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As an important part of agricultural products, the stability and reliability of the grain supply chain plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth operation of the national economy and the harmony and stability of the society. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth assessment of grain supply chain risks from a multi-dimensional perspective. This paper follows the principle of indicator selection to construct a set of perfect evaluation index system. Based on the sample data from 2008 to 2022, the entropy weight TOPSIS model is used to obtain weights and assessment results, and further application of gray correlation analysis for risk dimension analysis. The following conclusions are finally drawn: the overall decreasing trend of China's grain supply chain risk is more significant. In addition, this paper finds that planting, operation and delivery risks are the main dimensions affecting the stability of the grain supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to describe evidence of change to the social--societal context seen from the cyber pragmatic perspective. The substantive data sources were texts on social media in which there were objects and data of this research. The data were collected by using the observation method equipped with note-taking techniques and recording techniques. Data were analyzed by applying the contextual analysis method. We applied the contextual analysis method or the extra lingual analysis method because of the cyberpragmatic perspective of this research with a virtual external context as the main determinant of its meaning. Before the analysis, data that were classified and typified properly were triangulated with the expert and consulted on relevant theories. The results show that the social--societal context element changes occur in the following context elements: (1) setting, (2) participants, (3) ends, and (4) instrumentalities. Setting element changes occurred in the aspects of venue, time, and atmosphere. The instrumental element changed in the aspects of the kinds of tools and the range of errand communication. The participant element changed in the aspects of perception of gender, age, and social status, and the last element, changed in the aspects of monodimensional goal manifestation and multidimensional goal manifestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IL+Aram – homeliness. Living in the eye of life and purifying the mind is called homeliness. Life forms the culture of one's life and it is the inherent benefit of one's life and gives value. To live with love is a virtue, to live with virtue is to live life with love and virtue as two eyes. A wife is the first person to make a good marriage. She will be excellent in chastity and able to support her dependents by herself. It is these qualities that are considered as the true the value of a good wife. Domesticity gives value to family. Household is capable of protecting all members of the family and others dependent on them. The family is more special than the life of those who do penance for their own good, the good companionship of many who consider the welfare of others. Remembering those who have lived and passed away, appreciating those who live for life, hospitality, caring for one's surroundings and establishing one's self to fulfill one's duties are also the best morals for living. The high-class life in which men and women live together is characterized as domesticity. Character is the special name given to the morals of the family to express the high values of the leader and the leader together with the beloved with love, hospitality, giving up, waiting, sharing, protecting those around them, getting rid of problems, seeking fame, etc.“Love and Virtue” are the twin virtues of benevolent character. Home is where these positiveness manifest. This article explains the various good values that are necessary for people's life through the Tamil Didactic Literary works.

In higher education courses, student engagement has the potential to influence many outcomes, such as learning, retention, satisfaction, and academic success. Measuring student engagement in a course based on a multidimensional perspective provides important information for researchers, teachers, or even students, looking to target potential actions or improvements. This study presents an upgraded version of the Multidimensional Scale of Student Engagement in a Higher Education Course (MSSEC) resulting in a four-factor structure: emotional-cognitive, social, agentic, and behavioral. Engagement measures for a sample of university students (n = 465) were collected across different modalities (e.g., face-to-face, blended, online), at various faculties and university levels. Validity evidence was obtained through confirmatory factor analyses, internal consistency, and invariance of the measure using multi-group comparison. A first-order model with four correlated factors best fits the data, with good internal consistency for each factor of student engagement. Furthermore, multi-group confirmatory factor analyses support the scale's partial invariance across gender, age (traditional vs. non-traditional students), university levels (undergraduate vs. graduate), and course modalities (face-to-face vs. blended and online courses). From a multidimensional psychological perspective, the improved version of the MSSEC provides a sound scale to measure student engagement in a higher education course and thus obtain detailed and rich information for researchers, teachers, and students alike.

