accuracy (97.37%) than other similar works, with accuracies between 84.19% and 96.13%, for the same dataset.

The ubiquitous power Internet of Things (UPIoT) is an intelligent service system with comprehensive state perception, efficient processing, and flexible application of information. It focuses on each link of the power system and makes full use of the mobile internet, artificial intelligence, and other advanced information and communication technologies in order to realize the inter-human interaction of all things in all links of the power system. This article systematically presents to the national and international organizations and agencies in charge of UPIoT layer standardization the status quo of the research on the Internet of Things (IoT)-related industry standards system. It briefly describes the generic standard classification methods, layered architecture, conceptual model, and system tables in the UPIoT application layer. Based on the principles of inheritance, innovation, and practicability, this study divides the application layer into customer service, power grid operation, integrated energy, and enterprise operation, emerging business and analyzes the standard requirements of these five fields. This study also proposes a standard plan. Finally, it summarizes the research report and provides suggestions for a follow-up work.

Пояснювальна записка дипломного проєкту складається з чотирьох розділів, містить 28 таблиць, 7 рисунків та 12 джерел – загалом 69 сторінок. Дипломний проєкт присвячений розробці програмного забезпечення для ведення обліку підприємства за допомогою засобів платформи .NET, зокрема використанням мови програмування C#, реляційної системи управління базами даних Microsoft SQL Server та інтерфейсу програмування додатків Windows Forms, з генеруванням звітності та можливістю його друку та експорту. Мета: створення спеціалізованого додатку для ведення підприємницької діяльності засобами платформи .NET. Об'єкт дослідження: програмне забезпечення ведення обліку підприємства Предмет дослідження: можливості створення корпоративного програмного забезпечення сучасними засобами платформи .NET. У розділі «Аналіз вимог до програмного забезпечення» були розглянуті загальні положення, предметна область, існуючі аналоги серед програмних застосунків. У розділі «Моделювання та конструювання програмного забезпечення» було проаналізовано та змодельовано програмний продукт за допомогою діаграм бізнес-процесів BPMN. У розділі «Аналіз якості та тестування програмного забезпечення» був проведений аналіз якості ПЗ, процести тестування та кожен окремо взятий тест-кейс. У розділі «Впровадження та супровід програмного забезпечення» були наведені методи та особливості підтримки створеного програмного продукту, можливості розширення та переходу на інші платформи. The explanatory note of the diploma project consists of four sections, contains 28 tables, 7 figures and 12 sources – in total 69 pages. The diploma project is dedicated to the development of software for business accounting using .NET platform, including C# programming language, relational database management system Microsoft SQL Server and programming interface Windows Forms, with reporting, printing and exporting. Purpose: to create a specialized application for doing business using the .NET platform. Object of research: enterprise accounting software. Subject of research: possibilities of creating corporate software by modern means of the .NET platform. In the section “Analysis of software requirements” were considered general provisions, subject area, existing analogues among software applications. In the section “Software modelling and design” the software product was analyzed and modelled using BPMN business process diagrams. In the section “Software Quality Analysis and Testing” the software quality analysis, testing processes and each individual test case were performed. In the section “Implementation and maintenance of software” methods and features of support for the created software product, the possibility of scaling and transition to other platforms were presented.

Digital platform as an organising logic has prominently reshaped the innovation activities in many sectors. Previous studies have extensively investigated the digital platforms from two views: economic view (i.e. as a sided marketplace) and engineering view (i.e. as an innovation infrastructure). Blockchain – a digital artefact that connects the distributed ledgers – resembles great overlaps and specifics to digital platforms. Building on this aspect, I first demarcate the Blockchain Product as a Platform (BPaaP) informed by the economic view and the Blockchain network as a platform (BNaaP) inspired by the engineering view. Given the scant of research around BNaaP, this research aims to depict the BNaaP’s architectural design by drawing on the layered design of digital technologies. Using Ping An Group as a case, this research applies the thematic analysis method in analysing online open data. As the main contribution, this research proposes the Adapted Layered Architecture of BNaaP that consists of (1) three design layers (foundation layer, interaction layer, and application layer); (2) adapted business scenarios; and (3) environmental factors. The suggested architectural design implies the BNaaP’s internal synergistic collaboration among layers and the external adaptability to different business contexts. Overall, this research provides a novel angle to understand the Blockchain phenomenon and brings insightful implications to Blockchain practitioners.

