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1. Parasite load effects on sex ratio, size, survival and mating fitness of Heleidomermis magnapapula in Culicoides sonorensis

Author

Mullens Bradley A. and Luhring Katherine A.

Subjects
mermithidae, diptera, ceratopogonidae, culicoides, biological control, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Heleidomermis magnapapula parasitizes the blood-feeding midge Culicoides sonorensis. Most (84%) single mermithid infective second stage juveniles (J2) developed into adult females, while parasitism by multiple J2 yielded 97% male adults. Nematodes emerged from the midge larval host as adults and mated immediately; females were ovoviviparous. Host larvae were exposed to nematode J2 and examined intact microscopically to score initial parasite load. Midge hosts were reared individually. Premature midge death, nematode survival within the host, and emerging adult nematode sex ratio and size as a function of load and host size were all tracked. Higher nematode loads produced smaller adult nematode males. The higher loads also increased and accelerated premature host death. Emergence of > 7–9 adult nematode males was rare, but up to 19 tiny males emerged from a single host. Larger midges supported higher parasite loads and a larger total volume of emerged nematode biomass. Virgin adult nematode males then were paired with females of variable, known sizes (volume) and held to determine size effects on fertility (egg hatch), and male survival (longevity). Tested adult males ranged in size from 0.0025 – 0.0334 mm3 and females from 0.0121 – 0.1110 mm3. Logistic regression indicated female nematode fertility was positively influenced by male nematode size, while nematode load and female nematode size had no significant effect. While fertility was reduced statistically in smaller males, even some of the smallest male and female individuals could be fertile. Findings are related to field studies in this system.

Published
2023
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2. Collecting and Monitoring for Northern Fowl Mite (Acari: Macronyssidae) and Poultry Red Mite (Acari: Dermanyssidae) in Poultry Systems.

Author

Murillo, Amy and Mullens, Bradley

Subjects
integrated pest management, laying hen, monitoring, northern fowl mite, poultry red mite, Animal Husbandry, Animals, Chickens, Entomology, Mite Infestations, Mites, Pest Control, Poultry Diseases, Specimen Handling
Abstract

The two most economically important poultry ectoparasites are the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), and the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer). Both mites are obligate blood feeders but differ in where they reside. Sampling methods thus focus on-host, especially the vent feathers, for northern fowl mite and off-host, especially cracks and crevices near the nighttime roosting areas, for poultry red mite. Much remains unknown, however, about the basic biology and ecology of both mites. Here we discuss mite detection, quantification, and decision making and provide thoughts on future directions for research.

Published
2020

3. Laboratory evaluation of stable isotope labeling of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) for adult dispersal studies

Author

McDermott, Emily G, Mullens, Bradley A, Mayo, Christie E, Roark, E Brendan, Maupin, Christopher R, Gerry, Alec C, and Hamer, Gabriel L

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Ecology, Animal Distribution, Animals, Carbon Isotopes, Ceratopogonidae, Ecosystem, Insect Vectors, Isotope Labeling, Larva, Nitrogen Isotopes, Culicoides sonorensis, Stable isotopes, Dispersal, Mark-recapture, Bluetongue virus, Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, Medical Microbiology, Public Health and Health Services, Mycology & Parasitology, Tropical Medicine, Microbiology, Medical microbiology
Abstract

BackgroundStable isotope labeling is a promising method for use in insect mark-capture and dispersal studies. Culicoides biting midges, which transmit several important animal pathogens, including bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), are small flies that develop in various semi-aquatic habitats. Previous Culicoides dispersal studies have suffered from the limitations of other labeling techniques, and an inability to definitively connect collected adult midges to specific immature development sites.ResultsAdult C. sonorensis were successfully labeled with 13C and 15N stable isotopes as larvae developing in a semi-aquatic mud substrate in the laboratory. High and low-dose isotope treatments for both elements significantly enriched midges above the background isotope levels of unenriched controls. Enrichment had no effect on C. sonorensis survival, though a slight (~ 5 day) delay in emergence was observed, and there was no significant effect of pool size on 13C or 15N enrichment levels.ConclusionsStable isotope labeling is life-long, and does not interfere with natural insect behaviors. Stable isotope enrichment using 13C or 15N shows promise for Culicoides dispersal studies in the field. This method can be used to identify adult dispersal from larval source habitat where a midge developed. It may be possible to detect a single enriched midge in a pool of unenriched individuals, though further testing is needed to confirm the sensitivity of this method.