[Objective] While China’s marine economy has maintained a stable development, there still exist problems of unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable development. Therefore, it is of great significance to scientifically measure the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of China’s marine economy and conduct in-depth research and analysis of its spatial heterogeneity based on a multidimensional perspective, so as to promote the spatial expansion of blue economy under the land-sea integrated development strategy. [Methods] In this study, the non-radial directionality function model of global reference and the global Malmquist-Luenberger index were used to measure the green total factor productivity of China’s marine economy from 2007 to 2018. Then from the two dimensions of time and space, spatial heterogeneity was examined by using the Dagum Gini coefficient, Kernel density method, and Markov chain method, and α convergence and β convergence tests were used to explore its convergence. [Results] The results show that: (1) From 2007 to 2018, the GTFP of marine economy in all coastal provinces and cities in China had improved, showing obvious regional characteristics and significant spatial imbalance. (2) The overall spatial differences of GTFP in China’s marine economy showed an upward trend and fluctuated with an increasing-decreasing-increasing pattern. (3) Temporally, China’s marine economy GTFP had steadily improved, showing the characteristics of gradual development with a two-level differentiation that first intensified and then improved, and the spatial heterogeneity had changed significantly. (4) In the whole country and the three major marine economic zones, GTFP showed phased convergence and divergence characteristics, diverging in the 11th Five-Year Plan and the 13th Five-Year Plan periods and converging in the 12th Five-Year Plan period; The GTFP of the marine economy in the three major marine economic zones showed absolute convergence, but there was no significant absolute convergence in the country as a whole; The GTFP of the marine economy showed conditional convergence in the whole country and the three major marine economic zones, with the eastern marine economic zone having the fastest convergence speed, followed by the north and the south. [Conclusion] This paper argues that during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, we should focus on optimizing the spatial layout of the green development of China’s marine economy and promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of regional marine economy.

The measurement of territorial spatial conflict degrees and the identification of conflict areas are important issues in the field of regional development planning. The scientific and comprehensive recognition and measurement of territorial spatial utilization conflicts, from a multidimensional perspective, are significant for the optimization of reasonable land use and the realization of sustainable spatial development in various regions. In this study, the territorial spatial development and utilization conflicts in Yibin were measured and analyzed in terms of the development intensity, landscape pattern index, and spatial suitability from a multidimensional perspective of the "upper limit-structure-bottom line" perspective of territorial spaces. Certain corresponding development strategies were proposed, and some major conclusions could be drawn: (1) In terms of the development intensity, the developable intensity value for most townships in Yibin is lower than the minimum developable intensity value, indicating their fine development potential in the future. However, the current development intensity of a few townships is higher than the maximum developable intensity value. These townships can be divided into topographic restricted zones, urban concentrated zones, and natural reserves. (2) In terms of landscape conflict, areas with mild, moderate, and severe conflict in the southern region of Yibin decreased significantly from 1990 to 2018, and severe conflict areas in the middle and northern regions decreased; however, moderate and mild conflict areas increased. Potential ecological conflict risks to the landscape cannot be ignored. (3) For spatial suitability, urban spatial conflict areas, agricultural spatial conflict areas, urban–ecological spatial conflict areas, and agricultural–ecological spatial conflict areas were recognized according to a comparison of the utilization status and suitability assessment results. (4) According to estimation results of three types of conflicts, townships in Yibin were divided into eight types of conflicts: (1) conflict caused by improper urban planning to squeeze ecological spaces and replace agricultural spaces; (2) conflict caused by extensive and disordered agricultural development; (3) conflict controlled by the squeezing of ecological spaces; (4) conflict controlled by the encroachment of ecological spaces; (5) conflict caused by backward urbanization; (6) conflict caused by low-level agricultural development; (7) conflict caused by overall development hysteresis; and (8) conflict caused by a shortage of development space. This study has some theoretical and practical implications for a comprehensive understanding of territorial spatial development patterns and their degrees, the scientific recognition and trade-off of multidimensional territorial spatial utilization conflicts, and realizing sustainable development in certain regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anaerobic membrane biofilm reactor (An-MBfR) using dead-end hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) inevitably suffers the limited supply of gaseous electron donors to biofilms, as a result of the back-diffusion of inert gases. The microbial mechanisms, underlying the biofilm formation and decontamination performance of the An-MBfR disadvantaged by limited active gas supply, are still obscure in the literature. Herein, we investigated the evolution laws of biofilm ecology and function in a denitrifying H 2 -based An-MBfR, from a multidimensional perspective. Results showed that despite the operating parameters of the reactor were set at the optimal values, the ununiform biofilms were developed on the HFMs, exhibiting a variation trend that with increasing distance from the near-gas end, the thickness and biomass of biofilms were decreased accompanied by their morphological change from the compacted to loosened. As hydrogenotrophic denitrifying bacteria (DNB) suffered limited H 2 supply to the biofilm, they could not produce abundant extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and result in a high ratio of protein/polysaccharide (PN/PS) ratio in the EPS to facilitate the biofilm growth; their proliferation slowed down, especially in the outer layer of the biofilm at the far-gas end. The propagation of heterotrophic DNB was more active in the outer layer rather than inner layer of biofilms, ascribed to the abundant presence of PN and PS as well as increased NO 3 − availability. The variation trends in abundance of functional genes pertinent to the biofilm formation and NO 3 − reduction coincided well with the evolution laws of biofilm characteristics and DNB distribution. The findings provided mechanistic insights into the biofilm structure and microbial interaction in the denitrifying An-MBfR. [Display omitted] • Biofilm at far-gas end showed less thickness, biomass and loosened morphology. • Higher EPS content and protein/polysaccharide ratio promoted biofilm development. • Hydrogenotrophic and heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria enriched at near-gas end. • More abundant heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria located in outer layer of biofilms. • Metabolism-related pathways of biofilm formation and NO 3 − reduction were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attitude of large companies towards the issue of sustainability has evolved considerably over time. In a first phase sustainability was seen as a necessary evil. Today, in global markets, the financial world seeks and rewards sustainable companies. In global competition, the companies’ results cannot be evaluated just in terms of value generated for the shareholders profit: the shared value generated has become the key factor for success. Globalization is not a policy managed by human forces, but it’s a condition of life for humans on this planet. In line with this assumption the aim of this series of articles, dedicated to sustainable management, is to analyse the recent global findings related to the sustainability issues, in topics like communication, human capital, intangible factors, small and large enterprises, retail and fashion, as well as in well-being orientation.

From 2019 to 2020, the Mexican economy declined for two consecutive years, especially in the last one when it was hit by a decline of 8.4% before the COVID-19 pandemic impacts which was not only one of the worst in the OECD club, but also the deepest economic recession since 1932 in the national history. At the same time, both the number of people in poverty and poverty rate in 2020 have increased compared with those registered in 2018. Through the analysis, we can find that the current Mexican government has increased the intensity and scope of the implementation of social relief policies adhered to the principal of “for the good of all, first the poor (Por el bien de todos, Primero los pobres).” However, in the context of recession caused by the COVID-19, neither the general decrease in residents' income could be avoided, nor the number of people in poverty has been reduced. Besides, in accordance with the benefits obtained by the distinct household deciles based on the income and expenditure survey published by INEGI, it showed that the implementation of government relief measures has relatively reduced the support for the low-income people and further aggravated the deterioration of poverty due to its indifferent application with respect to high-income households and the low-income ones. Therefore, the deficiencies in the response implemented in the face of the epidemic, especially poverty alleviation actions and social relief policies, have further enhanced the poverty problem at least partially. In this sense, recover and improve the economic growth rate as soon as possible will not enough to reduce the poverty, and it should be accompanied by the necessary adjustments in the poverty alleviation measures and social relief policies, especially with a focalized approach inclined to the low-income segments of the population.

The measurement of territorial spatial conflict degrees and the identification of conflict areas are important issues in the field of regional development planning. The scientific and comprehensive recognition and measurement of territorial spatial utilization conflicts, from a multidimensional perspective, are significant for the optimization of reasonable land use and the realization of sustainable spatial development in various regions. In this study, the territorial spatial development and utilization conflicts in Yibin were measured and analyzed in terms of the development intensity, landscape pattern index, and spatial suitability from a multidimensional perspective of the “upper limit-structure-bottom line” perspective of territorial spaces. Certain corresponding development strategies were proposed, and some major conclusions could be drawn: (1) In terms of the development intensity, the developable intensity value for most townships in Yibin is lower than the minimum developable intensity value, indicating their fine development potential in the future. However, the current development intensity of a few townships is higher than the maximum developable intensity value. These townships can be divided into topographic restricted zones, urban concentrated zones, and natural reserves. (2) In terms of landscape conflict, areas with mild, moderate, and severe conflict in the southern region of Yibin decreased significantly from 1990 to 2018, and severe conflict areas in the middle and northern regions decreased; however, moderate and mild conflict areas increased. Potential ecological conflict risks to the landscape cannot be ignored. (3) For spatial suitability, urban spatial conflict areas, agricultural spatial conflict areas, urban–ecological spatial conflict areas, and agricultural–ecological spatial conflict areas were recognized according to a comparison of the utilization status and suitability assessment results. (4) According to estimation results of three types of conflicts, townships in Yibin were divided into eight types of conflicts: (1) conflict caused by improper urban planning to squeeze ecological spaces and replace agricultural spaces; (2) conflict caused by extensive and disordered agricultural development; (3) conflict controlled by the squeezing of ecological spaces; (4) conflict controlled by the encroachment of ecological spaces; (5) conflict caused by backward urbanization; (6) conflict caused by low-level agricultural development; (7) conflict caused by overall development hysteresis; and (8) conflict caused by a shortage of development space. This study has some theoretical and practical implications for a comprehensive understanding of territorial spatial development patterns and their degrees, the scientific recognition and trade-off of multidimensional territorial spatial utilization conflicts, and realizing sustainable development in certain regions.

