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The key to the successful and sustainable utilisation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) by local communities lies in understanding their perspectives on climate change and its effects on NTFP production. Furthermore, assessing their perceptions of the diverse uses and potential for the value addition of NTFPs is crucial for determining how these resources can enhance the well-being of local livelihoods. Although studies on climate change, value addition, and the multiple uses of NTFPs and their impact on local livelihoods have been conducted, locals' perceptions of these factors have not been fully explored. This study aims to assess various social factors, including education, gender, and religion, and their influence on locals' perceptions of the abovementioned factors. The research focused on five regions where NTFPs are prevalent in Ghana (the Western North, Bono, Ahafo, Ashanti, and Eastern regions). To investigate the influence of social factors on local perceptions of climate change, value addition, and the multiple values of NTFPs within rural communities, a total of 732 locals were randomly selected with a team of interviewers across these five regions in Ghana. Key informant interviews and focus group interview methods were used for the data collection. We applied a logistic regression model to assess the social factors and their influencing locals' perceptions of the mentioned variables. It was revealed that age, gender, education, and occupation did not significantly influence locals' perceptions of climate change. However, religion was found to influence locals' perceptions of climate change. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that gender and education strongly influenced locals' perceptions of value addition to NTFPs. In contrast, religion and constraints (related to time, finance, and skills) did not significantly influence locals' perceptions. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay among local perceptions, climate change, value addition, multiple uses of NTFPs, and the capacity of NTFPs to enhance the well-being of forest fringe communities. These findings underscore the importance of comprehensive, tailor-made interventions that consider local perspectives and adhere to sustainable approaches, with the aim of optimising the positive impacts of NTFPs in poverty alleviation and overall community development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Removal of zirconia restorations can be challenging and time consuming, requiring dental burs with optimal cutting efficiency to minimize iatrogenic complications. Yet, there are very few burs marketed for this purpose and little evidence of their comparative benefit. This study evaluated one specialized bur and compared its cutting efficiency with three general‐purpose burs (one single use and two multiple uses). Materials and methods: This study was designed to assess the cutting efficiency of 4 burs on a high‐strength zirconia substrate. One of these burs is a multiple‐use bur marketed for high‐strength ceramics (Komet 4ZR), another is a single‐use general‐purpose bur (Piranha 837.012 coarse), and two are multiple‐use general‐purpose burs (Brassler 6837.31.012C coarse and Komet 6837.314.012 coarse). The cutting efficiency of each bur was determined by measuring the time taken to perform serial 2 mm cuts into a block of zirconia. Ten burs in each group were tested with repeated cuts until the time taken for a 2 mm cut was twice that of the first 2 mm cut (50% loss of efficiency). This study was performed under reproducible conditions using a custom‐designed and fabricated rig assembly. Results: The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the cutting efficiency between bur types. The single‐use general‐purpose bur (Piranha 837.012) was the most efficient for all cut numbers p <2.2 × 10–16. The performance of all burs decreased with each cut, with cutting efficiency dependent on time point/cut number (p = 0.02). The rate of deterioration varied between burs, but this difference was not sufficient to be statistically significant. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that a single‐use bur is more efficient than 3 multiple‐use burs. The cutting efficiency of a single‐use general‐purpose bur (Piranha 837.012 coarse) on Cerec Zirconia Mono L was statistically superior to that of multiple patient use burs in this study, including one marketed for use on high‐strength ceramics. Because single‐use burs are comparatively inexpensive and require no sterilization, they should be strongly considered for the removal of zirconia restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key to the successful and sustainable utilisation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) by local communities lies in understanding their perspectives on climate change and its effects on NTFP production. Furthermore, assessing their perceptions of the diverse uses and potential for the value addition of NTFPs is crucial for determining how these resources can enhance the well-being of local livelihoods. Although studies on climate change, value addition, and the multiple uses of NTFPs and their impact on local livelihoods have been conducted, locals’ perceptions of these factors have not been fully explored. This study aims to assess various social factors, including education, gender, and religion, and their influence on locals’ perceptions of the abovementioned factors. The research focused on five regions where NTFPs are prevalent in Ghana (the Western North, Bono, Ahafo, Ashanti, and Eastern regions). To investigate the influence of social factors on local perceptions of climate change, value addition, and the multiple values of NTFPs within rural communities, a total of 732 locals were randomly selected with a team of interviewers across these five regions in Ghana. Key informant interviews and focus group interview methods were used for the data collection. We applied a logistic regression model to assess the social factors and their influencing locals’ perceptions of the mentioned variables. It was revealed that age, gender, education, and occupation did not significantly influence locals’ perceptions of climate change. However, religion was found to influence locals’ perceptions of climate change. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that gender and education strongly influenced locals’ perceptions of value addition to NTFPs. In contrast, religion and constraints (related to time, finance, and skills) did not significantly influence locals’ perceptions. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay among local perceptions, climate change, value addition, multiple uses of NTFPs, and the capacity of NTFPs to enhance the well-being of forest fringe communities. These findings underscore the importance of comprehensive, tailor-made interventions that consider local perspectives and adhere to sustainable approaches, with the aim of optimising the positive impacts of NTFPs in poverty alleviation and overall community development.

