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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1139 I. RACIALIZED CITIZENSHIP 1140 A. Time One (1790-1868): American Means White Persons 1143 B. Time Two (1868-1952): American Means Black and White Persons 1144 C. [...], In The "Free White Person" Clause of the Naturalization Act of 1790 as Super-Statute, Gabriel Jack Chin and Paul Finkelman argue that racist results in naturalization have arisen despite, or maybe because of, the race neutral interpretation. This happened in a manner that could have been predicted by the federal government's attitudes toward non-White persons in the Naturalization Act of 1790 and the nearly unbroken chain of legal developments. This leads them to think of the law as a "super-statute." While I agree that this is the path actually taken in history, I view the mid-1960s civil rights era as a "critical juncture" when the U.S. government could have taken a counterfactual path that was less racist. The counterfactual path would have required legal interpretations of Constitutional equality and statutory nondiscrimination that remained cognizant of racial implications of purportedly race neutral laws, which was briefly captured in language rights and voting rights statutes in the late 1960s to 1970s. But the egalitarian interpretations unraveled due to contradictions within the liberal national ideology that permitted a post-racial pragmatism about colorblindness that stalled the political incorporation of some non-White immigrants--Asian, Latino/a, Arab--due to their racialization as perpetual foreigners (racialized foreigners).

In this Symposium, scholars across disciplines discuss the key themes of the volume and questions that arise from Containing Diversity: Canada and the Politics of Immigration in the 21st Century. The book's authors, Yasmeen Abu-Laban, Ethel Tungohan and Christina Gabriel document and analyze the shifts that marked Canadian immigration, citizenship and multiculturalism in the period 2001-2021. They argue that these policy changes can be understood through the dynamic of containing diversity--a process involving the racialization and control of specific groups, alongside contradictory impulses exhibited in all these policies between closure to threatening outsiders and openness to valued workers and citizens. This symposium further advances the discussion of shifts within immigration, citizenship and multiculturalism policy by featuring the responses of Alexandra Dobrowolsky, Shanti Fernando, Shibao Guo, J. Adam Perry, and Lyubov Zhyznomirska to key contentions of the volume. Dobrowolsky questions whether neoliberalism and securitization are the only dynamics at play. She also invites a further consideration of whether and how interactions existed between migrants and Indigenous peoples historically. Fernando asks the authors to consider the degree to which the state can move beyond the neoliberal logics that characterize current policies and embrace the authors' call for an ethics of migration grounded in care and relationality. In a similar vein, J. Adam Perry focuses on the role of an ethics of care approach within grassroots mobilizations. Guo's contribution invites the authors to consider how the process of containing diversity is linked to the increase in the growth of racism and xenophobia and what actions can be taken to achieve racial justice. In her intervention, Zhyznomirska comments on the rise of populism and questions to what extent this development may lead to a more restrictive immigration system. The symposium concludes with the authors' responses to some of these questions and in doing so, the symposium prompts a call for a broader conversation about the future of these policies and practices. Keywords: Containing diversity, immigration, multiculturalism, citizenship, neoliberalism, ethics of care. Keywords: Containing diversity, immigration, multiculturalism, citizenship, neoliberalism, ethics of care. Dans ce symposium, des chercheurs de toutes les disciplines discutent des themes cles de l'ouvrage et des questions qui tournent autour d'Endiguer la diversite : le Canada et les politiques de l'immigration au 21e siecle. Les auteurs du livre, Yasmeen Abu-Laban, Ethel Tungohan et Christina Gabriel, documentent et analysent les changements qui ont marque l'immigration, la citoyennete et le multiculturalisme canadiens entre 2001 et 2021. Elles postulent que ces changements de politique peuvent etre compris a travers la dynamique de la diversite endiguee--un processus impliquant la racialisation et le controle de groupes specifiques, ainsi que des impulsions contradictoires exposees dans toutes ces politiques entre la fermeture aux etrangers menacants et l'ouverture aux travailleurs et citoyens apprecies. Ce symposium fait evoluer la discussion sur les changements dans les politiques d'immigration, de citoyennete et de multiculturalisme en presentant les reponses d'Alexandra Dobrowolsky, Shanti Fernando, Shibao Guo, J. Adam Perry et Lyubov Zhyznomirska aux principales affirmations du volume. Dobrowolsky se demande si le neoliberalisme et la securisation sont les seules dynamiques en jeu. Elle invite egalement a se demander si et comment les interactions entre les migrants et les peuples autochtones ont existe historiquement. Fernando demande aux auteurs d'examiner dans quelle mesure l'Etat peut aller au-dela des logiques neoliberales qui caracterisent les politiques actuelles et de repondre a l'appel des auteurs en faveur d'une ethique de la migration fondee sur l'assistance et la relationnalite. Dans le meme ordre d'idees, J. Adam Perry se concentre sur le role d'une approche de l'ethique du soin au sein des mobilisations populaires. La contribution de Guo invite les auteurs a se demander comment le processus d'endiguement de la diversite est lie a l'augmentation de la croissance du racisme et de la xenophobie et quelles actions peuvent etre entreprises pour aspirer a la justice raciale. Dans son intervention, Zhyznomirska commente la montee du populisme et se demande dans quelle mesure cette evolution peut conduire a un systeme d'immigration plus restrictif. Le symposium se termine par les reponses des auteurs a certaines de ces questions et, ce faisant, le symposium lance un appel a une conversation plus large sur l'avenir de ces politiques et pratiques. Mots-cles : Endiguer la diversite, immigration, multiculturalisme, citoyennete, neoliberalisme, ethique d'assistance., AUTHORS' INTRODUCTION Yasmeen Abu-Laban, Ethel Tungohan and Christina Gabriel We welcome this symposium devoted to our book, Containing Diversity: Canada and the Politics of Immigration in the 21st Century. We [...]

I. Introduction Legal pluralism is, at its core, a description of the extent and sources of legal obligations beyond state law. (1) While that boundary may be difficult to identify [...]

This article focuses on racialisation as a signifying practice and cultural process that attributes difference in Malaysia. It attempts to think with and against the concept of racialisation with an aim to add to a clearer understanding of the cultural politics of 'race'. It focuses on the hierarchies of power and marginalisation, visibility and invisibility, inclusion and exclusion that are built into dominant discourses and modes of knowledge production about race, citizenship, and culture in Malaysia. This article aims to show how the political mobilisation of race as a remnant of colonial governmentality disciplines social processes through the notion of multiculturalism. For this reason, it sets up state-endorsed 'multiracialism' and a people-driven 'multiculturalism' as oppositional ways of thinking about race. It concludes by briefly identifying some key drivers for cultural transformation and speculating if these people-centred processes can offer a more imaginative racial horizon., This article is an attempt to think with, through, and against the concept of racialisation with an aim to add to a clearer understanding of the cultural politics of 'race' [...]

This paper explores the relationship between the participation in organized ice hockey by immigrants and racialized minorities (compared to those born in Canada and who are white) and their sense of national identity and sense of belonging to Canada. A Bourdieusian theoretical framework is utilized to conceptualize hockey in terms of a field, habitus, and cultural and symbolic capital. The argument is made that hockey is Janus-faced and a contested terrain with a tension between exclusion and inclusion whereby human agency is vitally important. Yet the hockey arena and engagement in the game, either as players or fans or in some other capacity, provides a multicultural common space potentially enabling an interactive pluralism amongst diverse communities. The data are derived from qualitative semi-structured interviews with hockey players, fans and key informants in Calgary and Toronto. Overall, the findings show that for most immigrants and racialized minorities engaged in organized ice hockey, there is more likely a sense of Canadian national identity and a sense of belonging to Canada compared to the Canadian-born and to whites. These findings further add to the value of making hockey more inclusive via equity, diversity and inclusion policies and initiatives. Keywords: Hockey, immigrants, newcomers, racialized minorities, Canadian identity, sense of belonging, integration, pluralism, multiculturalism, Bourdieu. Cet article explore la relation entre la participation au hockey sur glace organise par des immigrants et minorites raciales (compare avec ceux qui sont nes au Canada et qui sont blancs) ainsi que leur sens d'identite nationale et leur sens d'appartenance au Canada. Utilisant les theories de Bourdieu pour conceptualiser le hockey en termes d'un champ social, habitus, et capital culturel et symbolique. L'argument est fait que le hockey est un terrain conteste et il est en conflit avec un aspect d'exclusion et d'inclusion ou l'action humaine est d'une importance vitale. Pourtant, l'arene de hockey et l'engagement dans le jeu, soit comme joueur ou admirateur, fournissent un espace commun multiculturel qui peut egalement promouvoir un pluralisme interactif parmi les diverses communautes. Les donnees sont derivees des entrevues qualitatives semi-structurees avec des joueurs de hockey, des admirateurs de hockey et des informateurs cles a Calgary et Toronto. En tout, les resultats demontrent que pour la plupart des immigrants et minorites raciales qui sont engages dans le hockey organise, leur sens d'identite nationale et sens d'appartenance au Canada est plus fort par rapport a ceux qui sont nes au Canada et ceux qui sont blancs. Les resultats demontrent davantage la valeur rattachee au besoin de faire le hockey plus inclusif a travers des politiques et initiatives touchant a l'equite, la diversite, et l'inclusion. Mots-cles : Hockey, immigrants, nouveaux arrivants, minorites raciales, identite canadienne, sens d'appartenance, integration, pluralisme, multiculturalisme, Bourdieu., INTRODUCTION The game and sport of hockey is embedded in Canada's national culture and identity both mythically and literally. Worldwide, there are approximately 1.8 million people who are registered hockey [...]

The writer and politician John Stuart Mill played an important role in the two greatest constitutional moments of nineteenth-century Canada: he publicly supported Lord Durham's 1838 report on Canada and he voted for the British North American Act (1867) that formed the Dominion of Canada. Mill had a part, in his own mind an important part, in Canada's evolution from colony to self-governing dominion. I argue that his attitude to Canada was broadly consistent across these three decades and was consistent with his principled defence of liberal imperialism. But it was complicated by Mill's relatively low opinion of the French Canadians who, he thought, lagged behind the rest of Canada in their development. That is why Mill supported Durham's recommendation that they be assimilated into the English-speaking mainstream. I conclude that French Canada exposed the limits of Mill's form of liberalism, which gave priority to the 'civilising' imperative over cultural diversity. And it remains questionable just how capacious Millian liberalism really is in accommodating cultural diversity. Keywords: Mill, Canada, liberalism, imperialism, multiculturalism, Quebec L'ecrivain et homme politique John Stuart Mill a joue un role important dans les deux plus grands moments constitutionnels du Canada au XIXe siecle : il a publiquement appuye le rapport de 1838 de Lord Durham sur le Canada et il a vote pour l'Acte de l'Amerique du Nord britannique (1867) qui a forme le Dominion du Canada. Mill a joue un role, a son avis un role important, dans l'evolution du Canada de colonie a un dominion autonome. Je soutiens que son attitude a l'egard du Canada etait globalement la meme au cours de ces trois decennies et etait conforme a sa defense de principe de l'imperialisme liberal. Mais cela a ete complique par l'opinion relativement faible de Mill sur les Canadiens francais qui, pensait-il, etaient a la trame du reste du Canada dans leur developpement. C'est la raison pour laquelle Mill a appuye la recommandation de Durham d'etre assimiles au grand public anglophone. Je conclus que le Canada francais a expose les limites de la forme de liberalisme de Mill, qui donnait la priorite a l'imperatif << civilisateur >> sur la diversite culturelle. Et on peut se demander a quel point le liberalisme millien est vraiment vaste pour accueillir la diversite culturelle. Mots cles: Mill, Canada, liberalisme, imperialisme, multiculturalisme, Quebec, Introduction The writer, politician, and leading public intellectual John Stuart Mill played an important, if little known, role in the two greatest constitutional moments of nineteenth-century Canada. He was a [...]

A decade ago, the Congressional Hispanic Staff Association (CHSA) released a groundbreaking report, 'Unrepresented: A Blueprint for Solving the Diversity Crisis on Capitol Hill.' The 2010 report found that Latinos were drastically underrepresented in the Senate and House of Representatives, especially among senior positions. The report made several recommendations to improve diversity so that the halls of Congress would look more like the America it represents. 'There is a crisis afflicting Capitol Hill.'--2010 CHSA Report There have been some positive developments over the past decade, with Latinos making up a greater portion of congressional staff than ever before. In the House, Latinos have grown from making up 5.8 percent of all staff to 12.2 percent. There are now more Latinos in senior positions in the Senate, and more Latinos are being hired for entry-level positions. However, the diversity crisis remains. Latinos, who make up nearly one in every five Americans, are still drastically underrepresented among senior positions and on key committees. There are no Latino staff directors in the Senate. There is almost no Democratic Latino staff on the three top Senate committees. In the House, the number of Latino chiefs of staff would have to increase more than five times to be representative of the nearly one in five Americans of Latino descent. Unfortunately, looking at the newly elected members provides little optimism. Newly elected Senators hired Latinos for only 3.7 percent of their top positions, and newly elected House members hired Latinos for only 6.5 percent of their senior staff. There were several positive steps taken over the past decade to improve diversity on Capitol Hill. Senate Democrats have led the way with establishing a robust diversity office, and the result has been a significant increase in Latinos breaking into senior positions. Senate Democrats started collecting demographic data in 2017. The House of Representatives has followed suite, with House Democrats establishing a diversity office in 2017. In 2019, Democrats and Republicans in the House established the Office of Diversity and Inclusion to work for both parties and conducted a House-wide diversity compensation study. The diversity offices are making a positive difference, but much more work remains to have a congressional staff makeup that embodies all Americans. Enacting CHSA's recommendations in this report will help address the diversity crisis. Together, we can help Congress better reflect and serve America, Introduction Policies impacting all Americans are decided in a Congress where Latinos are largely absent from top-level staff positions. Nearly one in every five Americans is Latino, but Congress gets [...]

Meeting the Challenge of Cultural Diversity in Europe: Moving Beyond the Crisis. By Robin Wilson. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2018. Cloth. 240 p. $120. The title of Robin Wilson's book, [...]

The appointment of Supreme Court Justice Rowe was significant in a multitude of ways. The Ivan C. Rand Memorial Lecture of 2016, delivered by Professor Peter H. Russell, highlighted many [...], The 2016 Ivan C. Rand Memorial Lecture was given in the immediate wake of the appointment of Justice Malcolm Rowe of Newfoundland and Labrador to the Supreme Court of Canada which allayed many fears concerning the elimination of Atlantic Region representation at the Supreme Court of Canada. Professor Peter H. Russell spoke of the inception of regional representation and the transient reconstruction of the appointment of Supreme Court justices which, in the wake of the new Trudeau approach, inspires further questions of what exactly a Supreme Court justice should be and where regional representation fits amidst the structure of the judiciary whilst also working towards diversity.La Ivan C. Rand Memorial Lecture 2016 fut prononcee immediatement apres que le Juge Malcolm Rowe de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador fut nomme a la Cour supreme du Canada. Cette nomination elimina plusieurs inquietudes entourant la representation de l'Atlantique a la Cour supreme. Le Professeur Peter H. Russell a discute du rapport entre la representation regionale et la reconstruction du processus de nomination des juges de la Cour supreme du Premier Ministre Trudeau et les questions soulevees par les changements et les circonstances entourant nos conceptions du juge ideal pour sieger a la Cour supreme et la place de la representation regionale au sein de la structure judiciaire tout en travaillant vers la diversite.

BackgroundAlthough some may question this view, the Supreme Court of Canada is a constitutional court in three different ways. (2) First, it is a constitutional court in that it is [...]

INTRODUCTIONLe 2 aout 2016, le gouvernement canadien annoncait la mise sur pied d'un comite consultatif independant sur la nomination des juges a la Cour supreme du Canada. (1) Le comite [...]

IntroductionThe Ivan C. Rand Memorial Lecture Series has a history of topicality. (1) On October 20, 2016, Professor Peter H. Russell delivered the 23rd lecture, (2) a thoughtful analysis of [...]

On August 2, 2016, Prime Minister Trudeau announced a new process for selecting Supreme Court of Canada justices. The lack of a guarantee in the new process for observing the [...]