Noise and air pollution are among the most important problems and challenges in urban environments. Noise can cause several problems in functioning within urban settlements and may result in a variety of health problems. Continuous monitoring, prevention, and active work on solving these problems are in the focus of research communities, local and national agencies and organizations, and many international organizations. Traffic noise on city roads has been identified as one of the major problems in urban settlements. Fortunately, it can be monitored and controlled in a way that can reduce its level and negative effects. One of the most effective and cheapest ways to monitor and control traffic noise is to use wireless sensor networks, IoT technology, and cloud-based architectures. This article presents an approach in designing urban traffic noise monitoring system based on LoRaWAN and microservices oriented architecture supported with open-source hardware and software solutions. Design of the system includes planning LoRaWAN network and development of the IoT system layered architecture. Methods for traffic routing and rerouting in urban areas, based on experiments that uses Dijkstra and Floyd–Warshall algorithms are presented. The system implementation and evaluation of the proposed routing modifications are presented in the case of the city of Zrenjanin in Serbia. Discussion of extensions and improvements of the presented system, as well as future research directions, are also presented.

Due to the problem of high link load of edge cache and small storage space of edge server, a caching architecture by the collaborative of edge nodes and the cloud server is proposed. The content cache location is designed and optimized, which can be the content provider, cloud server (CS), and edge node (EN). In the proposed system, cloud servers collaborate with edge servers and the performance of content caching can be improved by coordinating caching on the cloud server or caching on the edge server. In this paper, a cloud-edge collaborative caching model based on the greedy algorithm is proposed, which includes the content caching model and collaborative caching model. Network architecture, file popularity estimation, link capacity, and other factors are considered in the model. Correspondingly, a cloud-edge collaborative cache algorithm based on a greedy algorithm is proposed. The related optimization problem is decomposed into the knapsack problem of cache layout in each layer, and then the greedy algorithm is used to solve the knapsack problem of cache placement and cooperative cache proposed in this paper. The affiliation between CS cache and EN caches in the layered architecture is improved and recognized. In the experimental results, the link load is reduced, the cache hit rate is improved by using the proposed method of edge caching, and it also has obvious advantages in the average end-to-end service delay.

In recent years, with the rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud services having received special attention from the research community across the world. IoT provides a platform of creating a world connected through internet. The implementation of smart devices collects information from our surroundings and works as per our needs. The implementation of IoT is very challenging as it requires the use of different new technologies like the emergence of fog and edge computing. The growth of fog and edge computing introduces many new requirements that needs to be investigated. The line monitoring system requirements for edge computing scenarios are not yet fully accomplished. The prime focus behind this study is to identify the challenges in the field of line monitoring within the application based on edge computing and to present the requirements of line monitoring for adaptive applications depending on edge computing frameworks. In this article we describes the architecture of fog and edge computing and presented their benefits among each other. The objective behind this study is to study the evolution of edge computing and present their benefits. The main contribution of this article is to present the layered architecture study for fog and edge computing. Moreover this article presents the key differences of fog and edge computing. On comparison with cloud computing, the edge computing performs the processing and storage on network edge closer to the user. The latest advances in the edge computing states that edge technology is an optimal solution for issues like latency, data privacy and bandwidth requirements.

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects every object equipped with computing and communication power and provides interaction between the objects to accomplish a task. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a key component of IoT. In IoV, the messages communicated between the vehicles, the infrastructure or the wearable should be reliable and has to be communicated within a short span of time. Existing literatures rely on layered architecture which mainly lies towards IoT architecture. Since in IoV, speed is an important factor and messages should be verified for authenticity, privacy and security becomes an important concern. In this paper, privacy preserved and secured four layer architecture is proposed with its protocol stack and future directions. Performance analysis with existing architecture is compared. By adopting the privacy preserved approach, the analysis shows that the proposed scheme PPSA provides better throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio and End-to-end delay.

Healthcare Sector is one of the most benefitted areas among all which gets the benefit of Internet of things. It allows the healthcare industry to work in a system, were it become possible to provide real-time, on demand quick medical care and services based upon individual’s requirements. Skin Monitoring is one of the emerging field in healthcare, which is now been taken care of using IoT and Cloud integrated services. The systems permit skincare providers to diagnose and cure the disease by automatically collecting information from the advanced system. Fast decision making and preventive cure based on the data ensure early diagnosis and quick treatment. Connected devices in skin monitoring System can offer many advantages; however, being a part of network there is an increased risk to both to privacy and security. The paper proposes a layered architecture of a unified IoT-based skin monitoring system and discusses different outlooks towards existing security and privacy challenges within the systems.

As Blockchain innovation picks up popularity in many areas, it is frequently hailed as a sound innovation. Because of the decentralization and encryption, many imagine that data put away in a Blockchain is and will consistently be protected. Among various abstraction layers of Blockchain architecture, the consensus layer is the core component behind the performance and security measures of the Blockchain network. Consensus mechanisms are a critical component of a Blockchain system’s long-term stability. Consensus forms the core of blockchain technology. Therefore, a range of consensus protocols has been introduced to maximize Blockchain systems’ efficiency and meet application domains’ individual needs. This research paper describes the layered architecture of Blockchain. A comprehensive review of mainstream consensus protocols mainly Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), Proof of Activity (PoA) is presented in the paper. These mainstream consensus protocols have been explained and detailed performance analysis of these consensus protocols has been done. We have proposed a performance matrix of these consensus protocols based on different parameters like Degree of decentralization, Latency, Fault Tolerance Rate, Scalability, etc. Consensus protocols being the core of a strong fault-tolerant secured blockchain system, the proposed work intends to help inappropriate protocol selection and further research on strengthening trust and ownership in the technology. Depending upon different parameters like decentralization which is low in POA compared to other protocols, whereas POW is non-scalable, so depending on the priority of a particular performance parameter, the paper will help in the selection of a specific protocol.

Two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures combine the advantageous features of different 2D materials and represent advanced electrode architectures for the development of efficient energy storage devices. However, common 2D heterostructures made by stacking different 2D sheets in van der Waals (vdW) contact impose obvious limitations in light of the energy storage performance. Here, we shed light on how heterointerface conditions exert a great influence on the electrochemical properties of the heterostructured electrode and provide an example to modulate the interface contact mode via sandwiching unique g-C3N4 mesh (m-g-C3N4). We find that such m-g-C3N4 bonded heterointerfaces can greatly increase the electrochemical activity, redox conversion kinetics and structural integrity of the constituent component (NiS2), manifesting excellent electrochemical performance with respect to vdW heterostructures. Experimental characterization along with theoretical simulations demonstrates that the synergistic effects of the mesh-bonded interfacial contact and plenty of in-between porous channels contribute to superior electrochemical performance. This study directs attention to elaborate interface engineering toward high-performance energy storage and paves the way for designing and manufacturing of advanced heterostructured electrodes for supercapacitors, batteries and other hybrid devices.

Scheduling is one of the classic problems in real-time adaptive systems. Due to the complex nature of these applications, the implementation of some sort of run-time intelligence is required, in order to build intelligent systems capable of operating adequately in dynamic environments. The incorporation of artificial intelligence planning techniques in a real-time scenario allows a timely reaction to external and internal events. In this work, a layered architecture integrating real-time scheduling at the bottom level and artificial intelligence planning techniques at the top level has been designed, to implement a multi-level scheduler with the capability to perform effectively in this kind of situation. This multi-level scheduler has been implemented and evaluated in a simulated information access system destined to broadcast information to mobile users in a time-constrained communication environment, modeling mobile users’ realistic information access patterns. Results show that the incorporation of artificial intelligence planning improves the overall performance, adaptiveness, and responsiveness with respect to the non-AI-based scheduler version of the system.

Purpose Selecting an appropriate theory has always remained a critical task for the digital policy researchers. The literature seems to miss providing theoretical accounts of policy view of the digital platforms governance and offering tools for measuring the effectiveness of policies. To this end, this paper aims to provide a critical review and comparison of dominant information systems (IS) theories used. It highlights the weaknesses of these theories to explain technology features and actor- technology interactions with the rising trend of digital platforms. The main argument of this research is that the policymakers will not have adequate tools for policymaking of digital platforms by following the assumptions of theories used dominantly in the IS field. Design/methodology/approach This paper analyzes the assumptions of dominant IS theories and their applications in the digital policy literature. Then, it shows to what extent these theories are incapable of conceptualizing features of technology and actors’ role in policymaking and governance of digital platforms. Findings This paper identifies three aspects of digital platforms, including layered architecture, multisided (“side” means “participants”) and user interaction based, that dominant IS theories have shortcomings in explaining them. Practical implications The findings of this research can help authorities to take a more realistic view in defining digital platform policy objectives and applying more appropriate tools in policy implementation. Originality/value Discussing insights into the shortcomings of theories helps to define the theoretical requirements for studying policymaking and governance of digital platforms. It also suggests opportunities and recommendations for future studies.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has found wider research, and satellite-terrestrial network (STN) can provide large-scale seamless connections for IIoT. With virtualization, we design resource cube to describe the integration and state of multi-dimensional virtual resources. To achieve higher resource utilization and smarter connections, we design a matching considered preferences (MCPR) algorithm to match IIoT nodes with service sides. The matching design considers the resource cube (MCRC) algorithm based on MCPR algorithm to lower the total system delay. In addition, in order to simplify the analysis of resource management, we adopt a layered architecture and multiple M/M/1 queuing models. We analyze the resource utilization and the total system delay for three different combinations of arrival rate and service rate of each resource cube. With MCRC algorithm, the utilization of resources is slightly reduced, while the total system delay is greatly reduced compared with MCPR algorithm. © 1967-2012 IEEE.