Intact forest landscapes harbor significant biodiversity values and pools of ecosystem services essential for conservation, land use and rural development. Threatened by fragmentation and loss by transitions to industrial clear-cut forestry, those landscapes are of pivotal interest for protection that secures their intact character. With wall-to-wall land-cover data, we explored opportunities for maintaining intact forest landscapes through comprehensive spatial planning across a 2.5 million hectares boreal to sub-alpine forest region along the eastern slopes of the Scandinavian Mountain range. We analyzed forest and woodland types that are protected, need protection or potentially can be subject to continued forest management. We established that the fraction of already clear-cut forest is very small and that the forest landscape of the Scandinavian Mountain foothills contains a high proportion of protected high conservation value forests, covering almost 2 million ha, and that over 500,000 ha (27%) remains unprotected and may be subject to future protection or continued adapted forest management. We found evident north to south differences with respect to forest landscape configuration, distribution of unprotected forests and land ownership. With a focus on non-industrial private landowners, we conclude that sustainable land-use requires integrative, multi-functional approaches that rely on further protection, forest and forest landscape restoration and a much larger share of continuous cover forestry than presently. Our results provide input into ongoing policy implementation and green infrastructure planning in the context of securing intact forest values and integrative opportunities for rural livelihood and regional development based on multiple value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background A newly developed multiple use applicator for vaginal tablets/vaginal inserts* was evaluated for its general suitability. There are no standard procedures described in guidelines or general accepted publications as to how this kind of product should be tested for suitability of purpose. Methods Due to the lack of existing standard procedures, three separate tests were designed and successful executed: (a) First, a patient acceptability evaluation was carried out as part of a phase III trial (registered in EudraCT on 9 Jan 2017, number 2017-000142-22 2. https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=eudract_number%3A2017-000142-22 ). (b) Secondly, a cleaning procedure for the applicator after simulated multiple use was developed and verified in order to prove a minimized risk of microbiological contamination of the device. A newly developed vaginal fluid to simulate multiple applications was applied for this trial. (c) Lastly, a third trial evaluated the mechanical stability and proper functionality of the applicator after multiple simulated uses. Even potential abrasion of material of the device was checked. Results Acceptable patient compliance of the new multiple use applicator was verified after 2 weeks of daily use. Furthermore, diary data assessments of patients participating in the Pharmacodynamic part of the trial were evaluated as well. Overall, patient acceptability of the new applicator was proven. The easy-to-use cleaning procedure for the applicator, which can even be carried out in a domestic environment, was developed and successfully verified for effectiveness, meeting all microbiological acceptance criteria for vaginal products of the European Pharmacopeia. The mechanical stability and proper functionality of the applicator after 50 simulated uses was also evaluated. All tested applicator batches (fresh and aged) passed the final evaluation, with no limitations in functionality. Conclusion The tests developed and executed consider various compliance aspects of the newly developed applicator. Results of these individual tests met the expectations and/or the predefined acceptance criteria. All included trials performed produced results justifying and qualifying the applicator for the intended multiple-use. The procedures outlined may also be a guide as to how this kind of medical device can be tested for suitability. Trial registration Registered in EudraCT, number 2017-000142-22, start date 24 May 2017.

Identification and cultivation of new oilseeds is an important step in supplying the oil needed in the country. Regarding the vastness of saline areas in the country, the cultivation and exploitation of salinity-resistant plants under saline conditions of both water and soil can be an appropriate option in the field of production and extraction of oils from salinity-resistant plants. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of extractable oil and the compounds of fatty acids in two halophyte species Salicornia europaeae and Halocnemum strobilaceum on the shores of Lake Urmia. For this purpose, the seeds of the species were collected in autumn of 2016. Fatty acids were extracted by solvent. The solvent-oil mixture was separated by rotary vacuum distiller, and after methyl ester preparation and injection into the gas chromatography (GC), fatty acids were analyzed. To identify the fatty acids, a standard mixture of fatty acids (Sigma Co.) and their inhibition times were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using independent t-test. The mean oil yields of two species of S. europaeae and H. strobilaceum was obtained 18.58 and 9.28%, respectively. In total, 12 fatty acids including lauric acid (C12: 0), merisitic acid (C14: 0), myristoleic acid (C14: 1n5), palmitic acid (C16: 0), palmitoleic acid (C16: 1n7), stearic acid (C18: 0), oleic acid (C18: 1n9), linoleic acid (C18: 2n6cis), α-linolenic acid (C18: 3n3), γ-linoleic acid (C18: 3n6), and arachidic acid (C20: 0) were recorded in the profiles of these two species. Linoleic acid was the most major unsaturated fatty acid in S. europaeae and H. strobilaceum, at 56 and 54.7%, respectively. Palmitic acid was also predominant saturated fatty acid in S. europaeae and H. strobilaceum, at 11.4 and 9.7%, respectively. The results showed that according to the oil yield (18.58%) and percentage of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids identified, S. europaeae seeds could be evaluated as a source of edible oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenology of the babassu (Attalea speciosa Mart ex Spreng.), aiming to subsidize information for non - timber management of the species in pasture area. For 48 months, the phenological patterns of babassu were studied, relating them to meteorological variables such as monthly average temperature, monthly total precipitation, relative humidity of the medium air and photoperiod. A total of 130 adult palm trees from natural regeneration were monitored in a pasture in the municipality of Ji-Paraná, RO, from January 2012 to December 2015. The data were analyzed by means of the activity indexes, the relation of the phenophases and meteorological variables by means of Pearson correlation. The population synchrony index was also evaluated. During the study, the population of Attalea speciosa showed flowering asynchronously in the population. In the process of formation and maturation of the fruits of the babassu, it was possible to observe that the time of total development of the fruits was in average 254 days. In young infructescence, the most influential climatic factors were temperature and photoperiod. In the green infructescence, climatic factors such as precipitation, relative humidity and photoperiod influenced negatively. The presence of mature infructescence occurred throughout the year, with the highest intensities in the month of November, and its activity related to the increase in temperature and duration of days. Phenological monitoring of babassu allowed to identify the intensity and predictability of reproductive events, thus enabling information to be provided to the plans for the sustainable exploitation of the species in pasture in the municipality of Ji-Paraná. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article an overview of the main direction of complex use ash and slag waste from coal-fired stations was provided. The composition of ash waste, methods of isolation of valuable components and the key areas of their further using were noted. The results of the analysis of residual carbon, nitrogen and mineral part of ash and slag from the Kirov and Moscow ash dumps of Kazanskaya heat and power station - 2 were shown and perspective directions their utilization were determined.

Protected areas (PAs) aim at safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services in the long term. Despite the remarkable growth in area covered by PAs in recent years, biodiversity trends continue to worsen as a result of serious global pressures such as habitat destruction and degradation. One main cause of habitat destruction and degradation is land development that implies the replacement of natural land uses–land covers (LULCs) with artificial ones. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of four PA networks at preventing land development in Spain, a biodiversity‐rich country that has experienced recent rapid environmental transformations, using two models of increased validity: an original model and a biophysically enhanced model. We applied a before–after control–impact (BACI) design whereby absolute artificial area increase (AAI) and relative artificial area increase (RAI) were compared across PA categories (nature reserves [NRs], nature parks [NPs], Sites of Community Importance [SCIs], and Special Protection Areas [SPAs]), study zones (coastal and inland), and climates (Atlantic and Mediterranean) using CORINE Land Cover (CLC) data and two control zones: 1‐ and 5‐km buffers around protected polygons. NRs prevented land development, whereas other categories reduced it moderately to very substantially in the assessed period. AAI was especially intense in inland SPAs and NPs. NRs and NPs were the most effective PA categories inland, whereas NRs and SPAs were the most effective ones on the coast. Land development was greater on the Spanish coast than inland inside and outside PAs, especially around Macaronesian and Mediterranean PAs. Atlantic PAs experienced similar or greater land development values than surrounding areas. Our results are intended to guide future conservation efforts in Spain, chiefly on its heavily pressured coastal environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savanna is a biodiverse ecosystem native to the southeastern United States. Due to fire suppression and timber harvest, longleaf pine has declined to 3% of its original range. The extant forest provides habitat for many threatened and endangered species, including the endangered Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis ; RCW), a cavity-nesting bird that co-evolved with fire-maintained forest, resulting in savanna-like old-growth forest as the bird's preferred habitat. Our study site, the Oakmulgee Ranger District of the Talladega National Forest, harbors the largest RCW population in Alabama and is managed with an emphasis on RCW conservation. The United States Forest Service (USFS) also manages the Oakmulgee for uses such as wildlife conservation, recreation, and timber harvest. Despite efforts to restore RCW habitat and install artificial cavities in the Oakmulgee, the number of RCW groups has not exceeded 123, although the Recovery Plan objective is 394 groups. Our project was motivated by the USFS expressing interest in determining why the RCW population has not exceeded 123 groups. We proposed using structured decision making (SDM) with the USFS and other stakeholders to address this problem. Our goals were to explicitly define management objectives, build a Bayesian belief network with a model of how decision alternatives are believed to affect management objectives, and use a sensitivity analysis to determine the part of the model to which RCW population growth was most sensitive. Therefore, results from the analysis were expected to give insights into 1) ecological factors limiting RCW population growth, 2) how management can overcome these limits, plus 3) the relative expected ability of different decision alternatives to satisfy multiple objectives in addition to increasing RCW group number. We held four SDM workshops with representatives from the USFS, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, the Longleaf Alliance, the Birmingham Audubon Society, and local residents. Stakeholder objectives consisted of maximizing the following: RCW group number, forest health, recreational enjoyment, community economic health, and aesthetics. Cavity insert installation had the greatest probability of increasing the number of RCW groups. The number of RCW groups was most affected by cavity availability, adult survival, reproductive output, food availability, and herbaceous understory. Prescribed burning was most likely to meet the combination of stakeholder objectives, followed by midstory removal. Our findings suggest that cavity installation efforts may need to be increased in the Oakmulgee to increase RCW group number. Also it could be beneficial to investigate how RCWs select cavity tree locations with the goal of increasing the chance that RCWs use artificial cavities to form new groups. The Bayesian belief network provided insights into factors limiting RCW population growth and how management can overcome these limits. The Bayesian belief network also can be used to prioritize management methods in the Oakmulgee given stakeholder objectives and time constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rangelands have a significant role in the supply of forage for grazing livestock and wildlife. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the rangeland grazing suitability for livestock and wildlife. In this study, the Jeliz Jand Basin was selected. This basin, with an area of 16210.44 ha, lies between longitudes 52° 36' to 50° 52' E and latitudes 35° 44' to 35° 57' N. It is located in north of Firouzkooh city, Tehran Province, Iran, and has a cold semi-arid climate. Data integration was carried out according to the FAO method (1991) using GIS on a scale of 1: 20000. For livestock and wildlife grazing, information on physical factors and vegetation in the form of three sub-models including forage production, water resources and soil sensitivity to erosion was integrated and the final model of rangeland suitability was produced. According to the results, the range suitability for sheep and goats grazing in the study area was determined to be moderate (S2) for 11.3% (1560.3 ha), low (S3) for 80.5% (11148 ha) and unsuitable (N) for 8.3% (1146.5 ha), respectively. Rangeland suitability for cattle grazing in the study area was determined to be high (S1) for 1.7% (228.9 ha), moderate (S2) for 3.6% (498.6%), low (S3) for 0.8% (111 ha) and unsuitable (N) for cattle grazing was 93.9% (13016.9 ha), respectively. Also, about 1491 ha of rangelands were low suitable for wildlife grazing. It is worth mentioning that slope percentage, vegetation composition (presence of class II and III species) and low vegetation cover because of overgrazing and the past land-use conversions were the most important factors limiting rangeland suitability in this Basin. However, it is necessary to reduce the population of cattle and goat, and grazing program should be set up and continued with sheep according to the principles of range management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Overlapping land use allocation decreases deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon. • Results are consistent across all types of land use allocations. • Findings inform land use policy for conflict avoidance, land tenure, and multiple use. Abstract Overlapping land use allocations, in which one parcel of land is allocated two or more times for different uses, either intentionally or unintentionally, are common globally. We assess how overlapping land use allocations impact forest cover change using Peruvian government data for the lowland Amazon. Results are based on propensity score matched difference-in-differences methods using 1-ha resolution forest loss data for 2000–2014, along with Peruvian government land use allocation data. We find that deforestation is lower in overlapping than in same-type, non-overlapping allocations. This finding is consistent across all types of overlapping land use allocations. These results support the hypothesis that multiple use management decreases deforestation, and provide no evidence indicating that overlapping allocations are a form of tenure insecurity that might increase deforestation. Our findings inform conservation policy related to multiple use management, land tenure security, and conflict avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political submission in colonized Tunisia, during the end of the xixth and the beginning of the xxth centuries, found in olive oil a symbolic and yet thorough matter of resistance. Local producers as well as consumers purposefully resisted to imported oils, peanut and colza oils for instance, meant by the French administration to diversify not only production, commerce and revenue sources, but mainly to weaken old agricultural upper class. Hence, resistance became culinary, social and cultural, never economic however, as far as the attractive low price of the new imported oils is concerned.

Multiple use forests in the United States take on different meanings for people who live, work, and recreate on the land. Forests are imbued with often contested visions of what the landscape is and ought to be, and this is related to the various knowledges, values, and experiences of users who project social, political, and economic power. The resources and amenities of multiple use public lands in the American West are typically managed as common property for sustained-yield and equal access. The major exception to this being the priority given to hardrock mining, which is legally designated as the “highest and best use”. This article looks at a proposed rare earth mine in the Black Hills of Wyoming to assess how aesthetic representations and meanings of the forest are situated in the politics of resource access and control. While previous work has looked at the role of contested aesthetics within the same spatial extent, this article proposes a deeper aesthetic that takes time and the weight of history into account. Four discourse coalitions are analyzed: Native American ontological constructs of land as spatiotemporally divergent from dominant frontier sectionalism, competing epistemologies of positivist science and land-based livelihoods, perceptions of risk and geopolitical control extended to the subsurface, and the rationalization of scenic amenities and recreational access. The paper seeks to unravel different power connections to explain the emergence of land use conflict through a temporal disentanglement of the knowledge structures that have produced aesthetic meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land exchanges are a process increasingly being used by state government and private industry to facilitate extractive development on lands bounded within or contiguous to federal public lands. These swaps were originally intended as a legal tool to reconfigure property ownership in a contiguous pattern and thereby align land use, management, and conservation priorities. However, in doing so access to locally significant multiple use activities, like hunting as is the case here, end up redistributed to properties that have different levels of ecological and social value that are not necessarily integrated into the economic value of exchanged lands. The Bearlodge land exchange, occurred between state and private lands in two different areas of the Black Hills National Forest and was undertaken by Rare Element Resources Ltd. in coordination with the State of Wyoming to obtain ownership of a state section adjacent to the mine's lease on U.S. Forest Service land. The acquisition of the adjacent section was deemed necessary by the mining corporation to collocate a waste tailing pile next to the mine. In this case, the different types of value - economic, social, and ecological - are individually assessed and collectively compared between exchanged lands using a mixed methods approach. Findings demonstrate that while exchanges may be roughly equivalent in constructed economic value, the social and ecological components underpinning assessed property value in the trade are inequivalent due to differences in place-based connections of recreational amenities and the ecological composition unique to each parcel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal is the property of World Health Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim of study: This paper objective focuses on the contribution of multifunctional natural forest silviculture, incorporating both private and public product managements, to forest and woodland economics. Area of study: Spain and California (USA). Material and methods: This conceptual article has developed a critical revision of the existing literature on the main economic issues for multifunctional natural forest silviculture in the last decades. Main results: Multifunctional natural silviculture has secular roots as a local practice, but as a science of the natural environment applied to the economic management of forest lands it is still in the process of maturation. Timber silviculture remains the central concern of forest economics investment in scientific publications. By contrast, silvicultural modeling of the natural growth of firewood, browse and other non-timber forest products from trees and shrubs receives scant attention in scientific journals. Even rarer are publications on multifunctional natural silviculture for forest and woodland managements, including environmental services geared to people’s active and passive consumption. Under this umbrella, private environmental self-consumption is represented by the amenities enjoyed by private non-industrial landowners. As for environmental public products, the most relevant are carbon, water, mushrooms, recreation, landscape and threatened biodiversity. Research highlights: This paper is a good example for the conceptual research on forestry techniques and economic concepts applied to multifunctional silviculture in Mediterranean areas of Spain and California. The combination of technical knowledge and private and public economic behaviors definitively contributes to the multifunctional management of natural forest systems.

Copyright of Nativa is the property of Revista Nativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Time after cutting, trunk diameter, southern and western location, and spruce compared pine and deciduous trees increased the probability of pendulous lichens. • There was no significant difference between the different continuous cover forestry (CCF) methods, but in southern and western parts of the study area, small gap cutting maintained pendulous lichen slightly more than selective cutting. • CCF-stands maintained more pendulous lichens than normal managed young thinning stands, but less than mature managed even-aged stands. • To reconcile forestry and reindeer husbandry, larger trees should be retained, the cutting cycle should be kept long, or the lichen-rich areas should be excluded from logging. Competition for land use between forestry and reindeer husbandry has been debated in northern Finland, particularly due to the possible adverse effects of forestry on the availability of forage resources for reindeer. In an attempt to achieve a better reconciliation of these land uses, as well as to promote multiple forest use, we studied the effects of 37 stand-, plot-, and tree-level variables on pendulous lichens (Alectoria sp., Bryoria sp. and Usnea sp.), and compared two methods of continuous cover forestry (CCF) on pendulous lichen occurrence in Finnish Lapland. The main findings of the study indicate that the number of years after cutting, and the trunk diameter increase the probability of pendulous lichen occurrence. The highest probability of pendulous lichen occurrence by tree species was achieved in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst), and by area, in the southern and western parts of the study area. Of the two CCF methods studied – small gap cutting and selection cutting – the former was slightly more successful in maintaining pendulous lichens, especially in southern and western Lapland. In addition, the ground lichen coverage indicating the degree of xeric features of the stand reduced the probability of pendulous lichen occurrence. Furthermore, we compared our data with reference material, and found that the CCF stands of the present study maintained more pendulous lichens than managed young thinning stands, but less than managed mature even-aged forests. This study shows that in order to better reconcile forestry and reindeer husbandry in a reindeer herding area, the larger trees should be saved, and the cutting cycle should be kept as long as possible. In addition, lichen-rich areas should be excluded from logging, and the access of reindeer to those areas should be secured. Of the two CCF methods studied, small gap cutting could be a viable method in reconciling forestry and reindeer husbandry, as well as the multiple use of forests, in that it allows to keep at least parts of the forest intact for a longer period of time, which advances the growth of pendulous lichens. Selection cutting, in turn, affects the whole area, and removes the large trees, which are advantageous for pendulous lichens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]