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3. Dermacentor reticulatus – a tick on its way from glacial refugia to a panmictic Eurasian population

Author

Bilbija, Branka, Spitzweg, Cäcilia, Papoušek, Ivo, Fritz, Uwe, Földvári, Gábor, Mullett, Martin, Ihlow, Flora, Sprong, Hein, Civáňová Křížová, Kristína, Anisimov, Nikolay, Belova, Oxana A., Bonnet, Sarah I., Bychkova, Elizabeth, Czułowska, Aleksandra, Duscher, Georg G., Fonville, Manoj, Kahl, Olaf, Karbowiak, Grzegorz, Kholodilov, Ivan S., Kiewra, Dorota, Krčmar, Stjepan, Kumisbek, Gulzina, Livanova, Natalya, Majláth, Igor, Manfredi, Maria Teresa, Mihalca, Andrei D., Miró, Guadalupe, Moutailler, Sara, Nebogatkin, Igor V., Tomanović, Snežana, Vatansever, Zati, Yakovich, Marya, Zanzani, Sergio, and Široký, Pavel

Published
2023
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4. Phylogeography, origin and population structure of the self‐fertile emerging plant pathogen Phytophthora pseudosyringae

Author

Mullett, Martin S., primary, Harris, Anna R., additional, Scanu, Bruno, additional, Van Poucke, Kris, additional, LeBoldus, Jared, additional, Stamm, Elizabeth, additional, Bourret, Tyler B., additional, Christova, Petya K., additional, Oliva, Jonás, additional, Redondo, Miguel A., additional, Talgø, Venche, additional, Corcobado, Tamara, additional, Milenković, Ivan, additional, Jung, Marília Horta, additional, Webber, Joan, additional, Heungens, Kurt, additional, and Jung, Thomas, additional

Published
2024
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6. Phylogeography, origin and population structure of the self-fertile emerging plant pathogen Phytophthora pseudosyringae

Author

Mullett, Martin, Harris, Anna R., Scanu, Bruno, Van Poucke, Kris, LeBoldus, Jared, Stamm, Elizabeth, Bourret, Tyler B., Christova, Petya K., Oliva, Jonás, Redondo, Miguel A., Talgø, Venche, Corcobado Sánchez, Tamara, Milenković, Ivan, Goncalves Horta Jung, Marília do Rosário, Webber, Joan, Heungens, Kurt, Jung, Thomas, Mullett, Martin, Harris, Anna R., Scanu, Bruno, Van Poucke, Kris, LeBoldus, Jared, Stamm, Elizabeth, Bourret, Tyler B., Christova, Petya K., Oliva, Jonás, Redondo, Miguel A., Talgø, Venche, Corcobado Sánchez, Tamara, Milenković, Ivan, Goncalves Horta Jung, Marília do Rosário, Webber, Joan, Heungens, Kurt, and Jung, Thomas

Abstract

Phytophthora pseudosyringae is a self-fertile pathogen of woody plants, particularly associated with tree species from the genera Fagus, Notholithocarpus, Nothofagus and Quercus, which is found across Europe and in parts of North America and Chile. It can behave as a soil pathogen infecting roots and the stem collar region, as well as an aerial pathogen infecting leaves, twigs and stem barks, causing particular damage in the United Kingdom and western North America. The population structure, migration and potential outcrossing of a worldwide collection of isolates were investigated using genotyping-by-sequencing. Coalescent-based migration analysis revealed that the North American population originated from Europe. Historical gene flow has occurred between the continents in both directions to some extent, yet contemporary migration is overwhelmingly from Europe to North America. Two broad population clusters dominate the global population of the pathogen, with a subgroup derived from one of the main clusters found only in western North America. Index of association and network analyses indicate an influential level of outcrossing has occurred in this preferentially inbreeding, homothallic oomycete. Outcrossing between the two main population clusters has created distinct subgroups of admixed individuals that are, however, less common than the main population clusters. Differences in life history traits between the two main population clusters should be further investigated together with virulence and host range tests to evaluate the risk each population poses to natural environments worldwide.

Published
2024

7. Phylogeography, origin and population structure of the self-fertile emerging plant pathogen Phytophthora pseudosyringae

Author

Mullett, Martin S., Harris, Anna R., Scanu, Bruno, Van Poucke, Kris, Leboldus, Jared, Stamm, Elizabeth, Bourret, Tyler B., Christova, Petya K., Oliva, Jonas, Redondo, Miguel A., Talgo, Venche, Corcobado, Tamara, Milenkovic, Ivan, Jung, Marilia Horta, Webber, Joan, Heungens, Kurt, Jung, Thomas, Mullett, Martin S., Harris, Anna R., Scanu, Bruno, Van Poucke, Kris, Leboldus, Jared, Stamm, Elizabeth, Bourret, Tyler B., Christova, Petya K., Oliva, Jonas, Redondo, Miguel A., Talgo, Venche, Corcobado, Tamara, Milenkovic, Ivan, Jung, Marilia Horta, Webber, Joan, Heungens, Kurt, and Jung, Thomas

Abstract

Phytophthora pseudosyringae is a self-fertile pathogen of woody plants, particularly associated with tree species from the genera Fagus, Notholithocarpus, Nothofagus and Quercus, which is found across Europe and in parts of North America and Chile. It can behave as a soil pathogen infecting roots and the stem collar region, as well as an aerial pathogen infecting leaves, twigs and stem barks, causing particular damage in the United Kingdom and western North America. The population structure, migration and potential outcrossing of a worldwide collection of isolates were investigated using genotyping-by-sequencing. Coalescent-based migration analysis revealed that the North American population originated from Europe. Historical gene flow has occurred between the continents in both directions to some extent, yet contemporary migration is overwhelmingly from Europe to North America. Two broad population clusters dominate the global population of the pathogen, with a subgroup derived from one of the main clusters found only in western North America. Index of association and network analyses indicate an influential level of outcrossing has occurred in this preferentially inbreeding, homothallic oomycete. Outcrossing between the two main population clusters has created distinct subgroups of admixed individuals that are, however, less common than the main population clusters. Differences in life history traits between the two main population clusters should be further investigated together with virulence and host range tests to evaluate the risk each population poses to natural environments worldwide.

Published
2024
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10. The epidemiology of Dothistroma needle blight in Britain

Author

Mullett, Martin, Archer, Simon, and Brown, Anna

Subjects
570
Abstract

The epidemiology of D. septosporum in Britain, from its behaviour and effects in a forest stand to its spread and population biology was investigated in this thesis. The peak infection period for the pathogen was determined to be spring and summer (June to September) albeit with low levels of infection occurring throughout the year. Contrary to previous belief the pathogen was found to have more than one life cycle per year in England. This is undoubtedly a factor contributing to the severity of the disease seen in this country. Such high disease levels across multiple years reduce the length of needles on affected trees. This reduced needle length compounds the effects necrosis and premature defoliation have on photosynthetic capacity and contributes to the reduced main stem increment seen in DNB affected trees. Once needles are shed from the tree the fungus does not survive for extended periods of time. In needles that reach the forest floor 90% of infective propagules die within three months whereas this figure rises to six months in needles that remain lodged in the canopy. Nonetheless, the pathogen is successfully dispersed far greater distances than previously believed. Infection was detected over 1,400 m from an inoculum source, which is over five times the greatest distance previously reported. Microsatellite analysis of isolates from across Britain revealed six distinct population clusters: two restricted to Scotland, two predominantly in England and Wales and two occurring throughout Britain. The two England and Wales populations had considerable overlap with two populations from Brittany, France, suggesting that some degree of pathogen exchange had occurred between the two countries. Furthermore, one of the Scottish population clusters was found to have links with western North America, the origin of its dominant host, lodgepole pine, indicating its introduction from this area into Scotland. Together the findings presented in this thesis can be used to guide improved management practices of dothistroma needle blight in Britain.

Published
2014
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12. Transferability of PCR-based diagnostic protocols: An international collaborative case study assessing protocols targeting the quarantine pine pathogen Fusarium circinatum

Author

Ioos, Renaud, Aloi, Francesco, Piškur, Barbara, Guinet, Cécile, Mullett, Martin, Berbegal, Mónica, Bragança, Helena, Cacciola, Santa Olga, Oskay, Funda, Cornejo, Carolina, Adamson, Kalev, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Kačergius, Audrius, Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo, Nowakowska, Justyna Anna, Luchi, Nicola, Vettraino, Anna Maria, Ahumada, Rodrigo, Pasquali, Matias, Fourie, Gerda, Kanetis, Loukas, Alves, Artur, Ghelardini, Luisa, Dvořák, Miloň, Sanz-Ros, Antonio, Diez, Julio J., Baskarathevan, Jeyaseelan, and Aguayo, Jaime

Published
2019
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14. The increasing threat to European forests from the invasive foliar pine pathogen, Lecanosticta acicola

Author

Tubby, Katherine, Adamcikova, K., Adamson, K., Akiba, M., Barnes, I., Boron, P., Braganca, H., Bulgakov, T., Capretti, P., Cleary, Michelle, Davydenko, Kateryna, Elvira-Recuenco, M., Enderle, R., Gardner, J., Geogieva, M., Ghelardini, L., Husson, C., Iturritxa, E., Markovskaja, S., Mesanza, N., Ogris, N., Piskur, B., Queloz, V., Raitelaityte, K., Raposo, R., Soukainen, M., Strasser, L., Vester, M., Vahalik, P., and Mullett, Martin

Subjects
Ecology, Forest Science
Abstract

European forests are threatened by increasing numbers of invasive pests and pathogens. Over the past century, Lecanosticta acicola, a foliar pathogen predominantly of Pinus spp., has expanded its range globally, and is increasing in impact. Lecanosticta acicola causes brown spot needle blight, resulting in premature defoliation, reduced growth, and mortality in some hosts. Originating from southern regions of North American, it devastated forests in the USA's southern states in the early twentieth century, and in 1942 was discovered in Spain.Derived from Euphresco project 'Brownspotrisk,' this study aimed to establish the current distribution of Lecanosticta species, and assess the risks of L. acicola to European forests. Pathogen reports from the literature, and new/ unpublished survey data were combined into an open-access geo-database (http://www.portaloff orestpathology.com), and used to visualise the pathogen's range, infer its climatic tolerance, and update its host range. Lecanosticta species have now been recorded in 44 countries, mostly in the northern hemisphere. The type species, L. acicola, has increased its range in recent years, and is present in 24 out of the 26 European countries where data were available. Other species of Lecanosticta are largely restricted to Mexico and Central America, and recently Colombia.The geo-database records demonstrate that L. acicola tolerates a wide range of climates across the northern hemisphere, and indicate its potential to colonise Pinus spp. forests across large swathes of the Europe. Pre-liminary analyses suggest L. acicola could affect 62% of global Pinus species area by the end of this century, under climate change predictions.Although its host range appears slightly narrower than the similar Dothistroma species, Lecanosticta species were recorded on 70 host taxa, mostly Pinus spp., but including, Cedrus and Picea spp. Twenty-three, including species of critical ecological, environmental and economic significance in Europe, are highly susceptible to L. acicola, suffering heavy defoliation and sometimes mortality. Variation in apparent susceptibility between reports could reflect variation between regions in the hosts' genetic make-up, but could also reflect the signif-icant variation in L. acicola populations and lineages found across Europe. This study served to highlight sig-nificant gaps in our understanding of the pathogen's behaviour.Lecanosticta acicola has recently been downgraded from an A1 quarantine pest to a regulated non quarantine pathogen, and is now widely distributed across Europe. With a need to consider disease management, this study also explored global BSNB strategies, and used Case Studies to summarise the tactics employed to date in Europe.

Published
2023

16. Diversity, migration routes, and worldwide population genetic structure of Lecanosticta acicola, the causal agent of brown spot needle blight

Author

Laas, Marili, primary, Adamson, Kalev, additional, Barnes, Irene, additional, Janoušek, Josef, additional, Mullett, Martin S., additional, Adamčíková, Katarína, additional, Akiba, Mitsuteru, additional, Beenken, Ludwig, additional, Braganca, Helena, additional, Bulgakov, Timur S., additional, Capretti, Paolo, additional, Cech, Thomas, additional, Cleary, Michelle, additional, Enderle, Rasmus, additional, Ghelardini, Luisa, additional, Jankovský, Libor, additional, Markovskaja, Svetlana, additional, Matsiakh, Iryna, additional, Meyer, Joana B., additional, Oskay, Funda, additional, Piškur, Barbara, additional, Raitelaitytė, Kristina, additional, Sadiković, Dušan, additional, and Drenkhan, Rein, additional

Published
2022
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17. Diversity, migration routes, and worldwide population genetic structure of Lecanosticta acicola, the causal agent of brown spot needle blight

Author

Laas Marili, Adamson Kalev, Barnes Irene, Janoušek Josef, Mullett Martin S., Adamčíková Katarína, Akiba Mitsuteru, Beenken Ludwig, Braganca Helena, Bulgakov Timur S., Capretti Paolo, Cech Thomas, Cleary Michelle, Enderle Rasmus, Ghelardini Luisa, Jankovský Libor, Markovskaja Svetlana, Matsiakh Iryna, Meyer Joana B., Oskay Funda, Piškur Barbara, Raitelaitytė Kristina, Sadiković Dušan, Drenkhan Rein, Laas Marili, Adamson Kalev, Barnes Irene, Janoušek Josef, Mullett Martin S., Adamčíková Katarína, Akiba Mitsuteru, Beenken Ludwig, Braganca Helena, Bulgakov Timur S., Capretti Paolo, Cech Thomas, Cleary Michelle, Enderle Rasmus, Ghelardini Luisa, Jankovský Libor, Markovskaja Svetlana, Matsiakh Iryna, Meyer Joana B., Oskay Funda, Piškur Barbara, Raitelaitytė Kristina, Sadiković Dušan, and Drenkhan Rein

Published
2022

18. The Increasing Threat to European Forests from the Invasive Foliar Pine Pathogen, Lecanosticta Acicola

Author

Tubby, Katherine Victoria, primary, Adamcikova, Katarina, additional, Adamson, Kalev, additional, Akiba, Mitsuteru, additional, Barnes, Irene, additional, Boroń, Piotr, additional, Bragança, Helena, additional, Bulgakov, Timur, additional, Burgdorf, Nicole, additional, Capretti, Paolo, additional, Cech, Thomas, additional, Cleary, Michelle, additional, Davydenko, Kateryna, additional, Drenkhan, Rein, additional, Elvira-Recuenco, Margarita, additional, Enderle, Rasmus, additional, Gardner, Judy, additional, Georgieva, Margarita, additional, Ghelardini, Luisa, additional, Husson, Claude, additional, Iturritxa, Eugenia, additional, Vester, Marili, additional, Markovskaja, Svetlana, additional, Mesanza, Nebai, additional, Ogris, Nikica, additional, Oskay, Funda, additional, Piškur, Barbara, additional, Queloz, Valentin, additional, Raitelaitytė, Kristina, additional, Raposa, Rosa, additional, Soukainen, Mirkka, additional, Strasser, Ludwig, additional, Vahalík, Petr, additional, and Mullett, Martin, additional

Published
2022
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19. Genetic structure of the pine needle pathogen Lecanosticta acicola in Lithuania and northern Poland.

Author

Raitelaitytė, Kristina, Adamson, Kalev, Markovskaja, Svetlana, Paulauskas, Algimantas, Mullett, Martin, and Drenkhan, Rein

Subjects
PINE needles, POLISH people, GENETIC variation, POPULATION genetics, ASEXUAL reproduction
Abstract

Brown spot needle blight, a disease of pine trees caused by the pathogenic fungus Lecanosticta acicola, has been known in Lithuania since 2009 and in Poland since 2014, but data on the distribution and population genetics of this needle pathogen were lacking. In order to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure and reproductive mode of L. acicola, 93 isolates were isolated from Pinus mugo needles in 2017–2019 and analysed using 11 microsatellite and two mating‐type markers. This study revealed 47 unique multilocus haplotypes among all investigated isolates; two genetically distinct populations of L. acicola (LIT‐E and LIT‐W) were identified in Lithuania and one population (POL‐N) in the coastal region of northern Poland. The most genetically diverse population was the LIT‐E population occurring in the eastern continental part of Lithuania, followed by the LIT‐W population spreading along the western Baltic Sea coast. All populations in both countries are characterized by low genetic diversity and contain clones, with the northern Polish population having the lowest mean genetic diversity and the greatest clonal fraction. Both mating types are present in the Lithuanian populations, demonstrating that sexual reproduction is possible, whereas only one mating type is present in the Polish population. However, the sexual stage (teleomorph) has not yet been found on infected needles, and asexual reproduction predominates. High gene flow from the eastern Lithuanian population to the northern Poland population was found, suggesting that the Polish coastal population may have been introduced from the central part of Lithuania and did not spread naturally along the Baltic Sea coast from the western Lithuanian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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20. Highly Clonal Structure and Abundance of One Haplotype Characterise the Diplodia sapinea Populations in Europe and Western Asia

Author

Adamson, Kalev, primary, Laas, Marili, additional, Blumenstein, Kathrin, additional, Busskamp, Johanna, additional, Langer, Gitta J., additional, Klavina, Darta, additional, Kaur, Anu, additional, Maaten, Tiit, additional, Mullett, Martin S., additional, Müller, Michael M., additional, Ondrušková, Emília, additional, Padari, Allar, additional, Pilt, Enn, additional, Riit, Taavi, additional, Solheim, Halvor, additional, Soonvald, Liina, additional, Tedersoo, Leho, additional, Terhonen, Eeva, additional, and Drenkhan, Rein, additional

Published
2021
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23. Worldwide Genetic Structure Elucidates the Eurasian Origin and Invasion Pathways of Dothistroma septosporum, Causal Agent of Dothistroma Needle Blight

Author

Mullett, Martin S., primary, Drenkhan, Rein, additional, Adamson, Kalev, additional, Boroń, Piotr, additional, Lenart-Boroń, Anna, additional, Barnes, Irene, additional, Tomšovský, Michal, additional, Jánošíková, Zuzana, additional, Adamčíková, Katarína, additional, Ondrušková, Emília, additional, Queloz, Valentin, additional, Piškur, Barbara, additional, Musolin, Dmitry L., additional, Davydenko, Kateryna, additional, Georgieva, Margarita, additional, Schmitz, Sophie, additional, Kačergius, Audrius, additional, Ghelardini, Luisa, additional, Kranjec Orlović, Jelena, additional, Müller, Michael, additional, Oskay, Funda, additional, Hauptman, Tine, additional, Halász, Ágnes, additional, Markovskaja, Svetlana, additional, Solheim, Halvor, additional, Vuorinen, Martti, additional, Heinzelmann, Renate, additional, Hamelin, Richard C., additional, and Konečný, Adam, additional

Published
2021
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26. Global Geographic Distribution and Host Range of Fusarium circinatum, the Causal Agent of Pine Pitch Canker

Author

Drenkhan, Rein, primary, Ganley, Beccy, additional, Martín-García, Jorge, additional, Vahalík, Petr, additional, Adamson, Kalev, additional, Adamčíková, Katarína, additional, Ahumada, Rodrigo, additional, Blank, Lior, additional, Bragança, Helena, additional, Capretti, Paolo, additional, Cleary, Michelle, additional, Cornejo, Carolina, additional, Davydenko, Kateryna, additional, Diez, Julio J., additional, Lehtijärvi, Hatice Tuğba Doğmuş, additional, Dvořák, Miloň, additional, Enderle, Rasmus, additional, Fourie, Gerda, additional, Georgieva, Margarita, additional, Ghelardini, Luisa, additional, Hantula, Jarkko, additional, Ioos, Renaud, additional, Iturritxa, Eugenia, additional, Kanetis, Loukas, additional, Karpun, Natalia N., additional, Koltay, András, additional, Landeras, Elena, additional, Markovskaja, Svetlana, additional, Mesanza, Nebai, additional, Milenković, Ivan, additional, Musolin, Dmitry L., additional, Nikolaou, Konstantinos, additional, Nowakowska, Justyna A., additional, Ogris, Nikica, additional, Oskay, Funda, additional, Oszako, Tomasz, additional, Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, additional, Paraschiv, Marius, additional, Pasquali, Matias, additional, Pecori, Francesco, additional, Rafoss, Trond, additional, Raitelaitytė, Kristina, additional, Raposo, Rosa, additional, Robin, Cecile, additional, Rodas, Carlos A., additional, Santini, Alberto, additional, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., additional, Selikhovkin, Andrey V., additional, Solla, Alejandro, additional, Soukainen, Mirkka, additional, Soulioti, Nikoleta, additional, Steenkamp, Emma T., additional, Tsopelas, Panaghiotis, additional, Vemić, Aleksandar, additional, Vettraino, Anna Maria, additional, Wingfield, Michael J., additional, Woodward, Stephen, additional, Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, additional, and Mullett, Martin S., additional

Published
2020
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27. Potential Interactions between Invasive Fusarium circinatum and Other Pine Pathogens in Europe

Author

Elvira-Recuenco, Margarita, primary, Cacciola, Santa Olga, additional, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., additional, Garbelotto, Matteo, additional, Aguayo, Jaime, additional, Solla, Alejandro, additional, Mullett, Martin, additional, Drenkhan, Tiia, additional, Oskay, Funda, additional, Aday Kaya, Ayşe Gülden, additional, Iturritxa, Eugenia, additional, Cleary, Michelle, additional, Witzell, Johanna, additional, Georgieva, Margarita, additional, Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, additional, Chira, Danut, additional, Paraschiv, Marius, additional, Musolin, Dmitry L., additional, Selikhovkin, Andrey V., additional, Varentsova, Elena Yu., additional, Adamčíková, Katarina, additional, Markovskaja, Svetlana, additional, Mesanza, Nebai, additional, Davydenko, Kateryna, additional, Capretti, Paolo, additional, Scanu, Bruno, additional, Gonthier, Paolo, additional, Tsopelas, Panaghiotis, additional, Martín-García, Jorge, additional, Morales-Rodríguez, Carmen, additional, Lehtijärvi, Asko, additional, Doğmuş Lehtijärvi, H. Tuğba, additional, Oszako, Tomasz, additional, Nowakowska, Justyna Anna, additional, Bragança, Helena, additional, Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes, additional, Hantula, Jarkko, additional, and Díez, Julio J., additional

Published
2019
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28. Potential Interactions between Invasive Fusarium circinatum and Other Pine Pathogens in Europe.

Author

Elvira-Recuenco, Margarita, Cacciola, Santa Olga, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., Garbelotto, Matteo, Aguayo, Jaime, Solla, Alejandro, Mullett, Martin, Drenkhan, Tiia, Oskay, Funda, Aday Kaya, Ayşe Gülden, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Cleary, Michelle, Witzell, Johanna, Georgieva, Margarita, Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Chira, Danut, Paraschiv, Marius, Musolin, Dmitry L., Selikhovkin, Andrey V., and Varentsova, Elena Yu.

Subjects
FORESTS & forestry, PATHOGENIC fungi, TREE farms, FUSARIUM, PATHOGENIC microorganisms, PINE, PINACEAE
Abstract

Pines are major components of native forests and plantations in Europe, where they have both economic significance and an important ecological role. Diseases of pines are mainly caused by fungal and oomycete pathogens, and can significantly reduce the survival, vigor, and yield of both individual trees and entire stands or plantations. Pine pitch canker (PPC), caused by Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O’Donnell), is among the most devastating pine diseases in the world, and is an example of an emergent invasive disease in Europe. The effects of microbial interactions on plant health, as well as the possible roles plant microbiomes may have in disease expression, have been the focus of several recent studies. Here, we describe the possible effects of co-infection with pathogenic fungi and oomycetes with F. circinatum on the health of pine seedlings and mature plants, in an attempt to expand our understanding of the role that biotic interactions may play in the future of PPC disease in European nurseries and forests. The available information on pine pathogens that are able to co-occur with F. circinatum in Europe is here reviewed and interpreted to theoretically predict the effects of such co-occurrences on pine survival, growth, and yield. Beside the awareness that F. circinatum may co-occurr on pines with other pathogens, an additional outcome from this review is an updating of the literature, including the so-called grey literature, to document the geographical distribution of the relevant pathogens and to facilitate differential diagnoses, particularly in nurseries, where some of them may cause symptoms similar to those induced by F. circinatum. An early and accurate diagnosis of F. circinatum, a pathogen that has been recently introduced and that is currently regulated in Europe, is essential to prevent its introduction and spread in plantings and forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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29. Looking for relationships between the populations of Dothistroma septosporum in northern Europe and Asia

Author

Adamson, Kalev, primary, Mullett, Martin S., additional, Solheim, Halvor, additional, Barnes, Irene, additional, Müller, Michael M., additional, Hantula, Jarkko, additional, Vuorinen, Martti, additional, Kačergius, Audrius, additional, Markovskaja, Svetlana, additional, Musolin, Dmitry L., additional, Davydenko, Kateryna, additional, Keča, Nenad, additional, Ligi, Karli, additional, Priedite, Rasa D., additional, Millberg, Hanna, additional, and Drenkhan, Rein, additional

Published
2018
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32. Phylogeography and population structure of the global, wide host-range hybrid pathogen Phytophthora× cambivora

Author

Mullett, Martin S., Van Poucke, Kris, Haegeman, Annelies, Focquet, Fran, Cauldron, Nicholas C., Knaus, Brian J., Horta Jung, Marilia, Kageyama, Koji, Hieno, Ayaka, Masuja, Hayato, Uematsu, Seiji, Webber, Joan F., Brasier, Clive M., Bakonyi, József, Heungens, Kurt, Grünwald, Niklaus J., and Jung, Thomas

Abstract

Invasive, exotic plant pathogens pose a major threat to native and agricultural ecosystems. Phytophthora× cambivorais an invasive, destructive pathogen of forest and fruit trees causing severe damage worldwide to chestnuts (Castanea), apricots, peaches, plums, almonds and cherries (Prunus), apples (Malus), oaks (Quercus), and beech (Fagus). It was one of the first damaging invasive Phytophthoraspecies to be introduced to Europe and North America, although its origin is unknown. We determined its population genetic history in Europe, North and South America, Australia and East Asia (mainly Japan) using genotyping-by-sequencing. Populations in Europe and Australia appear clonal, those in North America are highly clonal yet show some degree of sexual reproduction, and those in East Asia are partially sexual. Two clonal lineages, each of opposite mating type, and a hybrid lineage derived from these two lineages, dominated the populations in Europe and were predominantly found on fagaceous forest hosts (Castanea, Quercus, Fagus). Isolates from fruit trees (Prunusand Malus) belonged to a separate lineage found in Australia, North America, Europe and East Asia, indicating the disease on fruit trees could be caused by a distinct lineage of P.× cambivora, which may potentially be a separate sister species and has likely been moved with live plants.The highest genetic diversity was found in Japan, suggesting that East Asia is the centre of origin of the pathogen. Further surveys in unsampled, temperate regions of East Asia are needed to more precisely identify the location and range of the centre of diversity.

Published
2023
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35. Sampling and Detection Strategies for the Pine Pitch Canker (PPC) Disease Pathogen Fusarium circinatum in Europe.

Author

Vainio, Eeva J., Bezos, Diana, Bragança, Helena, Cleary, Michelle, Fourie, Gerda, Georgieva, Margarita, Ghelardini, Luisa, Hannunen, Salla, Ioos, Renaud, Martín-García, Jorge, Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo, Mullett, Martin, Oszako, Tomasz, Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Piškur, Barbara, Romeralo, Carmen, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., Steenkamp, Emma T., Tubby, Katherine, and Wingfield, Michael J.

Subjects
FUSARIOSIS, INSECT trapping, DOUGLAS fir, PINE, SOIL sampling, PHYTOSANITATION, PINACEAE
Abstract

Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O'Donnel is listed among the species recommended for regulation as quarantine pests in Europe. Over 60 Pinus species are susceptible to the pathogen and it also causes disease on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and species in genera such as Picea and Larix. The European Food Safety Authority considers the probability of new introductions—via contaminated seeds, wood material, soil and growing substrates, natural means and human activities—into the EU very likely. Due to early detection, constant surveillance and control measures, F. circinatum outbreaks have officially been eradicated in Italy and France. However, the global spread of F. circinatum suggests that the pathogen will continue to be encountered in new environments in the future. Therefore, continuous surveillance of reproductive material, nurseries and plantations, prompt control measures and realistic contingency plans will be important in Europe and elsewhere to limit disease spread and the "bridgehead effect", where new introductions of a tree pathogen become increasingly likely as new environments are invaded, must be considered. Therefore, survey programs already implemented to limit the spread in Europe and that could be helpful for other EU countries are summarized in this review. These surveys include not only countries where pitch canker is present, such as Portugal and Spain, but also several other EU countries where F. circinatum is not present. Sampling protocols for seeds, seedlings, twigs, branches, shoots, soil samples, spore traps and insects from different studies are collated and compiled in this review. Likewise, methodology for morphological and molecular identification is herein presented. These include conventional PCR with a target-specific region located in the intergenic spacer region, as well as several real-time PCR protocols, with different levels of specificity and sensitivity. Finally, the global situation and future perspectives are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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36. Worldwide Genetic Structure Elucidates the Eurasian Origin and Invasion Pathways of Dothistroma septosporum, Causal Agent of Dothistroma Needle Blight

Author

Mullett, Martin S., Drenkhan, Rein, Adamson, Kalev, Boroń, Piotr, Lenart-Boroń, Anna, Barnes, Irene, Tomšovský, Michal, Jánošíková, Zuzana, Adamčíková, Katarína, Ondrušková, Emília, Queloz, Valentin, Piškur, Barbara, Musolin, Dmitry L., Davydenko, Kateryna, Georgieva, Margarita, Schmitz, Sophie, Kačergius, Audrius, Ghelardini, Luisa, Kranjec Orlović, Jelena, Müller, Michael, Oskay, Funda, Hauptman, Tine, Halász, Ágnes, Markovskaja, Svetlana, Solheim, Halvor, Vuorinen, Martti, Heinzelmann, Renate, Hamelin, Richard C., and Konečný, Adam

Subjects
15. Life on land
Abstract

Dothistroma septosporum, the primary causal agent of Dothistroma needle blight, is one of the most significant foliar pathogens of pine worldwide. Its wide host and environmental ranges have led to its global success as a pathogen and severe economic damage to pine forests in many regions. This comprehensive global population study elucidated the historical migration pathways of the pathogen to reveal the Eurasian origin of the fungus. When over 3800 isolates were examined, three major population clusters were revealed: North America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe, with distinct subclusters in the highly diverse Eastern European cluster. Modeling of historical scenarios using approximate Bayesian computation revealed the North American cluster was derived from an ancestral population in Eurasia. The Northeastern European subcluster was shown to be ancestral to all other European clusters and subclusters. The Turkish subcluster diverged first, followed by the Central European subcluster, then the Western European cluster, which has subsequently spread to much of the Southern Hemisphere. All clusters and subclusters contained both mating-types of the fungus, indicating the potential for sexual reproduction, although asexual reproduction remained the primary mode of reproduction. The study strongly suggests the native range of D. septosporum to be in Eastern Europe (i.e., the Baltic and Western Russia) and Western Asia.

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