Search

The influence of light intensity on photo-electrochemical cells (PECs) consisting of an n-type strontium titanate (SrTiO₃) photoanode and nickel cathode in potassium hydroxide electrolyte is studied. The band levels of an electrolyte-metal-semiconductor-electrolyte system are presented and the effect of different light intensities on the energy levels is investigated. Photocurrent density, quantum efficiency, and open circuit potential measurements are performed on the processed PECs under different light intensities (375 nm). It is demonstrated that a threshold value of the light intensity has to be reached in order to obtain positive photo activity and that beyond this value the performance remains nearly constant.

L'étude du bassin néogène de Vera apporte des données fort instructives pour l'interprétation du a phénomène Mio-Pliocène » en Méditerranée occidentale. a) Au point de vue biostratigraphique La coupe de Cuevas del Almanzora permet d'observer, pour la première fois en Méditerranée, une succession continue de foraminifères planctoniques du Messinien au Pliocène inférieur. Les biozones à G. acostaensis, G. humerosa-G. duterérei, G. mediterranea-G. conomiozea et G. margaritae se succèdent sans hiatus évolutif. b) Au point de vue géodynamique Le bassin de Vera montre une grande variété dans les modalités du passage Miocène-Pliocène, depuis des discordances à la périphérie du bassin jusqu'à une sédimentation vaseuse continue en son centre. L'étude des profils sismiques offshore montre de nombreux exemples comparables, en relation avec le comportement structural du substratum fragmenté en horst et graben mobiles. Des mouvements tectoniques distensifs ont eu lieu à la limite Miocène-Pliocène. Ils ont eu pour résultat un approfondissement relatif des bassins méditerranéens mais ceci ne représente qu'un épisode parmi d'autres d'un processus de distension inauguré au Miocène supérieur et qui s'est prolongé jusqu'au début du Quaternaire. II semble prudent en tous cas, de ne pas exagérer cet approfondissement de la mer au Pliocène. c) Au point de vue paléogéographique L'exemple du bassin de Vera prouve la pérennité des conditions marines durant le Messinien du moins dans certaines parties de la Méditerranée. Ceci implique naturellement des liaisons continues avec l'Atlantique, et exclut un dessèchement général du bassin méditerranéen durant les temps messiniens. La paléogéographie de la zone bétique durant le Miocène supérieur est caractérisée par une extrême compartimentation du domaine marin constitué de bassins subsidents, communiquant par des seuils. Cette compartimentation s'accentue durant le Messinien, favorisant la naissance de milieux confinés, propices à une sédimentation évaporitique subaquatique. Finalement, on insistera : sur la diversité de la paléogéographie messinienne en Méditerranée occidentale où existent ensemble, toujours sous contrôle tectonique, des sillons marins et des bassins marins évaporitiques à tendance euxinique, des lagunes évaporitiques, des régions à dépôts continentaux sans évaporites. I) In the internai zone of the wastern Betic Ranges, the Neogene consists of two cuite different complexes - An early Neogene complex of Early ta Middle Miocene age, always much tectonized. Because of the dislocations and successive erosions it underwent, it is rather seldom preserved ; - A lote Neogene complex corresponding to the lote Miocene and the Pliocene is clearly exposed in several basins. Though it is rather strongly folded, its paleogeographic pattern remains clear. An important compressive orogenic phase thus occurred between the Serravalian and the Tortonian. It was followed by an extension phase that was no less important and, from Upper Miocene times onwards, announces a new period in the paleogeographic history of this part of fhe western Mediterranean area. 2) The Turre and Cuevas del Almanzora sections yield the most complete succession of the lote Neogene in the Vera Basin. In short, the stratigraphic sequence lying unconformably on the pre-Neogene or tectonized early Neogene substratum is as follows, from bottom to top - A conglomeratic phic rocks. continental complex, reddish in color, with blocks of metamor- The lateral presence of marine interbedding with G. acostaensis makes it possible to date it as Tortonian (Tortonian I with G. acostaensis without G. pseudomiocenica) ; - Angular unconformity; - Littoral conglomerates, turbidite marls and detrital contain a Tortonian microfauna (Tortonian II with G. miocenica) ; - Gray marls with turbidite interbedding. The planktonic foraminiferal assemblage of the G. humerosa-G. dutertrei zone which occurs at the base quickly becomes richer with the appearance of G. mediterranea and G. conomiozea, which define the base of the Messinian. The Cuevas del Almanzora section shows a continuous sedimentation going from Messinian to Pliocene marls. The latter are clearly characterized by the G. margaritae and G. puncticulata biozones.

Les argiles du Kimméridgien contribuent à l'alimentation de nombreux gisements en mer du Nord. L'étude de quatre puits localisés sur une coupe Est-Ouest dans le Val de Pickering (Bassin de Cleveland) permet d'illustrer dans cette formation l'hétérogénéité de distribution verticale et latérale de la matière organique en terme de quantité et de qualité. La coupe étudiée (35 km de long, 200 m de haut) représente environ 6,5 millions d'années d'histoire géologique. Les analyses minéralogiques montrent que la formation est caractérisée par une grande homogénéité des apports sédimentaires, ce qui suppose des conditions de sédimentation stables dans le temps et dans l'espace. Le matériel sédimentaire, déposé dans un environnement calme, est composé de minéraux argileux (kaolinite, illite, et interstratifiés irréguliers illite/smectite) avec des niveaux carbonatés résultant d'une production biogénique. Ces niveaux carbonatés intercalés au sein des argiles peuvent être corrélés entre les puits. Pour la plupart dolomitisés, ils résultent d'une transformation plus importante àl'ouest (Marton) qu'à l'est (Reighton) de couches presque exclusivement formées de coccolithes. L'extension horizontale de ces niveaux indique qu'ils correspondent à des événements géodynamiques régionaux. L'étude des ammonites permet de reconnaitre, dans le Yorkshire, la succession de 10 zones du Kimméridgien (sensu anglico) et d'identifier 8 sous-zones depuis la zone à Cymodoce (- 144 m. a. ) jusqu'à celle à Pectinatus (- 137,5 m. a. ). Les zonations reconnues permettent de corréler ces quatre puits avec les autres régions d'Angleterre. L'existence de repères stratigraphiques et de repères diagraphiques caractéristiques au sein des zones d'ammonites permet d'établir des zones de corrélation entre une partie bassin (puits de Marton 87, Ebberston 87, Flixton 87) et une zone haute appartenant à la plate-forme Est de l'Angleterre (puits de Reighton 87). L'étude de l'hétérogénéité quantitative de la matière organique des sédiments du Kimméridgien du Yorkshire montre le caractère ordonné (non aléatoire) de la distribution du COT dans l'espace et dans le temps. L'hétérogénéité dans l'espace montre un gradient de préservation d'est en ouest : minimum sur la zone haute, maximum vers le centre du bassin où les dépôts sont les plus épais. L'existence de niveaux riches dans la zone présentant le plus fort taux d'accumulation sédimentaire (dépot centre) peut s'expliquer d'une part par un environnement plus favorable à la préservation de la matière organique dans une zone bathymétrique plus profonde (et un milieu de plus faible énergie que la plate-forme) et d'autre part par une meilleure préservation liée à un enfouissement plus rapide. L'hétérogénéité dans le temps se caractérise - quels que soient les puits - par une sédimentologie présentant des alternances de niveaux plus ou moins riches en matière organique. Le début de la préservation de la matière organique apparaît dans le Kimméridgien inférieur (zone à Cymodoce) pour atteindre un premier paroxysme au sommet de la zone à Eudoxus, un second à la base de la zone à Hudlestoni, un troisième à la base de la zone à Pectinatus. Pour les deux derniers, cette accumulation pourrait correspondre avec le maximum de transgression. Bien que très variable dans le temps et dans l'espace, la distribution de la matière organique montre par conséquent une logique, interprétable à l'échelle horizontale (fluctuations liées à l'épaisseur de la tranche d'eau par exemple donc aux cycles transgressifs et régressifs), plus hypothétique en l'état des connaissances à l'échelle verticale (cycle climatique). Dans les cycles, l'hétérogénéité de distribution quantitative en terme séquentiel ( haut de séquencecorrespondant aux fortes teneurs en COT et bas de séquenceaux faibles teneurs en COT) est confirmée par l'étude qualitative des résidus stables (analyses élémentaires : H/C-O/C) ou de la roche brute (index d'hydrogène/index d'oxygène, IH/10). La matière organique associée aux niveaux de haut de séquence sont très proches de la lignée Il alors que les bas de séquences voient leur rapport atomique H/C décroître en même temps que le rapport atomique O/C augmenter. L'étude des extraits suggère au contraire qu'il existe une unité dans l'origine du matériel organique tout au long de la sédimentation quels que soient les termes de la cyclicité et le niveau lithologique. Les différences observées au niveau des résidus stables reflèteraient par conséquent une différence dans les états de préservation d'une même matière organique (coccolithes, dinoflagellés) avec des variations affectant tant la quantité ( % COT) que la qualité (H/C-O/C, IH-10). L'hétérogénéité de la matière organique dans les cyclicités élémentaires peut être interprétée en terme de fluctuation du milieu : plus ou moins anaérobique, dont on enregistre les variations dans le temps et dans l'espace. Les très fortes concentrations de matière organique (20-40 %) correspondant aux anomalies organiquesse superposent à ces fluctuations. Localisées à proximité des niveaux carbonatés (niveaux équivalents aux Rope Lake Head Stone Bandet White Stone Banddu Dorset), elles semblent conjuguer à la fois des phénomènes de préservation et de productivité comme le suggère l'abondance exceptionnelle des coccolithes. The lowland plain of the Vale of Pickering strikes at right-angles to the Yorkshire coast of north-eastern England and is floored by Upper Jurassic mudstones, flanked by uplands of older Jurassic limestone to the north and Cretaceous Chalk to the south. Its fault-bounded southern margin marks the hinge zone between the mid-Mesozoic, stable Eastern England Shelf to the south, and the rapidly subsiding Cleveland Basin to the north. The latter is an onshore extension of the southern North Sea Basin and, like it, suffered Cenozoic inversion. The Upper Jurassic, Kimmeridge Clay (Kimmeridgian) is an important source rock of the North Sea oil province and the formation's onshore extension provides an unique opportunity to study the variability of its organic carbon content. Four continously cored boreholes were put down to sample a 200 m thick, 35 km long transect, extending from basin to shelf, and ranging in age from the Cymodoce Zone (- 144 m. a. ) to the top of the Pectinatus Zone (- 137. 5 m. a. ). Ammonite study allows recognition of ten zones and eight subzones of the Kimmeridgian Stage (Sensu anglico). Previously (Cope 1974a, 1974b, 1978, 1980; Callomon and Cope, 1971), only discontinuous segments of these zones and subzones have been recognised, (for example the Pectinatites (Virgatosphinctoidesà scitulus, P. (V. ) wheatleyensis zones and the P. (V. ) reisiformis subzone of the P. (Arkellites) hudlestoni Zone were unknown), but the boreholes have enabled the establishment of a continuous zonal sequence from the Rasenia cymodoce Zone to the P. (Pectinatites pectinatus Zone and, locally for the first time, the presence of the Pavlovia pallasiodes Zone. A two-fold subdivision of the Aulacostephanoides mutabilis Zone is proposed; a lower subzone of Rasenia askeptus and an upper subzone of A. mutabilis/eulepidus being recognised. The three-fold subdivision of Birkelund et al. (1983) does not seem to be justified here. The occurrence of detailed lithostratigraphical subdivisions with characteristic wireline log characters, calibrated by the ammonite-based zonal boundaries, enables precise chronostratigraphical correlation between the basin succession (proved at Marton 87, Ebberston 87 and Flixton 87 boreholes) and the thin succession of the depositional highof the Eastern England Shelf (proved at Reighton 87 borehole). Quantitative mineralogical data (XRD, SEM nannofacies analysis and isotope geochemistry) show that the sedimentary mineralogical character of the sequence is geographically and stratigraphically homogeneous, indicating generally unchanging conditions of deposition overall. Sedimentation generally occurred in a low energy depositional environment and comprises essential clay minerals (kaolinite, illite and mixed-layer illite-smectite) with accessory biogenic calcite, mainly planktonic (coccolith) material. Intercalated with the main body of mudstone, are beds of carbonate, which facilitate inter borehole correlation. These beds are coccolith-rich limestones which have subsequently been dolomitised, increasingly so toward the west, by a process dependent on the amount of organic carbon present. Their great lateral extent witnesses to geodynamic controlof regional extent. Preserved organic carbon content shows a gradual increase (by over 50%) when traced from the highin the east towards the centre of the basin in the west, where the beds are thickest. This is true despite cyclic fluctuation in both quantity and quality which can also be followed from the Reighton 87 to the Marton 87 borehole. In each borehole, stratigraphical variability of organic carbon is related to, fundamentally cyclic, sedimentological variation. The earliest preserved organic matter lies within the Cymodoce Zone. Three subsequent maxima were attained; at the top of the Eudoxus Zones, the base of the Hudlestoni Zone, and at the base of the Pectinatus Zone. The two highest horizons correspond to episodes of maximum transgression or highstand. Although very variable in time and space, the geographical distribution of organic matter may be easily explained, being related to bed thickness, depth of water and transgressive and regressive cycles of sedimentation. Consistent variations which has been found on the scale of tens of kilometres in the Cleveland Basin can be moreover extended at a palaeogegraphical scale. For example, the phase of maximum occurrence of organic material at the top of the Wheatleyensis Zone corresponds to the Blackstone of Dorset, signifying that the extent of these deposits goes far beyond the Vale of Pickering and reflects controlling factors of enormous geographical extent. The Kimmeridgian rocks of Yorkshire and Dorset pose fundamental problems about cyclic sedimentation since organic matter is a dominant sedimentary constituent. To determine the origin of the sedimentary cycles is one of the major problems of the sedimentology of organic matter. In the Kimmeridgian Stage the phenomenon appears to be amplified, giving rise to horizons of very great abundance. Such fluctuation in depositional environments must be related to climatic fluctuation and periods of high stand reveal the cyclicity by exaggerating the effects of the underlying phenomenon.

Les auteurs présentent le cadre chronostratigraphique qui a servi de base pour les études sédimentologiques et géochimiques dont les résultats ont été publiés précédemment. Ce sont les limites entre les trois ensembles sédimentaires (les formations de Blake Bahama, Hatteras et Plantagenêt) qui sont l'objet d'un examen particulièrement détaillé : - âge des couches extrêmes, - probabilité et nature (hiatus, condensation, érosion) des événements diastrophiques qui les séparent, - place de ces derniers dans le temps (E1 : Aptien supérieur, E2 : Cénomanien supérieur - ? Turonien basal). Un matériel attentivement sélectionné a permis de confirmer ou d'améliorer, parfois de modifier, les données chronologiques publiées précédemment. Parallèlement, quelques observations nouvelles sont proposées, elles concernent : - l'âge des zones palynologiques (Sporomorphes, Dinoflagellés) en regard des datations obtenues avec les microfossiles classiques, - l'existence possible d'unévénement supplémentaire (Ephi : vers la limite Barrémien-Aptien), - un amendement à la définition de la formation de Blake Bahama dans son site-type (391 C), - - le développement d'une pseudo-formation de Plantagenêt (vers la limite Vraconnien-Cénomanien) dans certains sites de la partie occidentale de l'Atlantique Nord. This article describes the chronostratigraphic setting used as a basis for sedimentological and geochemical studies. The results of these studies have already been published. A detailed examination is made of the boundaries between the three sedimentary units (Blake Bahama, Hatteras and Plantagenêt formations), including the age of the limiting layers, the probability and nature (hiatus, condensation, erosion) of the diastrophic events separating them, and the location of these events in the time scale (E1 = Late Aptian, E2 = Late Cenomanian to ? basal Turonian). Selective sampling confirmed or improved, or sometimes modified, previously published chronological data. At the SOMMAIRE same time, some new observations are proposed concerning the age of the palynological (sporomorphs, dinoflagellates) zones compared to the age attributions obtained from standard microfossils, the possible existence of an additional < event (Ephi = toward the Barremian-Aptian boundary), a modification of the definition of the Blake Bahama formation in its type site (391 C), and the presence of a pseudo-Plantagenêt formation (toward the Vraconian- Cenomanian boundary) in some sites in the western part of the North Atlantic.

Un échantillonnage systématique des principaux affleurements des séries carbonatées néogènes de Sainte Croix (Iles Vierges) a permis de préciser leur extension stratigraphique. C'est ainsi que la section-type de la formation Kingshill, qui avait été récemment attribuée au Miocène supérieur, est désormais datée du Miocène moyen d'après son riche contenu faunistique en foraminifères planctoniques et nannofossiles calcaires. Les diverses mesures pétrophysiques effectuées dans des niveaux d'environnement de dépôts différents (plate-forme, pente, bassin) tendent à prouver que de bonnes porosités et perméabilités, donc de bons réservoirs, pourraient être trouvées dans des séries de pentes ou de fond de bassins associés à des plates-formes carbonatées. Systematic sampling of the main outcrops of Neogene carbonate series on Saint Croix, Virgin Islands, has enabled their stratigraphic extension to be determined. In this way, the Kingshill formation type section, which has recently been attributed to the late Miocene, is henceforth dated from the middle Miocene according to planktonic foraminifers and calcareous nannofossils. The different petrophysical measurements made in strata originated from different depositional environments (shelf, slope, basin) tend to prove that good porosities and permeabilities, hence good reservoirs, might be found in slope or basin-bottom series associated with carbonate banks.

La campagne Escarmed 3 succède à toute une série de prélèvements effectués par des navires français et italiens. Les paléoenvironnements mésozoïques et cénozoïques de quelques marges du bassin Ionien profond (Méditerranée orientale) et plus particulièrement ceux de l'escarpement de Malte ont pu être reconstitués partiellement grâce à une étude biostratigraphique. Aux faciès de plate-forme du Trias et Lias inférieur-moyen succèdent, comme en Sicile, des séries pélagiques au Jurassique moyen et supérieur. Au Crétacé inférieur, lacunes ou érosions caractérisent la série de l'escarpement de Malte par opposition aux séries de plate-forme des monts de Médine. Dès l'Albien jusqu'au Miocène, la sédimentation est à dominance pélagique avec présence locale de dépôts circalittoraux et brèches à éléments de plate-forme (Maestrichtien, Eocène, Oligocène) ou phénomènes d'érosion, voire hiatus (Cénomanien-Turonien). Les faciès franchement pélagiques du Pliocène succèdent à la phase d'érosion du Miocène supérieur. Enfin, on notera un magmatisme important accompagnant des phénomènes de distension dès le Jurassique supérieur. The Escarmed 3 coring and dredging campaign in the Ionian Sea comes after a series of similar surveys by French and Italian vessels. They made it possible to partially reconstruct the Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleoenvironments of several margins of the deep Ionian basin (Eastern Mediterranean), especially those of the Malta escarpment, on the basis of biostratigraphic analysis. Whereas a shallow-water environment prevailed during the Triassic and the Lower to Middle Lias period, pelagic facies are observed in the Middle-Upper Jurassic series of this area, just as has been found in Sicily. During the Lower Cretaceous, gaps or erosions characterize the Malta Escarpment, whereas the Medina seamounts are subject to continuous shelf sedimentation. From the Albian up to the Miocene, sedimentation is mainly pelagic, with local circalittoral deposits, breccias (containing Maestrichtian, Eocene and Oligocene shelf elements), erosional features, even gaps (Cenonanian-Turonian). After the Late Miocene erosional event, true pelagic facies develop in all areas. Sizeable volcanic activity, beginning in the late Jurassic, is associated with extensional tectonic movements.

Les auteurs présentent le cadre chronostratigraphique qui a servi de base pour les études sédimentologiques et géochimiques dont les résultats ont été publiés précédemment. - âge des couches extrêmes, - probabilité et nature (hiatus, condensation, érosion) des événements diastrophiques qui les séparent, - place de ces derniers dans le temps (E1 : Aptien supérieur, E2 : Cénomanien supérieur - ? Turonien basal). Un matériel attentivement sélectionné a permis de confirmer ou d'améliorer, parfois de modifier, les données chronologiques publiées précédemment. Parallèlement, quelques observations nouvelles sont proposées, elles concernent : - l'âge des zones palynologiques (Sporomorphes, Dinoflagellés) en regard des datations obtenues avec les microfossiles classiques, - l'existence possible d'unévénement supplémentaire (Ephi : vers la limite Barrémien-Aptien), - un amendement à la définition de la formation de Blake Bahama dans son site-type (391 C), - - le développement d'une pseudo-formation de Plantagenêt (vers la limite Vraconnien-Cénomanien) dans certains sites de la partie occidentale de l'Atlantique Nord. This article describes the chronostratigraphic setting used as a basis for sedimentological and geochemical studies. The results of these studies have already been published. A detailed examination is made of the boundaries between the three sedimentary units (Blake Bahama, Hatteras and Plantagenêt formations), including the age of the limiting layers, the probability and nature (hiatus, condensation, erosion) of the diastrophic events separating them, and the location of these events in the time scale (E1 = Late Aptian, E2 = Late Cenomanian to ? basal Turonian). Selective sampling confirmed or improved, or sometimes modified, previously published chronological data. At the SOMMAIRE same time, some new observations are proposed concerning the age of the palynological (sporomorphs, dinoflagellates) zones compared to the age attributions obtained from standard microfossils, the possible existence of an additional < event (Ephi = toward the Barremian-Aptian boundary), a modification of the definition of the Blake Bahama formation in its type site (391 C), and the presence of a pseudo-Plantagenêt formation (toward the Vraconian- Cenomanian boundary) in some sites in the western part of the North Atlantic.

We investigate how mesoscale circulations associated with convective aggregation can modulate the sensitivity of the hydrologic cycle to warming. We quantify changes in the full distribution of rain across radiative-convective equilibrium states in a cloud-resolving model. For a given Sea Surface Temperature (SST), the shift in mean rainfall between disorganized and organized states is associated with a shift in atmospheric radiative cooling, and is roughly analogous to the effect of a 4K SST increase. With rising temperatures, the increase in mean rain rate is insensitive to the presence of organization, while extremes can intensify faster in the aggregated state, leading to a faster amplification in the sporadic nature of rain. When convection aggregates, heavy rain is enhanced by 20%–30% and nonlinear behaviors are observed as a function of SST and strength of aggregation feedbacks. First, radiative- and surface-flux aggregation feedbacks have multiplicative effects on extremes, illustrating a non-trivial sensitivity to the degree of organization. Second, alternating Clausius-Clapeyron and super-Clausius-Clapeyron regimes in extreme rainfall are found as a function of SST, corresponding to varying thermodynamic and dynamic contributions, and a large sensitivity to precipitation efficiency variations in some SST ranges. The potential for mesoscale circulations in amplifying the hydrologic cycle is established. However, these nonlinear distortions question the quantitative relevance of idealized self-aggregation. This calls for a deeper investigation of relationships which capture the coupling between global energetics, aggregation feedbacks and local convection, and for systematic tests of their sensitivity to domain configurations, surface boundary conditions, microphysics, and turbulence schemes.

In 1868, the state of Georgia began punishing convicts by leasing them to private companies. Georgia’s transition from penitentiary confinement to convict leasing coincided with a shift in the composition of its inmates. Fifteen years after the Civil War, African-Americans in Georgia were imprisoned at a rate more than 12 times that of whites. This article finds that black men were most likely to be imprisoned in the convict lease system where they overcame whites’ efforts to preserve their position as dependent agricultural laborers. Where elite white landowners were able to reconstitute a dependent agricultural labor force, they had little reason to use the convict lease system to punish their workers. But in urban counties and in counties where African-Americans had acquired considerable landholdings, black men faced comparatively high rates of imprisonment for property crimes.

In this article, we review evidence from the social and medical sciences on the causes and effects of lead exposure. We argue that lead exposure is an important subject for sociological analysis because it is socially stratified and has important social consequences - consequences that themselves depend in part on children's social environments. We present a model of environmental inequality over the life course to guide an agenda for future research. We conclude with a call for deeper exchange between urban sociology, environmental sociology, and public health, and for more collaboration between scholars and local communities in the pursuit of independent science for the common good.

Tuberculosis (TB) mortality rates in the USA fell rapidly from 1910 to 1933. However, during this period, racial disparities in TB mortality in the nation's expanding cities grew. Because of long delays between infection and disease, TB mortality is a poor indicator of short-term changes in transmission. We estimated the annual risk of TB infection (ARTI) in 11 large US cities to understand whether rising inequality in mortality reflected rising inequality in ARTI using city-level TB mortality data compiled by the US Department of Commerce from 1910 to 1933. We estimated ARTI for African-Americans and whites using pediatric extrapulmonary TB mortality data for African-Americans and whites in our panel of cities. We also estimated age-adjusted pulmonary TB mortality rates for these cities. We find that the ratio of ARTI for African-Americans vs. whites increased from 2·1 (95% CI = 1·7, 2·4) in 1910 to 4·2 (95% CI = 3·4, 5·2) in 1933. This change mirrored the increasing inequality in age-adjusted pulmonary TB mortality during this period. These findings may reflect the combined effects of migration, inequality in access to care, increasing population density, and racial residential segregation in northern cities during this period.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, many American cities built water systems using lead or iron service pipes. Municipal water systems generated significant public health improvements, but these improvements may have been partially offset by the damaging effects of lead exposure through lead water pipes. We study the effect of cities' use of lead pipes on homicide between 1921 and 1936. Lead water pipes exposed entire city populations to much higher doses of lead than have previously been studied in relation to crime. Our estimates suggest that cities' use of lead service pipes considerably increased city-level homicide rates.

Knowledge of breeding success is essential for conservation, as it is required for monitoring populations and survival trends. Seabird reproductive success can be negatively affected by prey availability, marine‐based stochasticity, extreme weather events, individual breeders' performance and direct threats such as disease, predation and fisheries interactions.The endangered yellow‐eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) is declining in mainland New Zealand, however, little is known about its breeding success in the subantarctic where the majority of the species breeds.Yellow‐eyed penguin breeding success data were collected from a total of 167 nests on subantarctic Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, New Zealand, from the 2015 to 2017 breeding seasons. This included egg and chick mortality and fledging rates, plus a wider sample of the fledgling condition of 276 chicks.Fledging success was higher than in mainland New Zealand in some years, although chicks were smaller and lighter on average, highlighting the need for more information on juvenile survival probabilities in the subantarctic.Breeding success measures were similar in 2015 and 2016, but a large egg mortality in 2017 caused a significant reduction in breeding success that year. Such variability requires more investigation into the correlates of breeding success, including possible stressors such as foraging success, adverse weather and environmental effects, and pathogens.These results demonstrate the need for ongoing monitoring of yellow‐eyed penguin breeding success across the subantarctic in order to establish baselines for normal variation and to determine whether anthropogenic (manageable) factors may be contributing to low productivity.This research highlights an important consideration for endangered species conservation; that breeding success may not be consistent over time, or across a species' entire range. Additional monitoring of all breeding populations should be carried out to ensure up‐to‐date information is available to inform conservation management decisions for the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism is a heritable disorder, with over 250 associated genes identified to date, yet no single gene accounts for >1-2% of cases. The clinical presentation, behavioural symptoms, imaging and histopathology findings are strikingly heterogeneous. A more complete understanding of autism can be obtained by examining multiple genetic or behavioural mouse models of autism using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based neuroanatomical phenotyping. Twenty-six different mouse models were examined and the consistently found abnormal brain regions across models were parieto-temporal lobe, cerebellar cortex, frontal lobe, hypothalamus and striatum. These models separated into three distinct clusters, two of which can be linked to the under and over-connectivity found in autism. These clusters also identified previously unknown connections between Nrxn1α, En2 and Fmr1; Nlgn3, BTBR and Slc6A4; and also between X monosomy and Mecp2. With no single treatment for autism found, clustering autism using neuroanatomy and identifying these strong connections may prove to be a crucial step in predicting treatment response.