Spatial inequality in migrant attainment has become a core issue in migrant welfare and urbanization. This paper investigates the spatial differences and related factors of migrant attainment in 337 Chinese cities using national survey data and applying the factor analysis method. The results indicate that migrants' challenges in the economic and residential dimensions contribute the most to the relatively low degree of migrant attainment. The spatial distribution of migrant attainment is reflected in higher grades clustered in blocks in separate provinces. The economic and residential dimensions have opposite outcomes and reveal differences between China's north and south. The cultural and psychological dimensions are homogeneous, and the civil rights dimension is zonal. The spatial pattern of migrant attainment is jointly shaped by both the characteristics of the receiving cities and the migrants themselves. Hindrance factors involving policy differentiation and spatial barriers have the greatest impact. This paper puts into practice the theory of human-space relationship, provides a deeper research connotation, and delves deeper into the role of migrants and receiving cities. These findings provide an path to increase migrant attainment and spatial equality: determine the spatial characteristics – clarify the dimensions of lower migrant attainment – address the key influencing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research question: In this study we examine whether knowledge management (KM), along with innovation concepts (attitude toward innovation, open innovation, and innovativeness), evokes direct and indirect influences on organizational performance of nonprofit sports clubs. Research methods: A total of 266 valid questionnaires were collected online from board members of nonprofit sports clubs in Iran. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the relationships between variables. Results and findings: The results indicate that KM has a positive effect on organizational performance via two different sequential mediators: attitude toward innovation and innovativeness, and open innovation and innovativeness. KM has a direct positive effect on sport clubs' innovativeness and organizational performance. Implications: Nonprofit sports clubs should take advantage of promoting KM processes such as facilitating the development and sharing of new knowledge through relying on internal and external knowledge sources. By doing so, sports clubs can enhance capabilities to exploit external knowledge and foster a positive attitude towards newness and innovation which can help them to innovate more and perform better. The study provides theoretical and managerial implications that help sports clubs innovate and increase multiple aspects of their organizational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: The topic of patient safety, which is traditionally viewed as preventing harm stemming from healthcare treatment, has been extensively researched in hospital and institutional settings. However, less attention has been given to addressing safety at home even though an increasing number of older people receive care and support at home, for example through integrated care programs. Care provided in the context of integrated programs for older people living at home differs from care in institutional settings in that it takes place in less controlled environments and often involves multiple health and social care providers as well as informal caregivers. Knowledge on safety in relation to integrated care is scarce. Therefore, this review aims to provide insight into how safety is currently being addressed in integrated care programs for older people living at home. Methods: This review adopted a multidimensionalperspective on safety, operationalised as reducing health risks by preventing predictable harm. These risks exist in various domains (e.g. patient characteristics and behaviour, patients’ physical or social environments, health and social care delivery). Papers describing integrated care programs where at least one intervention component explicitly aimed at safety were included in the review. Data were extracted on the safety components of the interventions and the domains they focused on. Results: Ten integrated care programs were included in the review. The extent to which these programs addressed safety varied. Programs addressed risks related to patient characteristics and behaviour (e.g. falls, substance abuse, medication adherence), or health and social care management (e.g. polypharmacy, care transitions). Several tools and interventions were used to promote safety, such as needs assessments, evidence based care plans, medication reviews and case management methods. There was generally less attention to risks related to patients’ physical and social environment, although one program specifically addressed home safety by providing a handyman. Discussion: The identified programstarget a variety of safety risks at different domains, and they differ in the extent to which safety is addressed from a multidimensional perspective. Currently, attention to safety is primarily focused on risks related to health care management and patient characteristics and behaviour, while risks related to people’s physical and social environments are less often addressed. Additional interventions, targeting specific safety risks, could be incorporated in integrated care programs in order to address safety more comprehensively. Conclusions and lessons learned: Only a few of the many integrated care programs for older people at home that are described in literature explicitly address safety. Within these programs, more attention is needed for the risks related to people’s physical and social environments. Limitations: Our review only included programs that explicitly addressed safety, as documented in the research literature. Therefore, we may have missed some programs that addressed safety if this was not clearly described in the literature. Suggestions for future research: Future research might focus on the effects of integrated care programs on the multiple domains of safety.

This work aims to assess, in a comparative way, the sustainability of organic and conventional olive growing systems in the Sfax region (Tunisia). This assessment will be undertaken based on I) a multidimensional perspective considering the three classical dimensions of sustainability – environmental, economic and socio-territorial – and II) on an experts’ knowledge approach selecting the adequate criteria of sustainability to compare both systems. The Analytic Hierarchy Process methodology (AHP) was applied as the adequate framework to fulfil the study objectives based on a survey directed with a panel of 20 Experts. Results suggest the need to reinforce the economic performance of organic olive growing production system through political strategies focusing on I) the improvement of the productivity by the implementation of good practices II) the increase of the demand of organic products in the local market, essentially by the improvement of the consumer’s purchase capacity and III) the adoption of a strategic plan to explore new markets.

• A novel approach for urban resilience assessment. • The assessment model assesses urban resilience from a multidimensional perspective. • A simplified equation for input evidence is devised. Pursuing the high-quality urbanisation and improving urban system reliability are the current goal of urban development. Urban resilience reflects the reliability of a city in coping with external and internal disturbances. Therefore, the urban system reliability can be quantified by assessing urban resilience. Simultaneously, urban resilience assessments can identify vulnerabilities that affect the urban system reliability. Based on this, targeted decisions are proposed to enhance the reliability, stability and safety of urban systems. This study constructs an assessment indicator system to quantitatively estimate the reliability of urban systems and develops a dynamic urban resilience assessment model by combining it with a dynamic network framework that accounts for time-varying factors. The model estimates the urban system reliability from a resilience perspective and identifies vulnerabilities in urban resilience. The applicability of the model is verified using Fujian Province as a research case. The case study uses annual urban data from 2016 to 2021, which is outstanding in terms of data objectivity. The results provide important insights for practitioners and researchers in optimising urban resilience, improving urban system reliability and formulating urban development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a new unique method of multidimensional data visualization. It has been developed as modified observational tunnels method, which was previously known and used many times. The modification consists in supplementing the observational tunnels method used for visualization of multidimensional data with the concept of perspective. In this way, the orientation and navigation in multidimensional space are largely facilitated. The differences in effects of observational tunnels method and perspective-based observational tunnels method have been presented. The effectiveness of the new visualization method has been compared with selected four well-known methods of multidimensional data visualization: parallel coordinates, orthogonal projection, principal component analysis, and multidimensional scaling. The research revealed that the perspective-based observational tunnels method sometimes makes it possible to obtain information about significant features of analyzed data even when other methods selected for comparative studies are not able to show it. This article includes a presentation of the views of 5-dimensional data obtained from the print recognition process, which allowed the author to state that the features chosen for the development of spatial features are, in this case, sufficient for the correct recognition process. The previously published ranking presenting seven different methods of multidimensional data visualization was supplemented with the perspective-based observational tunnels method. This ranking was conducted using 7-dimensional data describing different types of coal. Thus, it was shown that, in this case, the presented method constitutes the efficient tool among other qualitative visualization analysis methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the extent to which personal characteristics such as age, marital status, education level, living standard measure (LSM), environmental milieu, race, gender and employment status predict parents' participation in the activities of their children's schools. The data used for analysis were drawn from 5,734 South Africans aged 16+ years who participated in the Human Sciences Research Council's (HSRC) annual South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS). Respondents (n = 1,364) who had at least one child in school were selected for the analysis. The logistic regression model was used to estimate the extent to which personal characteristics would predict parents' level of participation. Results showed that personal characteristics such as age, marital status, gender, and living standard measure (LSM) had a significant influence on parental participation. Amongst these, gender was the most significant factor. Respondents aged 35-49 years were 1.5 times more likely than those aged 50+ years to participate in their children's school activities. Respondents who were married were more likely than those who had never married to participate. Mothers were more likely than fathers to participate in their children's school activities. The literature suggests that American fathers show some interest in participating in activities of their children's schools, at least in the first few years, but discontinue that participation in time. The results confirm a common belief in some communities in South Africa that fathers do not take seriously their responsibility to provide for their children and their partners in that regard from the onset. Even though the results on personal characteristics support existing theory and empirical literature on parental participation, a multidimensional perspective is needed that would incorporate other factors into the study.

This paper analyzes the current situation of urban poverty in Latin America, its territorial and economic implications, as well as the social policies related to it. Based on the conceptual framework of poverty and city, it attempts to clarify the nature, causes, and consequences of urban poverty compared to rural poverty. Further, it provides an overview of the characteristics and conditions of urban poverty in Latin America from a multidimensional perspective. Lastly, it examines the social policies driven by Latin American countries with the aim to not only overcome urban poverty but also contribute to social inclusion, as well as to build strategies and effective programs in the era of sustainable development. In short, social policies should be established using comprehensive strategies or programs depending on the historical, political, economic and social contexts and based on a redefinition of urban poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This longitudinal study adopts a multidimensional perspective to examine the relationships between middle school students' perceptions of the school environment (structure support, provision of choice, teaching for relevance, teacher and peer emotional support), achievement motivation (academic self-concept and subjective task value), and school engagement (behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement). Participants were from an ethnically diverse, urban sample of 1157 adolescents. The findings indicated that student perceptions of distinct aspects of the school environment contributed differentially to the three types of school engagement. In addition, these associations were fully or partially mediated by achievement motivation. Specifically, student perceptions of the school environment influenced their achievement motivation and in turn influenced all three types of school engagement, although in different ways. Moderation effects of gender, ethnicity, and academic ability were also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

From 2019 to 2020, the Mexican economy declined for two consecutive years, especially in the last one when it was hit by a decline of 8.4% before the COVID-19 pandemic impacts which was not only one of the worst in the OECD club, but also the deepest economic recession since 1932 in the national history. At the same time, both the number of people in poverty and poverty rate in 2020 have increased compared with those registered in 2018. Through the analysis, we can find that the current Mexican government has increased the intensity and scope of the implementation of social relief policies adhered to the principal of "for the good of all, first the poor (Por el bien de todos, Primero los pobres)." However, in the context of recession caused by the COVID-19, neither the general decrease in residents' income could be avoided, nor the number of people in poverty has been reduced. Besides, in accordance with the benefits obtained by the distinct household deciles based on the income and expenditure survey published by INEGI, it showed that the implementation of government relief measures has relatively reduced the support for the low-income people and further aggravated the deterioration of poverty due to its indifferent application with respect to high-income households and the low-income ones. Therefore, the deficiencies in the response implemented in the face of the epidemic, especially poverty alleviation actions and social relief policies, have further enhanced the poverty problem at least partially. In this sense, recover and improve the economic growth rate as soon as possible will not enough to reduce the poverty, and it should be accompanied by the necessary adjustments in the poverty alleviation measures and social relief policies, especially with a focalized approach inclined to the low-income segments of the population., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Shuying and Xuedong.)

We investigated the extent to which personal characteristics such as age, marital status, education level, living standard measure (LSM), environmental milieu, race, gender and employment status predict parents'participation in the activities of their children's schools. The data used for analysis were drawn from 5,734 South Africans aged 16+ years who participated in the Human Sciences Research Council's (HSRC) annual South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS). Respondents (n = 1,364) who had at least one child in school were selected for the analysis. The logistic regression model was used to estimate the extent to which personal Characteristics would predict parents' level of participation. Results showed that personal characteristics such as age, marital status, gender, and living standard measure (LSM) had a significant influence on parental participation. Amongst these, gender was the most significant factor. Respondents aged 35-49 years were 1.5 times more likely than those aged 50+ years to participate in their children's school activities. Respondents who were married were more likely than those who had never married to participate. Mothers were more likely than fathers to participate in their children's school activities. The literature suggests that American fathers show some interest in participating in activities of their children's schools, at least in the first few years, but discontinue that participation in time. The results confirm a common belief in some communities in South Africa that fathers do not take seriously their responsibility to provide for their children and their partners in that regard from the onset. Even though the results on personal characteristics support existing theory and empirical literature on parental participation, a multidimensional perspective is needed that would incorporate other factors into the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a global problem, climate change requires a fast and decisive response from all nations. In order to confront the multi-faceted problem and curb its effects, each country must act boldly within its borders. In fact, addressing climate change requires a multidimensional approach that encompasses working together to mobilize climate finance, develop and implement policies, ensure the engagement of civil society in the climate policy-making process, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions at all scales. The aim of this study is to reflect the national situation of the efforts of the group of 20 largest economies, the G20 countries, using a multidimensional perspective. Country performances are investigated from the perspectives of finance, emissions, policy and legislative and non-governmental organizations, utilizing the balanced scorecard approach and the dataset collected to reflect these perspectives for the related countries since 1990. The findings show that climate related grant, funding and instruments provide the sustainability of climate actions on home ground, and the distribution of the emissions reduction is congruent with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change annex categories. The adoption of national climate policies and legislation to integrate sectoral strategic objectives and actions into a coherent framework is a relatively new and early implementation phase. The power of civil society in addressing the climate change is crucial, but their involvement on the policymaking process remains limited. Apart from this; scalable, reliable evaluation with a multidimensional perspective provides distinct results in comparison to a unidimensional perspective. The paper concludes that taking into account a multidimensional perspective on climate change makes a significant difference in the ranking. • Multi-dimensional perspective plays a key role to assess and rank the countries. • Management of climate finance ensures the sustainability of climate actions. • Evaluation of emission reduction based on various measures gives accurate results. • Policy and legislative framework is a prerequisite for effective climate management. • NGOs strengthened the dissemination of information and collective activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The topic of patient safety, which is traditionally viewed as preventing harm stemming from healthcare treatment, has been extensively researched in hospital and institutional settings. However, less attention has been given to addressing safety at home even though an increasing number of older people receive care and support at home, for example through integrated care programs. Care provided in the context of integrated programs for older people living at home differs from care in institutional settings in that it takes place in less controlled environments and often involves multiple health and social care providers as well as informal caregivers. Knowledge on safety in relation to integrated care is scarce. Therefore, this review aims to provide insight into how safety is currently being addressed in integrated care programs for older people living at home. Methods: This review adopted a multidimensionalperspective on safety, operationalised as reducing health risks by preventing predictable harm. These risks exist in various domains (e.g. patient characteristics and behaviour, patients' physical or social environments, health and social care delivery). Papers describing integrated care programs where at least one intervention component explicitly aimed at safety were included in the review. Data were extracted on the safety components of the interventions and the domains they focused on. Results: Ten integrated care programs were included in the review. The extent to which these programs addressed safety varied. Programs addressed risks related to patient characteristics and behaviour (e.g. falls, substance abuse, medication adherence), or health and social care management (e.g. polypharmacy, care transitions). Several tools and interventions were used to promote safety, such as needs assessments, evidence based care plans, medication reviews and case management methods. There was generally less attention to risks related to patients' physical and social environment, although one program specifically addressed home safety by providing a handyman. Discussion: The identified programstarget a variety of safety risks at different domains, and they differ in the extent to which safety is addressed from a multidimensional perspective. Currently, attention to safety is primarily focused on risks related to health care management and patient characteristics and behaviour, while risks related to people's physical and social environments are less often addressed. Additional interventions, targeting specific safety risks, could be incorporated in integrated care programs in order to address safety more comprehensively. Conclusions and lessons learned: Only a few of the many integrated care programs for older people at home that are described in literature explicitly address safety. Within these programs, more attention is needed for the risks related to people's physical and social environments. Limitations: Our review only included programs that explicitly addressed safety, as documented in the research literature. Therefore, we may have missed some programs that addressed safety if this was not clearly described in the literature. Suggestions for future research: Future research might focus on the effects of integrated care programs on the multiple domains of safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]