Published
2019

4. Comparative in vitro evaluation of contact activity of fluralaner, spinosad, phoxim, propoxur, permethrin and deltamethrin against the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum.

Author

Mullens, Bradley A, Murillo, Amy C, Zoller, Hartmut, Heckeroth, Anja R, Jirjis, Faris, and Flochlay-Sigognault, Annie

Subjects
Animals, Chickens, Mites, Mite Infestations, Poultry Diseases, Propoxur, Pyrethrins, Permethrin, Macrolides, Nitriles, Organothiophosphorus Compounds, Drug Combinations, Drug Resistance, Europe, Acaricides, Acaricide, Control, Deltamethrin, Fluralaner, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, Phoxim, Poultry, Spinosad, Tropical Medicine, Mycology & Parasitology, Medical Microbiology, Public Health and Health Services
Abstract

BackgroundNorthern fowl mites (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of both feral birds and poultry, particularly chicken layers and breeders. They complete their entire life-cycle on infested birds while feeding on blood. Infestations of O. sylviarum are difficult to control and resistance to some chemical classes of acaricides is a growing concern. The contact susceptibility of O. sylviarum to a new active ingredient, fluralaner, was evaluated, as well as other compounds representative of the main chemical classes commonly used to control poultry mite infestations in Europe and the USA.MethodsSix acaricides (fluralaner, spinosad, phoxim, propoxur, permethrin, deltamethrin) were dissolved and serially diluted in butanol:olive oil (1:1) to obtain test solutions used for impregnation of filter paper packets. A carrier-only control was included. Thirty adult northern fowl mites, freshly collected from untreated host chickens, were inserted into each packet for continuous compound exposure. Mite mortality was assessed after incubation of the test packets for 48 h at 75% relative humidity and a temperature of 22 °C.ResultsAdult mite LC50 /LC99 values were 2.95/8.09 ppm for fluralaner, 1587/3123 ppm for spinosad, 420/750 ppm for phoxim and 86/181 ppm for propoxur. Permethrin and deltamethrin LC values could not be calculated due to lack of mortality observed even at 1000 ppm.ConclusionsNorthern fowl mites were highly sensitive to fluralaner after contact exposure. They were moderately sensitive to phoxim and propoxur, and less sensitive to spinosad. Furthermore, the tested mite population appeared to be resistant to the pyrethroids, permethrin and deltamethrin, despite not being exposed to acaricides for at least 10 years.

Published
2017

6. Bluetongue virus infection creates light averse Culicoides vectors and serious errors in transmission risk estimates

Author

McDermott, Emily G, Mayo, Christie E, Gerry, Alec C, Laudier, Damien, MacLachlan, N James, and Mullens, Bradley A

Subjects
Plant Biology, Biological Sciences, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Bluetongue virus, California, Ceratopogonidae, Eye, Host-Pathogen Interactions, RNA, Viral, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ultraviolet Rays, Pathogen manipulation, Arbovirus, Vector surveillance, Culicoides, Bluetongue, Medical Microbiology, Public Health and Health Services, Mycology & Parasitology, Tropical Medicine, Microbiology, Medical microbiology
Abstract

BackgroundPathogen manipulation of host behavior can greatly impact vector-borne disease transmission, but almost no attention has been paid to how it affects disease surveillance. Bluetongue virus (BTV), transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, is a serious disease of ruminant livestock that can cause high morbidity and mortality and significant economic losses. Worldwide, the majority of surveillance for Culicoides to assess BTV transmission risk is done using UV-light traps. Here we show that field infection rates of BTV are significantly lower in midge vectors collected using traps baited with UV light versus a host cue (CO2).MethodsWe collected Culicoides sonorensis midges in suction traps baited with CO2, UV-light, or CO2 + UV on three dairies in southern California to assess differences in the resulting estimated infection rates from these collections. Pools of midges were tested for BTV by qRT-PCR, and maximum likelihood estimates of infection rate were calculated by trap. Infection rate estimates were also calculated by trapping site within a dairy. Colonized C. sonorensis were orally infected with BTV, and infection of the structures of the compound eye was examined using structured illumination microscopy.ResultsUV traps failed entirely to detect virus both early and late in the transmission season, and underestimated virus prevalence by as much as 8.5-fold. CO2 + UV traps also had significantly lower infection rates than CO2-only traps, suggesting that light may repel infected vectors. We found very high virus levels in the eyes of infected midges, possibly causing altered vision or light perception. Collecting location also greatly impacts our perception of virus activity.ConclusionsBecause the majority of global vector surveillance for bluetongue uses only light-trapping, transmission risk estimates based on these collections are likely severely understated. Where national surveillance programs exist, alternatives to light-trapping should be considered. More broadly, disseminated infections of many arboviruses include infections in vectors' eyes and nervous tissues, and this may be causing unanticipated behavioral effects. Field demonstrations of pathogen-induced changes in vector behavior are quite rare, but should be studied in more systems to accurately predict vector-borne disease transmission.

Published
2015

7. Seasonal and interseasonal dynamics of bluetongue virus infection of dairy cattle and Culicoides sonorensis midges in northern California--implications for virus overwintering in temperate zones.

Author

Mayo, Christie, Mullens, Bradley, Reisen, William, Osborne, Cameron, Gibbs, E, Gardner, Ian, and MacLachlan, N

Subjects
Animals, Bluetongue, Bluetongue virus, California, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Chironomidae, Dairying, Female, RNA, Viral, Seasons
Abstract

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the cause of an economically important arboviral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. The occurrence of BTV infection of livestock is distinctly seasonal in temperate regions of the world, thus we determined the dynamics of BTV infection (using BTV-specific real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) among sentinel cattle and vector Culicoides sonorensis (C. sonorensis) midges on a dairy farm in northern California throughout both the seasonal and interseasonal (overwintering) periods of BTV activity from August 2012 until March 2014. The data confirmed widespread infection of both sentinel cattle and vector midges during the August-November period of seasonal BTV transmission, however BTV infection of parous female midges captured in traps set during daylight hours also was detected in February of both 2013 and 2014, during the interseasonal period. The finding of BTV-infected vector midges during mid-winter suggests that BTV may overwinter in northern California by infection of long-lived female C. sonorensis midges that were infected during the prior seasonal period of virus transmission, and reemerged sporadically during the overwintering period; however the data do not definitively preclude other potential mechanisms of BTV overwintering that are also discussed.

Published
2014

8. Seasonal variation and impact of waste-water lagoons as larval habitat on the population dynamics of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera:Ceratpogonidae) at two dairy farms in northern California.

Author

Mayo, Christie E, Osborne, Cameron J, Mullens, Bradley A, Gerry, Alec C, Gardner, Ian A, Reisen, William K, Barker, Christopher M, and Maclachlan, N James

Subjects
Animals, Ceratopogonidae, Ecosystem, Seasons, Insect Vectors, Population Dynamics, Larva, Female, Male, Wetlands, Waste Water, Animal Distribution, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The Sacramento (northern Central) Valley of California (CA) has a hot Mediterranean climate and a diverse ecological landscape that is impacted extensively by human activities, which include the intensive farming of crops and livestock. Waste-water ponds, marshes, and irrigated fields associated with these agricultural activities provide abundant larval habitats for C. sonorensis midges, in addition to those sites that exist in the natural environment. Within this region, C. sonorensis is an important vector of bluetongue (BTV) and related viruses that adversely affect the international trade and movement of livestock, the economics of livestock production, and animal welfare. To characterize the seasonal dynamics of immature and adult C. sonorensis populations, abundance was monitored intensively on two dairy farms in the Sacramento Valley from August 2012- to July 2013. Adults were sampled every two weeks for 52 weeks by trapping (CDC style traps without light and baited with dry-ice) along N-S and E-W transects on each farm. One farm had large operational waste-water lagoons, whereas the lagoon on the other farm was drained and remained dry during the study. Spring emergence and seasonal abundance of adult C. sonorensis on both farms coincided with rising vernal temperature. Paradoxically, the abundance of midges on the farm without a functioning waste-water lagoon was increased as compared to abundance on the farm with a waste-water lagoon system, indicating that this infrastructure may not serve as the sole, or even the primary larval habitat. Adult midges disappeared from both farms from late November until May; however, low numbers of parous female midges were detected in traps set during daylight in the inter-seasonal winter period. This latter finding is especially critical as it provides a potential mechanism for the "overwintering" of BTV in temperate regions such as northern CA. Precise documentation of temporal changes in the annual abundance and dispersal of Culicoides midges is essential for the creation of models to predict BTV infection of livestock and to develop sound abatement strategies.

Published
2014

9. Predicting and Controlling Stable Flies on California Dairies

Author

Gerry, Alec C, Peterson, Nyles G, and Mullens, Bradley A

Subjects
Insect pests, Dairy Cattle
Abstract

The stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) is a serious pest of confined livestock, and is becoming a pest of pastured livestock as well. This publication will help you learn to identify the pest and manage infestations.

Published
2007

10. Sequential utilization of hosts from different fly families by genetically distinct, sympatric populations within the Entomophthora muscae species complex.

Author

Gryganskyi, Andrii P, Humber, Richard A, Stajich, Jason E, Mullens, Bradley, Anishchenko, Iryna M, and Vilgalys, Rytas

Subjects
Animals, Diptera, Entomophthora, Genetics, Population, Environment, Phylogeny, Haplotypes, Host-Pathogen Interactions, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The fungus Entomophthora muscae (Entomophthoromycota, Entomophthorales, Entomophthoraceae) is a widespread insect pathogen responsible for fatal epizootic events in many dipteran fly hosts. During epizootics in 2011 and 2012 in Durham, North Carolina, we observed a transition of fungal infections from one host, the plant-feeding fly Delia radicum, to a second host, the predatory fly Coenosia tigrina. Infections first appeared on Delia in the middle of March, but by the end of May, Coenosia comprised 100% of infected hosts. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that E. muscae in Durham comprises two distinct subpopulations (clades) with several haplotypes in each. Fungi from either clade are able to infect both fly species, but vary in their infection phenologies and host-specificities. Individuals of the more phylogenetically diverse clade I predominated during the beginning of the spring epizootic, infecting mostly phytophagous Delia flies. Clade II dominated in late April and May and affected mostly predatory Coenosia flies. Analysis of population structure revealed two subpopulations within E. muscae with limited gene exchange. This study provides the first evidence of recombination and population structure within the E. muscae species complex, and illustrates the complexity of insect-fungus relationships that should be considered for development of biological control methods.

Published
2013

12. Contributors

Author

Adler, Peter H., primary, Barker, Christopher M., additional, Brenner, Richard J., additional, Brown, Richard N., additional, Burkett-Cadena, Nathan D., additional, Cepeda-Palacios, Ramón, additional, Colwell, Douglas D., additional, Durden, Lance A., additional, Foster, Woodbridge A., additional, Fryxell, Rebecca Trout, additional, Gerhardt, Reid R., additional, Hinkle, Nancy C., additional, Hribar, Lawrence J., additional, King, Jonas G., additional, Kramer, Richard D., additional, Krinsky, William L., additional, Landolt, Peter J., additional, Lloyd, John E., additional, McCreadie, John W., additional, Moon, Roger D., additional, Mullen, Gary R., additional, Mullens, Bradley A., additional, Munstermann, Leonard E., additional, Murphree, C. Steven, additional, Nayduch, Dana, additional, Nicholson, William L., additional, Noden, Bruce H., additional, OConnor, Barry M., additional, Olafson, Pia Untalan, additional, Reed, Hal C., additional, Reeves, Will K., additional, Reisen, William K., additional, Schmidt, Justin O., additional, Scholl, Philip J., additional, Sissom, W. David, additional, Sonenshine, Daniel E., additional, Turell, Michael J., additional, Vetter, Richard S., additional, Walker, Edward D., additional, and Zaspel, Jennifer M., additional

Published
2019
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14. Managing manure and conserving predators helps control flies in caged-layer poultry systems

Author

Mullens, Bradley A., Hinkle, Nancy C., Szijj, Coralie E., and Kuney, Douglas R.

Subjects
Agriculture
Abstract

As the rural-urban interface expands, controlling flies has become increasingly important on California poultry farms. Manure management is a critical component of keeping fly populations in check. Recent research demonstrates that the dry pad left behind after manure cleanouts in cagedlayer poultry systems aids manure drying because of the elevation and improved airflow. Most mites and beetles that prey on fly eggs and larvae are removed in a cleanout, although predator populations require longer than flies to recover. Leaving undisturbed manure (with a larger number of predators) adjacent to recently removed manure did not improve fly control significantly in open-sided layer houses, but might be more important in fully enclosed houses.

Published
2001

16. List of contributors

Author

Blatchford, Richard A., primary, Butterworth, Andy, additional, Dawkins, Marian S., additional, Dougherty, Suzanne, additional, Erasmus, Marisa A., additional, Estevez, Inma, additional, Hindle, Vincent, additional, Karcher, Darrin M., additional, Kelly, Terra, additional, Kim, Tae-Hyun, additional, Lambooij, Bert, additional, Linares, Jose A., additional, McKeegan, Dorothy, additional, Mench, Joy A., additional, Millman, Suzanne, additional, Mon, Khin K.Z., additional, Mullens, Bradley A., additional, Murillo, Amy C., additional, Nicol, Christine, additional, Rodenburg, T. Bas, additional, Saelao, Perot, additional, Schwean-Lardner, Karen, additional, Thaxton, Yvonne V., additional, Torrey, Stephanie, additional, Toscano, Michael, additional, Wang, Ying, additional, Widowski, Tina, additional, and Zhou, Huaijun, additional

Published
2018
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19. Contributors

Author

Abdel-Aal, El-Sayed M., primary, Abdelqader, Anas, additional, Sandun Abeyrathne, Edirisingha Dewage Nalaka, additional, Abidin, Zain ul, additional, Acosta, Oscar, additional, Ahmad, Shakeel, additional, Ahn, Dong Uk Douglas, additional, Akhtar, Humayoun, additional, Alaboudi, Akram R., additional, Alam, Jahangir, additional, Alamprese, Cristina, additional, Arthur, Jennifer, additional, Arthur, Valter, additional, Aslam, Muhammad Aamir, additional, de Avila, Fernanda Vieira, additional, de Avila, Valdir Silveira, additional, Aygun, Ali, additional, Barbosa, Jorge, additional, Bédécarrats, Grégoy Y., additional, Bejaei, Masoumeh, additional, Benjakul, Soottawat, additional, Bertechini, Antonio Gilberto, additional, Bertran, Kateri, additional, Bozkurt, Mehmet, additional, Brasca, Milena, additional, Bruneel, Charlotte, additional, Burley, Heather Kristin, additional, Buyse, Johan, additional, Carabias-Martínez, Rita, additional, da Silva Catalan, Aiane Aparecida, additional, Chambers, James R., additional, Chapman, Hilary David, additional, Chen, Da, additional, Cherian, Gita, additional, Chousalkar, Kapil K., additional, Çiftci, Hüseyin Baki, additional, Corassin, Carlos Humberto, additional, Daigle, Courtney Lynd, additional, de Neeff, Diane Valganon, additional, de Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes, additional, de Pinho Carão, Ágatha Cristina, additional, Domínguez-Álvarez, Javier, additional, Elkin, Robert G., additional, Fernandes, Evandro de Abreu, additional, da Fonseca, Francisco Noé, additional, Foubert, Imogen, additional, García-Gómez, Diego, additional, Gast, Richard K., additional, Hanlon, Charlene, additional, Harder, Marcia Nalesso Costa, additional, Hester, Patricia Y., additional, Hincke, Maxwell T., additional, Hintersteiner, Martin, additional, Jaczynski, Jacek, additional, Jones, Deana R., additional, Kaewmanee, Thammarat, additional, Kamran, Zahid, additional, Keener, Kevin M., additional, Khatoon, Aisha, additional, Kokoszyński, Dariusz, additional, Koutoulis, Konstantinos C., additional, Krabbe, Everton Luis, additional, Küçükyılmaz, Kamil, additional, Lemahieu, Charlotte, additional, Litz, Fernanda Heloisa, additional, Lutful Kabir, S.M., additional, Marler, Hillary, additional, Mateos-Vivas, María, additional, Miller, Patti J., additional, Morandi, Stefano, additional, Mullens, Bradley A., additional, Murillo, Amy C., additional, Muylaert, Koenraad, additional, Neogi, Sucharit Basu, additional, Newberry, Ruth Catriona, additional, Olanca, Burcu, additional, Opaliński, Sebastian, additional, Padilla-Zakour, Olga I., additional, Patterson, Paul Hanes, additional, Peebles, Edgar David, additional, Ramos, Fernando, additional, Roberts, Juliet R., additional, Rodríguez-Gonzalo, Encarnación, additional, Roll, Victor Fernando Büttow, additional, Rose-Martel, Megan, additional, Santos, Lúcia, additional, Sikder, Mahmudul Hasan, additional, Silvetti, Tiziana, additional, Sullivan, Elizabeth K., additional, Susta, Leonardo, additional, Tahergorabi, Reza, additional, Tu, Yonggang, additional, Usaga, Jessie, additional, Ward, Nelson E., additional, Woelders, Henri, additional, Wu, Yan, additional, Xavier, Eduardo Gonçalves, additional, Yalcin, Hasan, additional, Yamasaki, Shinji, additional, Zaheer, Khalid, additional, and Zhao, Yan, additional

Published
2017
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31. Contributors

Author

Acorn, John H., primary, Adams, Michael E., additional, Adler, Peter H., additional, Albuquerque, Gilberto S., additional, Alexander, Richard D., additional, Altstein, Miriam, additional, Andersen, Svend O., additional, Anderson, Norman H., additional, Andow, David A., additional, Antolin, Michael F., additional, Arensburger, Peter, additional, Arlian, Larry G., additional, Aspöck, Horst, additional, Aspöck, Ulrike, additional, Atkinson, Peter W., additional, Baumann, Arnd, additional, Beckage, Nancy E., additional, Bellinger, Peter, additional, Berenbaum, May R., additional, Berg, Martin B., additional, Bernays, Elizabeth A., additional, Björkman, Christer, additional, Black, Scott Hoffman, additional, Blair, Seth S., additional, Blenau, Wolfgang, additional, Blum, Murray S., additional, Bonning, Bryony C., additional, Bradley, Timothy J., additional, Brakefield, Paul M., additional, Brittain, John E., additional, Brower, Lincoln P., additional, Brune, Andreas, additional, Burkholder, Wendell E., additional, Byers, George W., additional, Cardé, Ring T., additional, Chapman, R.F., additional, Cheng, Lanna, additional, Christiansen, Kenneth A., additional, Clark, Thomas M., additional, Cochran, Donald G., additional, Cohen, Ephraim, additional, Ćokl, Andrej, additional, Courtney, Gregory W., additional, Covell, Charles V., additional, Craig, Catherine, additional, Crane, Eva, additional, Cranston, Peter S., additional, Crumly, Charles R., additional, Dahlem, Gregory A., additional, Dahlsten, Donald L., additional, DeFoliart, Gene R., additional, Denholm, Ian, additional, Denlinger, David L., additional, Devine, Gregor J., additional, Dickinson, Michael, additional, Dietrich, Christopher H., additional, Dingle, Hugh, additional, Douglas, Angela E., additional, Dowell, Robert V., additional, Dudley, Robert, additional, Edman, John D., additional, Eldridge, Bruce F., additional, Elkinton, Joseph S., additional, Engel, Michael S., additional, Erber, Joachim, additional, Federici, Brian A., additional, Feldman, Lewis J., additional, Ferreira, Clélia, additional, Foster, R. Nelson, additional, Frankie, Gordon W., additional, Franks, Nigel R., additional, French, Andrew S., additional, Futuyma, Douglas J., additional, Gentry, Erin C., additional, Gerry, Alec C., additional, Ghiradella, Helen, additional, Gillespie, Rosemary G., additional, Giribet, Gonzalo, additional, Goff, M. Lee, additional, Gordh, Gordon, additional, Gotthard, Karl, additional, Grbić, Miodrag, additional, Greenberg, Les, additional, Grimaldi, David, additional, Grossmann, Christin, additional, Gullan, Penny J., additional, Gwynne, Darryl T., additional, Hallman, Guy, additional, Hare, J. Daniel, additional, Harrison, Jon F., additional, Hastriter, Michael W., additional, Headrick, David H., additional, Heinrich, Bernd, additional, Held, David W., additional, Hellenthal, Ronald A., additional, Hendrichs, Jorge, additional, Henk, Adam D., additional, Hinkle, Nancy C., additional, Hoddle, M.S., additional, Hogue, James N., additional, Houck, Marilyn A., additional, Howarth, Francis G., additional, Hoy, Ron, additional, Hurd, Lawrence E., additional, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, additional, Irwin, Michael E., additional, Jander, Rudolf, additional, Janssens, Frans, additional, Jeanne, Robert L., additional, Joron, Mathieu, additional, Josephson, Robert, additional, Kampmeier, Gail E., additional, Kaneshiro, Kenneth Y., additional, Kanost, Michael R., additional, Kaplan, Alan I., additional, Keiper, Joe B., additional, Kennedy, George G., additional, Kirkendall, Lawrence R., additional, Klass, Klaus-Dieter, additional, Klotz, John, additional, Klowden, Marc J., additional, Koch, Markus, additional, Kogan, Marcos, additional, Kruess, Andreas, additional, Land, Michael F., additional, Lane, Robert S., additional, Leak, Stephen G.A., additional, Lee, Richard E., additional, Lehane, M.J., additional, Leppla, Norman C., additional, Leskosky, Richard J., additional, Lewis, Vernard R., additional, Liebherr, James K., additional, Liu, Paul Z., additional, Lloyd, James E., additional, Loudon, Catherine, additional, Lynn, Dwight E., additional, Majerus, Michael E.N., additional, Martin, Jon H., additional, Masaki, Sinzo, additional, Mason, Linda J., additional, Matsumura, Fumio, additional, McHugh, Joseph V., additional, Meinking, Terri L., additional, Merritt, Richard W., additional, Millar, Jocelyn G., additional, Miller, Thomas A., additional, Mills, Nick, additional, Mitchell, B.K., additional, Mockford, Edward L., additional, Moffett, Mark W., additional, Monath, Thomas P., additional, Morse, John C., additional, Moulds, Max S., additional, Mound, Laurence A., additional, Mullens, Bradley A., additional, Nachtigall, Werner, additional, Nagy, Lisa, additional, Navajas, Maria, additional, Nedvěd, Oldřich, additional, New, Tim R., additional, Nishida, Gordon M., additional, Normark, Benjamin B., additional, O’Brochta, David A., additional, Oconnor, Barry M., additional, O’Donnell, Sean, additional, O’Grady, Patrick M., additional, Otte, Daniel, additional, Page, Terry L., additional, Paine, Timothy D., additional, Palmer, James O., additional, Papaj, Daniel R., additional, Pass, Günther, additional, Patel, Nipam H., additional, Pettersson, Mats W., additional, Pinto, John D., additional, Plarre, Rudy, additional, Platzer, Edward G., additional, Poinar, George, additional, Potter, Daniel A., additional, Powell, Jerry A., additional, Price, Roger D., additional, Prokopy, Ronald, additional, Purcell, Alexander H., additional, Quicke, Donald L.J., additional, Radovsky, Frank J., additional, Rankin, Susan M., additional, Reisen, William K., additional, Rentz, D.C.F., additional, Resh, Vincent H., additional, Riddiford, Lynn M., additional, Ridsdill-Smith, James, additional, Ritzmann, Roy E., additional, Robinson, Alan, additional, Robinson, Gene E., additional, Roderick, George K., additional, Rosenberg, David M., additional, Ross, Edward S., additional, Rust, Michael K., additional, Sartori, Michel, additional, Saul-Gershenz, Leslie, additional, Schaefer, Carl W., additional, Schick, Katherine N., additional, