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Summary Colonization resistance by gut microbiota is a fundamental phenomenon in infection prevention and control. Hospitalized patients may be exposed to multi-drug-resistant bacteria when hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers is not adequate. An additional layer of defence is provided by the healthy gut microbiota, which helps clear the exogenous bacteria and acts as a safety net when hand hygiene procedures are not followed. This narrative review focuses on the role of the gut microbiota in colonization resistance against multi-drug-resistant bacteria, and its implications for infection control. The review discusses the underlying mechanisms of colonization resistance (direct or indirect), the concept of resilience of the gut microbiota, the link between the antimicrobial spectrum and gut dysbiosis, and possible therapeutic strategies. Antimicrobial stewardship is crucial to maximize the effects of colonization resistance. Avoiding unnecessary antimicrobial therapy, shortening the antimicrobial duration as much as possible, and favouring antibiotics with low anti-anaerobe activity may decrease the acquisition and expansion of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Even after antimicrobial therapy, the resilience of the gut microbiota often occurs spontaneously. Spontaneous resilience explains the existence of a window of opportunity for colonization of multi-drug-resistant bacteria during or just after antimicrobial therapy. Strategies favouring resilience of the gut microbiota, such as high-fibre diets or precision probiotics, should be evaluated.

Highlight Research Antimicrobial potential against the test microbes Rhizhopora mucronata isolate showed 95% homology with Bacillus subtilis , and 97% homology with Bacillus oceanisediminis , A canthus ilicifoliu s isolate showed 96% homology with Paracoccus caeni , and 89% homology with Bacillus circulans . The study found 4 isolates with antimicrobial potency against MDR pathogenic microbes. The symbiont microbes taken from R hizophora mucronata and A canthus ilicifolius were determined to be of the genus Bacillus and Paracoccus Abstract Antimicrobial property of mangrove symbiont have the ability to fight Multi Drug Resistant bacteria which were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli , and Vibrio haryeyi. This study aimed to determine the potential of symbiont microbes from the root of Rhizopora mucronata and Acanthus iilicifolius as antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic microbes. This research was conducted during July to November 2020. The MDR bacteria were S. aureus, E. coli, and V. harveyi MDR test microbes. The symbiont microbes were identified through molecular analyses (PCR 16S rDNA). Isolation of symbiont microbes from R. mucronata resulted in 16 isolates, while isolation from A. i ilicifolius resulted in 14 isolates. Based on the antimicrobial qualitative test against S. aureus , 8 out of 16 microbial isolates from R. mucronata were found to show antimicrobial properties. The testing of A. ilicifolius symbiont microbes against S. aureus showed 8 out of 14 isolates with antimicrobial properties. The test against E. coli resulted in 2 out of 16 microbial isolates from R. mucronata and 5 out of 14 isolates from A. ilicifolius with antimicrobial properties. The test against V. harveyi resulted in two out of 16 microbial isolates from R.mucronata and 4 out of 14 isolates from A. ilicifolius with antimicrobial properties. The quantitative test found 2 isolates from R. mucronta , namely isolates RM10 and RM12, with antimicrobial properties against MDR strain E. coli , with the best isolate being RM10, which produced 11.22 mm of inhibition zone diameter. Furthermore, the selection of isolates was based on the size of the inhibition zone, the clearness of the inhibition zone and the potential for antibacterial activity. Based on their overall antimicrobial potential against the test microbes, four isolates were selected. Molecular analyses of RM12 isolate showed 95% homology with Bacillus subtilis , of RM 10 isolate showed 97% homology with Bacillus oceanisediminis , of AC isolate showed 96% homology with Paracoccus caeni , and of AC 5 isolate showed 89% homology with Bacillus circulans . The study found four isolates with antimicrobial potency against MDR pathogenic microbes. The symbiont microbes taken from R. mucronata and A. ilicifolius were determined to be of the genus Bacillus and Paracoccus.

Objective: To explore the effects of bronchoscopy alveolar lavage in the treatment of severe pneumonia caused by multiple drug bacterial infection. Methods: A total of 84 patients with severe pneumonia infected by multi-drug resistant bacteria were randomly selected from Kunming Second People’s Hospital, which is our hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 for this research. They were divided into a reference group and a study group using a digital table method, with 42 cases in each group. The reference group was given the routine treatment, the research group performed bronchoscopy alveolar lavage on this basis to observe the curative effect. Results: Before treatment, there was no significant difference in serum factor indexes and blood gas analysis indexes between the two groups of patients, P>0.05. After treatment, the time of fever, cough, moist rales disappearing and infection control time in the study group were shorter than those in the reference group, P

Antibiotic resistance is a common and serious public health worldwide. As an alternative to antibiotics, bacteriophage (phage) therapy offers one of the best solutions to antibiotic resistance. Bacteriophages survive where their bacterial hosts are found; thus, they exist in almost all environments and their applications are quite varied in the medical, environmental, and industrial fields. Moreover, a single phage or a mixture of phages can be used in phage therapy; mixed phages tend to be more effective in reducing the number and/or activity of pathogenic bacteria than that of a single phage.

Klebsiella & Pseudomonas species are multi drug resistant bacteria. These bacteria are resistant to number of antimicrobial agents. The research work was aimed at killing and inhibiting the growth of these multi drug resistant pathogens, by using phytochemicals. The phytochemicals are secondary metabolites produced by plants. According to WHO medicinal plants are best products for maintaining human health. Plants like Terminalia bellerica (Behada) and Santalum album (Chndan) found to be the most effective against all isolated multi drug resistant Pseudomonas species and Klebsiella species. 20 pathogens were isolated on MacConkeys agar plate. Out of these isolates, all isolates showed resistance to the more than two antibiotics. All of them studied for colony morphology, cell morphology, biochemical nature & 16srRNA sequencing. The 10 isolated multi drug resistant Klebsiella species were named as K1 to K10. The 10 isolated multi drug resistant Pseudomonas species were named as P1 to P10. Keywords : Antimicrobial, Medicinal plants, Phytochemical, Pathogens.

Based on the excellent nutrient level, the current study was focused on isolation and anti-bacterial activity of the actinomycetes from marine mangrove soil samples. As result, 10 different strains of actinomycetes strains were identified on actinomycetes isolation agar plates. The identified strains were shown with white, clear, uncontaminated well matured spore producing ability. Based on the initial observation, the isolated colonies were actinomycetes. The partially extracted crude compound shown excellent anti-bacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae with 15 mm and 13 mm zone of inhibitions were observed at 500 μL concentrations. The minimum inhibition concentration result was also confirmed the 500 μL concentration against both the tested concentration with high inhibition rate. Then, the intracellular damages, decreased cell growth of the crude actinomycetes extract treated bacterial strains were clearly observed by confocal laser scanning electron microscope. The extracellular damages of bacterial cell wall and shape of the both the pathogens were clearly shown by scanning electron microscope. Therefore, all the results were clearly supported to the partially extracted crude compound and it has excellent anti-bacterial activity against tested multi drug resistant bacteria.

The scientific study of this research has been focused on synergistic antibacterial activity of two weed plants, Lantana camara L., Parthenium hysterophorus L. alongwith two medicinal plants, Cannabis sativa L., Justicia adhatoda L. against multi- drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Dried leaf powders of the plants were extracted using air-dried method followed by the ethanol- solvent extraction method for the crude extract of the leaves. The crude extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against three MDR bacteria, that is, one Gram positive bacteria- Staphylococcus aureus and two Gram negative bacteria- Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Out of 18 antibiotics tested against procured bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to 10 out of 10 tested antibiotics, Escherichia coli was resistant to 4 out of 12 tested antibiotics and Proteus mirabilis was resistant to 9 out of 10 tested antibiotics. The tested weed plants and the medicinal plants when combined together showed more zone of inhibition against multidrug resistant bacteria ( Two combinations of phytochemicals Lantana camara, Cannabis sativa and Lantana camara, Cannabis sativa, Justicia adhatoda, Parthenium hysterophorus showed maximum zones of inhibition, that is, 30 mm) as compared to when these plants were tested solitarily, showing pronounced antibacterial activity. These findings showed that the antibacterial activity enhanced when they were combined together and this potential could be used against various infectious diseases with more research and modification in this area. Weed plants also holds as much importance as the medicinal plants although not to that extent, but they clearly inhibit the growth of bacteria and this property of weeds along with the medicinal plants holds a promising future in treating many diseases caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria on the pharmaceutical level.

Antibiotic resistance is endangering public health globally and gives reason for constant fear of virtually intractable bacterial infections. Given a limitation of novel antibiotic classes brought to market in perspective, it is indispensable to explore novel, antibiotics-independent ways to fight bacterial infections. In consequence, the antibacterial properties of natural compounds have gained increasing attention in pharmacological sciences. We here performed a literature survey regarding the antibacterial effects of capsaicin and its derivatives constituting natural compounds of chili peppers. The studies included revealed that the compounds under investigation exerted i.) both direct and indirect antibacterial properties in vitro depending on the applied concentrations and the bacterial strains under investigation; ii.) synergistic antibacterial effects in combination with defined antibiotics; iii.) resistance-modification via inhibition of bacterial efflux pumps; iv.) attenuation of bacterial virulence factor expression; and v.) dampening of pathogen-induced immunopathological responses. In conclusion, capsaicin and its derivatives comprise promising antimicrobial molecules which could complement or replace antibiotic treatment strategies to fight bacterial infections. However, a solid basis for subsequent clinical trials requires future investigations to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms and in particular pharmaceutical evaluations in animal infection models.

The multi-drug resistant effect of the Gram negative bacteria K. pneumoniae was identified by disc diffusion method using specific UTI panel discs of Kleb 1 HX077 and Kleb 2 HX090 HEXA. Among the multi-drug resistant bacteria, the carbapenem resistant (CR) effect of the K. pneumoniae was screened by specific carbapenem detection antibiotics of HEXA HX066 and HX0103 HEXA by disc diffusion method. In addition, the effective antibiotics were further performed against K. pneumoniae by minimum inhibition concentration method. Further, the carbapenemase genes of VIM 1 and IMP 1 were detected from the isolated strains by multiplex PCR method. Furthermore, the biofilm forming ability of selected carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae was initially identified by tissue culture plate method and confirmed by exopolysaccharide arrest ability of congo red agar assay. Finally, our result was proved that the identified K. pneumoniae is carbapenemase producing strain, and its virulence was extended with strong biofilm formation.

Bacteriological investigations were carried out on commercial layer flocks of 10 poultry farms in parts of Lagos and Ogun States of Nigeria, in years 2005 and 2006. The layers totalling 21,450 (range 1,050 - 2,900) had records of low egg production performances. Clooacal swaps and blood from live birds, as well as liver, spleen and heart blood of dead birds were investigated for pathogenic bacteria. The isolated pathogenic bacteria include Escherichoa coli, Salmonella enterica serotype Gallinarum, Klebsiella ozane and Klebsiella aerogenes. The bacteria were resistant to multiple pf drugs. Following treatment of birds with appropriate antibiotics, egg productions increased significantly (P

Drug resistance is a threat to civilization, which results from over-prescription and irrational use of antibiotics. This has led to an increased demand for novel leads of herbal origin to overcome drug resistance. The present work involves the screening of various antibiotics against isolated Staphylococcus sp. from Hospital Effluent and the Minimum Inhibitory concentration for antibiotics namely Vancomycin, Erythromycin and Oxacillin were found to be 7.33+0.6 µg/ml 25.33+0.6 µg/ml and 27.33+0.6 µg/ml respectively whereas Minimum bactericidal concentration of Vancomycin, Erythromycin and oxacillin was found to be 180µg/ml; 146.67 + 0.3 µg/ml and 96.66 + 0.6 µg/ml respectively. Thus, the isolated bacteria were proved to be Multi-Drug Resistant. Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz) is given potential importance in Ayurveda for its properties to cure and prevent diseases. Terminalia chebula Retz is often known as “King of Medicines” and enlisted in Ayurveda for its extraordinary therapeutic contribution. The proved Multi-Drug Resistant bacteria was further subjected to a crude extract of Haritaki. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration for Terminalia chebula was found to be 1.33 +0.3 mg/ml and thus proved to be exhibiting potential anti-bacterial activity against isolated Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus sp.

We demonstrated that molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets can be an excellent solar disinfection agent for multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria with disinfection efficiencies >99.9999% in only 30 min. Distinct from other reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent photocatalysts, both ROS generation and size decrease contributed to the high antibacterial efficiencies of MoS2.

Context: Multidrug Resistant (MDR) organisms transmitted through the hands of Health Care Workers (HCWs) are a major cause of Health Care-Associated Infections (HCAI). Practicing hand hygiene and knowledge regarding the same is essential for reducing HCAI and drug resistance. Aims: To determine the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of microorganisms in the isolates from the hands of HCWs and to assess the extent of knowledge regarding hand hygiene among HCWs. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Microbiology in association with clinical departments for a period of two months. Methods: Glove juice samples were obtained from the hands of 94 HCWs. Bacterial isolates were subjected to Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. Knowledge about hand hygiene was assessed using WHO Hand Hygiene Questionnaire for HCWs (revised August 2009). Statistical analysis used: SPSS software Version 17. Results: Bacterial growth was observed in 33% of the study population. The most common was Staphylococcus aureus (10.6%) followed by CONS (7.4%), Aerobic Spore Bearing bacilli (3.2%), E.coli (3.2%), Pseudomonas spp (1.1%) and Acinetobacter spp (1.1%). Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus was 6.4%. Formal training on hand hygiene practices was received by 67% of HCWs in the last 3 years. Good level of knowledge was found among 7 medical (77.77%) and 2 (22.2%) paramedical staff. Conclusions: The most predominant MDR organism to be isolated was MRSA. Significant difference in knowledge regarding hand hygiene was observed among medical and paramedical staff. The results of this study could help us to reduce the burden of HCAIs by strengthening Infection Control surveillance activities, thus improving patient care.

Background: Using smoke from burning donkey dung has been popular in the treatment of many diseases in Iran. Objective: This study aimed to investigating the antimicrobial properties of donkey dung smoke on multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated from urinary infection. Materials and Methods: First, 300 and 200 urine samples were collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women in Isfahan, Iran. Then in each group, 100 bacterial isolates including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus were isolated. Antibiotic resistant protocol was determined by antibiogram test. Donkey dung was sterilized, disintegrated, and heated. The smokes were concentrated in n-hexane solvent (65%) and were collected after evaporation of the solvent. Finally, the antibacterial activities of the concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/mL of the smokes were detected using disk diffusion and macrodilution methods. Results: The most abundant MDR isolates causing urinary infections in pregnant and non-pregnant women was Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of donkey dung smoke on MDR isolates from pregnant women were 0.25 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively. In the case of MDR isolates in non-pregnant women, the MIC of the smoke on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus was 0.25 mg/mL, and the MBC on these isolates was 0.5 mg/mL. Conclusion: The smokes from donkey dung investigated in the present study have suitable potentials for controlling the infections after In vivo analysis.

The increased resistance of pathogenic bacteria to traditional therapy has forced the implementation of different therapies. The consequent use of more than one antibacterial drug can increase toxicity problems, an undesirable situation, especially when it comes to therapy for immunosuppressed patients. Bacterial resistance to different drugs is a war between "humans and bacteria". For this reason, it is important to keep looking for new alternatives for the treatment of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we determined the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of Lippia graveolens, Sphagneticola trilobata and Gliricidia sepium against four pathogenic bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the strain most affected by antagonistic activity of all the extracts evaluated, followed by E. coli and S. aureus. We found that S. trilobata was the plant with the highest activity. We carried out tests mixing extracts (1:1) from different parts of each plant, where there was antagonistic and synergistic activity. These results are very promising, since these bacteria are currently being studied for their high resistance mechanisms to a wide variety of antibiotics.

The development of antibiotic resistant in K. pneumoniae is an emerging thread worldwide due to the poor antimicrobial drugs. To overcome this issue, researchers are focused on plant material and their essential oils to fight against multi drug resistant bacteria. In this context, the current study was concentrated in medicinal plant of guva leaves and their essential oils to combat multi drug resistant bacterial infections. The essential oils were successfully screened and confirmed by HRLC-MS analysis. The anti-bacterial ability of the compounds were loaded into the chitosan nanoparticles and proved by FT-IR analysis. In addition, the chitosan loaded essential oils morphology was compared with chitosan alone in SEM analysis and suggested that the material was loaded successfully. Further, the anti-bacterial ability of the chitosan loaded essential oils were primarily confirmed by agar well diffusion method. At the 100 µg/mL of lowest concentration of chitosan loaded essential oils, the multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae was inhibited with 96% and confirmed by minimum inhibition concentration experiment. Hence, all the experiments were proved that the essential oils were successfully loaded into the chitosan nanoparticles, and it has more anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae.

Bloodstream infection (BSI) and septic shock represent one of the major limiting factors for the successful treatment of patients affected by hematologic malignancies. During the most recent years we have documented a shift in the epidemiology of bacterial infections toward a consistent rise of Gram-negative rods. In addition, the emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria is considered a life-threatening condition requiring a multi-disciplinary approach. Aim of present review is to summarize the most recent approaches in terms of anti-microbial prophylaxis and treatment of BSI in hematologic patients with neutropenic fever.

Background: Infection by multi–drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a high-risk factor for poor clinical results. Pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) has been associated with a high rate of complications, inclu...

The mapping and identification of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria in affluents and effluents requires updated data on their reality and context. However, the process of analyzing these results is still slow and sometimes ineffective due to the lack of adequate technological mechanisms. This article presents the development of a mobile application as a tool for the information management system using geolocation and dashboads to map collection points, as well as resources to analyze the results obtained. The M.I.T. APP Inventor was used in the project along with PHP PDO and MySQL technology in the web server layer. The preliminary results indicated an interesting alternative solution to the specialists' requirements to contribute to management and decision-making, as well as a useful tool for interested health agents.

Diarrheal disease is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity across the globe. However, there is little information on the prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of microbes associated with diarrheic patients within Katsina Metropolis, Nigeria, hence, the need for this study. Forty (40) stool samples were collected from Federal Medical Center, Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria. Isolation and identification of the bacteria from the stool samples were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotics sensitivity testing was carried out on all the bacterial isolates using disk diffusion method. Seventeen (17) bacterial isolates were isolated from three different genera. These include: Escherichia coli (58.82%), Salmonella typhi (29.41%) and Shigella dysenteriae (11.77%). The results of antibiotics sensitivity test showed a high (100%) resistance to amoxicillin, 70.59% resistance to streptomycin, 41.18% resistance to nalixidic acid and least (17.65%) resistance to imipenem. Multi drug resistant Escherichia coli and Shigella species were also detected. The high level of antibiotic resistance among bacterial isolates obtained from stool samples of diarrheic patients is quite alarming and requires urgent public health attention. Hence, further studies are required for the molecular detection of the resistant genes in these bacteria.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections in outpatients in Nigeria. However, antimicrobial drug resistance is a challenge in the treatment of UTIs and therefore, there is need for drug resistance surveillance to guide treatment. Aim: This study assessed the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of UTIs in a Nigeria population. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study involving hospital outpatients. Place and Date of Study: The study was conducted between September 2012 and February 2013 at Madonna University Teaching Hospital, Elele, Nigeria. Methodology: Urine sample collected from 115 randomly selected patients was screened by microbial culture for the presence of microbial pathogens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done for the identified isolates to assess the effectiveness of some selected routinely used antibiotics. Results: Among the 115 subjects, bacteria growth was observed in 49 subjects giving a prevalence of 42.6%. UTI was slightly higher in females (44.8%) than in males (40.4%). A total of 9 bacteria isolates of the following genus; staphylococcus, klebsiella, pseudomonas, Escherichia, enterococcus and proteus species were identified among which Staphyloccus aureus was the most prevalent. Ampicillin was the most effective antibiotics, followed by ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Staphylococcus aureus, other Staphylococcus species and Escherichia coli were the most susceptible isolates. Most microbial pathogens were resistant to Nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and amoxicillin. Conclusion: Urinary tract infection showed a high prevalence of 42.6% which was predominant in females. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent bacterial isolate. Ampicillin was the most effective antibiotics followed by ciprofloxacin while most pathogens were resistant to nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and amoxicillin.

Background: Intensive care units (ICUs) are considered epicenters of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study is to determine clinical risk factors, epidemiology and the causative agents of multi-drug resistant bacteria in the ICU of the University Hospital in Marrakesh-Morocco. Methods: A one year case control study was carried out in our 10-bed clinical and surgical ICU from March 2015 to March 2016. The epidemiological surveillance was done by collecting data in the medical records with the help of a questionnaire. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was used following the recommendations of the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology and the European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 2015. Results: Among the 479 admitted patients, 305 bacteria were isolated and identified as Acinetobacter baumannii (31%), Enterobactereacae species (30%), and Staphylococcus (24%), P. aeruginosa (10%) and other bacterial strains (5%). The rate of MDR bacteria acquisition was 41% (124/305) with domination of A. baumannii resistant to imipenem (70%) and followed by Extended Spectrum β-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa resistant to Ceftazidime, and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (18%, 7%, and 5% respectively). The distribution of the common nosocomial infections were dominated by pneumonia, bacteremia, and catheter-related blood stream infections (39%, 29%, and 17%) respectively. Multivariate analysis identified lack of patient isolation precautions (OR: 7.500), use of quadri or triple therapy (OR: 5.596; OR: 5.175), and mechanical ventilation (OR: 4.926), as the most significant clinical and epidemiological factors associated with acquisition of MDR bacteria. The attributable mortality, in this ICU, of patients with MDR bacteria, is about 12%. Conclusions: The incidence of MDR was higher compared with that of developed countries. The implementation of standard infection control protocols, active surveillance of MDR and generation of data on etiological agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are urgently needed in our hospital. Keywords: Epidemiology, Risk factor, Antibiotic resistance, Nosocomial infection, Morocco

Antimicrobial resistance to the pathogenic microorganism has been characterized as a public health emergency both in the community and in hospitals. That is why; we need to find alternatives, which could be used as antibacterial agents. Therefore aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of 4 plant extracts Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Tea (Camellia sinensis), Garlic (Allium sativum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum).Antibacterial properties of plant extracts at different concentrations (50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 mg/mL) were tested against Multi Drug Resistance biofilm producing Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus using the agar well diffusion method.Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and antibiofilm properties of the plant extracts were determined using the tube dilution method and modified crystal violet assay, respectively. Total of 180 clinical isolates were screened for their MDR Pattern. Out of these, 72 were MDR isolates. These MDR isolates were categorized into weak, moderate and strong biofilm producers. Fourteen, Forty nine and nine were weak, moderate and strong biofilm producers, respectively. Out of the 4 plant extracts, Syzygium aromaticum and Camellia sinensis were found to be more effective with maximum zone of inhibition (20 – 25 mm), MBC 6.25 mg/ml and biofilm reduction of more than 50% compared to Allium sativum and Coriandrum sativum. All medicinal plant extracts were effective at different concentrations against the biofilm producing MDR isolates but Syzygium aromaticum and Camellia sinensis showed maximum antibacterial and antibiofilm activity.

Due to the inability to spontaneously heal and vulnerability to bacterial infection, diabetic patients are frustrated by unexpected epithelium injuries in daily life. Notably, a drug-resistant bacterial infection may result in a long-term impact to the natural function of damaged organs. It is imperative to develop strategies that promote injury recovery and eradicate drug-resistant infection simultaneously. Here, we present a composite structured cupriferous hollow nanoshell (AuAgCu

Natural products remain a promising source of new efficacious antimicrobials to counter increasing resistance and prevent emergence of multidrug and extensively resistant bacteria phenotypes which hinder successful chemotherapy. Lichens have been shown to possess significant antimicrobial activity. This study investigated the antibacterial properties of six lichens found on Mount Cameroon. Methanol extracts of the lichens were screened against nine multidrug resistant clinical bacteria isolates and 6 control strains using disc diffusion and microdilution assays. The phytochemical composition of the extracts was determined and active extracts evaluated for cytotoxicity on monkey kidney epithelial LLC-MK2 cells using microscopy and MTT-formazan assay. Three extracts showed intermediate to high activity with diameters of inhibition zones ranging from 15 to 30 mm against all nine multidrug resistant strains similar to gentamicin positive control (P = 0.1018–0.6699). Extracts of Usnea articulata and Usnea florida, were the most active with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 4–10 mg/mL and showed broad spectrum dose-dependent activity. All the extracts were not cytotoxic (CC50 from 56.58 to 278.50 µg/mL) and the most active were rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids among others. The considerable broad spectrum bacteriostatic activity against multidrug resistant strains and lack of cytotoxicity of U. articulata and U. florida justifies further exploration of these lichens to identify the bioactive molecules for development into new efficacious antibacterials. Keywords: Lichens, Antibiotics, Resistance, Antibacterials, Toxicity, Phytochemistry

Objectives: Urinary tract infections due to multi drug resistant bacteria have been on the rise globally with serious implications for public health. The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence of multi drug resistant uropathogens and to correlate the urinary tract infections with some demographic and clinical characteristics of patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross sectional prospective study was conducted at Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh among clinically suspected urinary tract infection patients from January to December, 2018. Clean-catch midstream or catheter-catch urine samples were subjected to bacteriological culture using chromogenic agar media. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Descriptive statistical methods were used for data analysis. Results: Culture yielded a total of 537 (42.8%) significant bacterial growths including 420 (78.2%) multi drug resistant uropathogens from 1255 urine samples. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate (61.6%) followed by Klebsiella spp. (22.5%), Pseudomonas spp. (7.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (5.4%) and Enterobacter spp. (2.6%) with multi drug resistance frequency of 77.6%, 71.9%, 90.5%, 86.2% and 92.9% respectively. There was female preponderance (M:F; 1:1.97; P=0.007) but insignificant differences between paediatric and adult population (43.65% vs. 42.57%) and also among different age groups. Diabetes, chronic renal failure, fever and supra-pubic pain had significant association as co-morbidities and presentations of urinary tract infections (P