A new era of electricity is dawning that combines the decarbonization of the grid with the extensive electrification of all sectors of society. A grid as smart as the internet is needed to harness the full potential of renewables, accommodate technology disruptions, embrace the rise of prosumers, and seamlessly integrate nano-, mini-, and micro-grids. The internet is built upon a layered architecture that facilitates technology innovations, and its intelligence is distributed throughout a hierarchy of networks. Fundamental differences between data flows and power flows are examined. The current operating paradigm of the grid is based on the conviction that a centralized grid operator is necessary to maintain instantaneous power balance on the grid. A new distributed paradigm can be realized by distributing this responsibility to sub-grids and requiring each sub-grid to maintain its net power balance. A grid as smart as the internet based on this new paradigm, as well as a hierarchical network structure and a layered architecture of operating principles, is presented.

The growing gap between users and the Big Data analytics requires innovative tools that address the challenges faced by big data volume, variety, and velocity. Therefore, it becomes computationally inefficient to analyze such massive volume of data. Recent advances and development in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) providing a unique way of exploiting the role of healthcare systems. Also, the role of healthcare in the IoT is studied widely since it plays a major role in the advances of human life that deals with the health regulations. The continuous involvement of heterogeneous devices in the IoT poses many challenges, i.e., empowering the IoT devices used for the healthcare system, aggregation and processing of real-time data. Therefore, based on such constraint, in this paper, we propose a novel architecture for a healthcare system based on energy harvesting technique that extends the device lifetime. Moreover, the healthcare system is supported by an architecture that welcomes both real-time and offline data. To handle such data, the architecture provides a novel decision model that process big data being generated by IoT devices. The data is considered as heterogeneous processed by the proposed layered architecture for the healthcare system. Furthermore, the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed system are implemented on Hadoop single node setup on UBUNTU 14.04 LTS core TM i5 machine with 3.2 GHz processor and 4 GB memory. Sample medical, sensory datasets are tested on the proposed system. Finally, the results show that the proposed system architecture efficiently process, analyze, and integrates different datasets efficiently and triggers an alarm to provide safety to the community.

Objectives: To study different factors influencing the academic performance of students at Jeddah University in Saudi Arabia. Method: The study sample included 164 participants from university of Jeddah, composed of 127 females and 37 males. A survey was conducted by using a questionnaire containing the different factors that could affect academic performance of university students. The questionnaire data were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 25 statistical program. Descriptive and correlation analysis was made. Three-tier architecture is developed to enable us to make better decisions faster by analyzing data, shared data sources that are centralized and can be stored on different types of servers. Findings: A significant correlation between gender (female) and students `scores with Spearman correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.33. A significant correlation was noted between friendship/peer relation and students\' scores with (r) value of 0.80. Family education, family relation and friendship/peer relation play an important role in Saudi student academic performance indicating that student culture and environment affect academic performance significantly. Novelty: The multitier architecture on which presentation, application processing and data management functions are physically separated: ; we are able to update and use a large data without any application update. Keywords: Three tier architecture; academic performance; student; gender; Saudi Arabia; Family education; family relation

The recent advancements in the mobile devices and the growing needs of the mobile users led to the clubbing of mobile devices with the cloud computing developing a platform coined as mobile cloud computing. The main scope of conceiving this clubbed mobile and cloud paradigm is to direct the tasks that are resource and computationally intensive to the cloud for its execution. While the execution takes place in the cloud, the resources of the mobile users that are clubbed with the cloud remains wasted until the responses are received from the cloud. These results in the excess battery drain causing frequent recharges. To put an end to this, the paper puts forward an the multi-tier architectures in-built with the various level of cluster process for processing to properly handle the mobile device participating in the cloud , minimizing the number of idle mobile users and enhances the energy efficiency. The proposed method is validated using the network simulator-II to evince the energy balancing achieved through the proposed multi-tier architecture based MCC-(mobile cloud computing).

Purpose Electric mobility as a service (eMaaS) is suggested as a possible solution to ease transportation and lessen environmental issues by providing a collaborative transport sharing infrastructure that is based on electric vehicles (EVs) such as electric cars, electric bicycles and so on. Accordingly, this study aims to propose a multi-tier architecture to support the collection, processing, analytics and usage of mobility data in providing eMaaS within smart cities. The architecture uses application programming interfaces to enable interoperability between different infrastructures required for eMaaS and allow multiple partners to exchange and share data for making decision regarding electric mobility services. Design/methodology/approach Design science methodology based on a case study by interview was used to collect data from an infrastructure company in Norway to verify the applicability of the proposed multi-tier architecture. Findings Findings suggest that the architecture offers an approach for collecting, aggregating, processing and provisioning of data originating from sources to improve electric mobility in smart cities. More importantly, findings from this study provide guidance for municipalities and policymakers in improving electric mobility services. Moreover, the author’s findings provide a practical data-driven mobility use case that can be used by transport companies in deploying eMaaS in smart cities. Research limitations/implications Data was collected from a single company in Norway, hence, it is required to further verify the architecture with data collected from other companies. Practical implications eMaaS operates on heterogeneous data, which are generated from EVs and used by citizens and stakeholders such as city administration, municipality transport providers, charging station providers and so on. Therefore, the proposed architecture enables the sharing and usage of generated data as openly available data to be used in creating value-added services to improve citizen’s quality of life and viability of businesses. Social implications This study proposes the deployment of electric mobility to address increased usage of vehicles, which contributes to pollution of the environment that has a serious effect on citizen’s quality of life. Originality/value This study proposes a multi-tier architecture that stores, processes, analyze and provides data and related services to improve electric mobility within smart cities. The multi-tier architecture aims to support and increase eMaaS operation of EVs toward improving transportation services for city transport operators and citizens for sustainable transport and mobility system.

Smart home (SH) as an emerging paradigm for alleviating the overstretched healthcare resources, and enhancing the quality of life has received increasing attention. While the remarkable progress has been made for the development of SH, it still suffers from a number of issues (e.g., device heterogeneity, composite activities recognition, and providing appropriate services). To address these issues, this paper proposes a knowledge-based approach for multiagent (MA) collaboration. Specifically, a layered architecture of SH that combines ontology and MA technologies is designed to automatically acquire semantic knowledge, and support heterogeneity and interoperability services. In such architecture, a generic inference algorithm is presented based on unordered actions and temporal property of activity for inferring both continuous composite activity and personalized service in real time. Then a novel idea is introduced for agent to learn the knowledge of human activity (HA) autonomously and translate into itself knowledge, the purpose of which is to guide agent for performing services in a way that is compatible with HA. The proposed schemes have been implemented in an SH, and evaluated through extensive experiments. The results are provided to show the feasibility, effectiveness, and robustness of our proposal.

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) with layered architecture and excellent optoelectronic properties have been a hot spot for light-emitting diodes (LED). However, the light-emitting efficiency of TMDC LEDs is still low due to the large size limit of TMDC flakes and the inefficient device architecture. First and foremost, to develop the highly-efficient and reliable few-layer TMDC LEDs, the modulation of the electronic properties of TMDCs and TMDC heterostructures is necessary. In order to create efficient TMDC LEDs with prominent performance, an in-depth understanding of the working mechanism is needed. Besides conventional structures, the electric (or ionic liquid)-induced p-n junction of TMDCs is a useful configuration for multifunctional LED applications. The significant performances are contrasted in the four aspects of color, polarity, and external quantum efficiency. The color of light ranging from infrared to visible light can be acquired from TMDC LEDs by purposeful and selective architecture construction. To date, the maximum of the external quantum efficiency achieved by TMDC LEDs is 12%. In the demand for performance, the material and configuration of the nano device can be chosen according to this review. Moreover, novel electroluminescence devices involving single-photon emitters and alternative pulsed light emitters can expand their application scope. In this review, we provide an overview of the significant investigations that have provided a wealth of detailed information on TMDC electroluminescence devices at the molecular level.

The layered architecture of stiff biological materials often endows them with surprisingly high fracture toughness in spite of their brittle ceramic constituents. Understanding the link between organic–inorganic layered architectures and toughness could help to identify new ways to improve the toughness of biomimetic engineering composites. We study the cylindrically layered architecture found in the spicules of the marine sponge Euplectella aspergillum. We cut micrometer-size notches in the spicules and measure their initiation toughness and average crack growth resistance using flexural tests. We find that while the spicule’s architecture provides toughness enhancements, these enhancements are relatively small compared to prototypically tough biological materials, like nacre. We investigate these modest toughness enhancements using computational fracture mechanics simulations., Nacre is a biological composite whose architecture greatly enhances its toughness. Here, the authors report on the toughness enhancement in the spicules of a marine sponge. The spicules display similar architecture to nacre; however, their architecture does not lead to similar toughness enhancement.

In time series forecasting, a challenging and important task is to realize long-term prediction. This paper proposes a layered architecture based on backpropagation neural network. The proposed layered architecture consists of two layers. The first layer can find the optimum number of past time windows, and the second layer implements long-term prediction based on the obtained optimum number of windows. A series of experiments using publicly time series are conducted to assess the performance of the proposed architecture. The experimental results have revealed that the architecture has better performance in accuracy and stability.

With the prevalence of Internet of Things (IoT), edge computing has emerged as a novel computing model for optimizing traditional cloud computing systems by moving part of the computational tasks to the edge of the network for better performance and security. With the technique of services computing, edge computing systems can accommodate the application requirements with more agility and flexibility. In large-scale edge computing systems, service composition as one of the most important problems in services computing suffers from several new challenges, i.e., complex layered architecture, failures and recoveries always in the lifecycle, and search space explosion. In this paper, we make an attempt at addressing these challenges by designing a simulation-based optimization approach for reliability-aware service composition. Composite stochastic Petri net models are proposed for formulating the dynamics of multi-layered edge computing systems, and their corresponding quantitative analysis is conducted. To solve the state explosion problem in large-scale systems or complex service processes, time scale decomposition technique is applied to improving the efficiency of model solving. Additionally, simulation schemes are designed for performance evaluation and optimization, and ordinal optimization technique is introduced to significantly reduce the size of the search space. Finally, we conduct experiments based on real-life data, and the empirical results validate the efficacy of the approach.

The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) arises due to the change in the characteristics and numbers of smart devices. Communication of things makes it important to ensure security in this interactive architecture. One of the developments that are subject to change in IoT environments is post-quantum cryptography. This evolution, which includes the change of asymmetric cryptosystems, affects the security of IoT devices. In this paper, fundamental characteristics and layered architecture of IoT environments are examined. Basic security requirements and solution technologies for IoT architecture are remembered. Some important open problems in the literature for IoT device security are recalled. From these open problems, the post-quantum security of IoT devices with limited resources is focused. The main purpose of this paper is to improve the constrained resource classification and give a point of view for post-quantum IoT security. In this context, a sensitive classification is proposed by improving the limited resource classification of IETF. The cryptosystem efficiency definition is made for the analysis of resource-constrained device security. Using the proposed classification and efficiency definition, the usage of lattice-based cryptosystems in resource-constrained IoT device security is analyzed.

In the Client-Server architecture, any of web and desktop application that can be deployed with the help of 3-tier application architecture. It is consist of a presentation layer, an application layer and a data layer. All there layers does play vital role in the 3-tier architecture for performing variety of operations including business logic, storage of data and handling request. In this paper, we presented deployment process of any web application in the local area network where database and application is located on the remote or web server. Other clients only access the application via specific IP address and valid credentials. The entire request transmitted through the client application and send to the web server. Web server does provide resulted data to the requested client via the web application. We identified several loopholes from the 3-tier architecture adoption perspective and we highlighted the web application deployment interoperability issue that deserves substantial further research and development. In this paper, we investigate several tools and techniques including web server, database server and front-end tools for the successful deployment of the web application in the LAN based 3-tier architecture.

Розмір пояснювальної записки – 139 аркушів, містить 42 ілюстрацій, 23 таблиці, 4 додатки. Актуальність теми. У роботі розглянуто проблему підтримки комунікації між учасниками навчального процесу, показано основні особливості існуючих програмних засобів, що використовуються у навчальному процесі та наведено їх переваги та недоліки. Виявлено потребу в удосконаленні програмних засобів. Мета дослідження. Метою є побудова архітектури програмного забезпечення для підвищення ефективності комунікації між учасниками навчального процесу. Для реалізації поставленої мети були сформульовані наступні завдання: - проаналізувати аналоги, визначити їх основні переваги та недоліки, а також причини, які сповільнюють їх роботу; - визначити технології для побудови архітектури програмного забезпечення; - визначити загальну концепцію архітектури програмного забезпечення та її основні модулі; - побудувати архітектурне рішення та розробити програмне забезпечення для підтримки ефективної комунікації між учасниками навчального процесу; - оптимізувати роботу програмного забезпечення та забезпечити його належну швидкодію; - провести оцінку ефективності роботи розробленого програмного забезпечення. Об’єкт дослідження – архітектура програмного забезпечення для підтримки ефективної комунікації між учасниками навчального процесу. Предмет дослідження – технології програмного забезпечення для підтримки комунікації у навчальному процесі, які б забезпечили належну ефективність. Наукова новизна. Наукова новизна полягає в удосконаленні рівня бізнес логіки багаторівневої архітектури програмного забезпечення, що полягає в прискоренні процесу поширення інформації для підтримки ефективної комунікації шляхом розширення функціональних можливостей цього рівня. Практичне значення визначається тим, що запропоновано програмне забезпечення на базі багаторівневої архітектури, яке дасть змогу зручно для учасників навчального процесу вести облік, підтримувати комунікацію навчального процесу та отримувати своєчасні сповіщення про події навчання. Зв’язок з науковими програмами, планами, темами. Робота виконувалась на кафедрі інформатики та програмної інженерії Національного технічного університету України "Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського". Апробація. Наукові положення дисертації пройшли апробацію на Першій Всеукраїнській науково-практичній конференції молодих вчених та студентів «Інженерія програмного забезпечення і передові інформаційні технології» (SoftTech-2021) – м. Київ, 2021р. Публікації. Наукові положення дисертації опубліковані в: Догмош А.В., Головченко М.М. Архітектурне рішення для підтримки ефективної комунікації між учасниками навчального процесу. // Матеріали Першої Всеукраїнської науково-практичної конференції молодих вчених та студентів «Інженерія програмного забезпечення і передові інформаційні технології» (SoftTech-2021) – м. Київ: НТУУ "КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського", 22- 26 листопада 2021 р. Explanatory note size – 139 pages, contains 42 illustrations, 23 tables, 4 applications. The relevance of the topic. Examines the problem of maintaining communication between participants in the teaching-learning process, shows the main features of existing software used in the teaching-learning process and presents their advantages and disadvantages. The need to improve software has been identified. The purpose of the study. The main target is to build a software architecture to increase the effectiveness of communication between participants in the teachinglearning process. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: - analysis of existing solutions, identify their main advantages and disadvantages, as well as the reasons that slow down their performance; - identify technologies for building software architecture; - define the general concept of software architecture and its main modules; - build architectural solutions and develop software to support effective communication between participants in the teaching-learning process; - optimize the operation of the software and ensure its proper performance; - evaluate the effectiveness of the developed software. The object of research: software architecture to support effective communication between participants in the teaching-learning process. The subject of research: software technologies to support communication in the teaching-learning process, which would ensure proper efficiency. Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty is to improve the level of business logic of multitier software architecture, which is to accelerate the process of dissemination of information to maintain effective communication by expanding the functionality of this level. The practical significance is determined by the fact that the proposed software based on multitier architecture, which will allow convenient for participants in the teaching-learning process to keep records, maintain communication of the educational process and receive timely notifications of learning events. Relationship with working with scientific programs, plans, topics. Work was performed at the Department of Informatics and Software Engineering of the National Technical University of Ukraine «Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Igor Sikorsky». Approbation. The scientific provisions of the dissertation were tested at the First All-Ukrainian scientific-practical conference of young scientists and students "Software Engineering and Advanced Information Technologies" (SoftTech-2021) - Kyiv, 2021. Publications. The scientific provisions of the dissertation are published in: Dohmosh A.V., Holovchenko M.M., Architectural solution to support effective communication between participants in the teaching-learning process. // Proceedings of the First All-Ukrainian Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists and Students "Software Engineering and Advanced Information Technologies" (SoftTech-2021) - Kyiv: NTUU "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Igor Sikorsky", November 22-26, 2021.

Advances in information technologies present opportunities for novel approaches, methods, and tools for new or improved education and training practices. Furthermore, these technologies are enabling a shift in the education paradigm. Based on an investigation of a wide range of information technologies supporting smart education, we developed a Smart Education Framework. The framework conceptually structures the information technologies in a layered architecture. We also developed a smart education design approach based on the framework. Furthermore, we show how to use the framework and design approach to develop a specific course or lecture design. To validate the smart education framework, we examined smart education systems reported in the literature. To identify smart education systems, we conducted a systematic literature search. The literature search results show that the smart education framework has the ability to describe smart education systems. This study contributes to the current literature with a smart education framework. The smart education framework will guide future smart education system designs.

5G Networks are complex systems as they integrate technologies from multiple domains which includes RAN, MEC, 5G Core, NFV, SDN and Cloud. The network is sliced for three broad categories 5G Applications and further sliced for various verticals and MVNOs, which adds further complexity to the 5G system architecture.Taking cue from network and cloud technology which have used well defined layer architecture and virtualisation, the paper proposes a four layer architecture with a virtualisation layer offering all 5G resources abstracted and virtualized for use by the slicing layer which supports a service layer. It will help in reducing the 5G system complexity and promote independent evolution of each layer. Initial thoughts on virtualisation of various 5G resources are also presented which can be taken up for further refinement.

The Android platform is a free and open source operating system based on the Linux kernel, which is mainly used in mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets. Android’s system architecture, like its operating system, adopts a layered architecture. From high-level to low-level, they are application layer, application framework layer, system runtime layer, and Linux kernel layer. This paper analyzes the system architecture of the Android platform, designs an Android-based college Japanese reading teaching system technical framework composed of Android client, server and Web management, and proposes an Android-based university Japanese reading teaching link, and comprehensively promotes the reform of Japanese reading teaching in colleges in the mobile information era.

The introduction of informatization standard for special qualification of general contracting enterprises has set off a wave of informatization in construction industry. Multi-tier distributed technology has many different concepts and requirements from the previous single-tier or two-tier structure in terms of design ideas and system implementation. In the construction of system structure model, the object-oriented method is used, and the concept of application server is introduced, emphasizing that rational design and use of enterprise objects is the main responsibility of building system model. The project management system described in this paper is designed and implemented based on multi-tier architecture, which maximizes user rights customization in terms of functions, supports multi-project collaborative management, supports concurrent environment with 500 users in performance, has good security performance and scalability, and fully meets the innovative management needs of enterprises for project management methods.

The informatization of medical insurance (medical insurance) plays a very important role in the reform of medical insurance. The field of medical insurance has its particularity. The regional difference and variability of medical insurance policy make the medical insurance system have strong scalability and maintainability. In the past, most medical insurance systems used C / S architecture. In this architecture, the client integrated user interface and business logic, and the business logic is the most easily changed. Three-tier architecture is a further extension of C/S architecture, which adopts layered idea and component technology. The three-tier architecture is logically divided into user layer, business layer and data layer. The user layer is responsible for interacting with users, the business layer is responsible for business logic, and the data layer is responsible for information access. This paper introduces the standard requirements of medical insurance management system, and adopts the three-tier structure model for system statistics.

The next-generation campus network (CN) is turning into a complex network with a growing number of users, applications, wired and wireless devices. Therefore, to support all the connectivity modes and user demands CN needs to shift from a static, inflexible to a dynamic, flexible, and automated behavior. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) provides flexible network management through its programmable feature and layered architecture. Deployment of multi-controller enhances availability, scalability and brought in a new idea of load sharing between switches and controllers. The CN has thousands of internal, external, and remote users communicating with the network infrastructure. To address the above issues, this article presents SDN based load balancing strategy for campus Networks. Firstly, this article presents an overview of the SDN- based CN framework. Then discuss the conceptual design of a bi-fold load balancing module to shape traffic spikes in SDN-based CN framework. The bi-fold load balancing module consists of dynamic round-robin scheduling for switch load balancing and fractional flow request migration for controller load balancing. This paper proposes a novel load balancing module integrated into SDN-based CN framework.

Search-based techniques have been demonstrated effective in solving complex optimization problems that arise in domain-specific compilers for machine learning (ML). Unfortunately, deploying such techniques in production compilers is impeded by two limitations. First, prior works require factorization of a computation graph into smaller subgraphs over which search is applied. This decomposition is not only non-trivial but also significantly limits the scope of optimization. Second, prior works require search to be applied in a single stage in the compilation flow, which does not fit with the multi-stage layered architecture of most production ML compilers. This paper presents Xtat, an autotuner for production ML compilers that can tune both graph-level and subgraph-level optimizations across multiple compilation stages. Xtat applies Xtat-M, a flexible search methodology that defines a search formulation for joint optimizations by accurately modeling the interactions between different compiler passes. Xtat tunes tensor layouts, operator fusion decisions, tile sizes, and code generation parameters in XLA, a production ML compiler, using various search strategies. In an evaluation across 150 ML training and inference models on Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) at Google, Xtat offers up to 2.4x and an average 5% execution time speedup over the heavily-optimized XLA compiler.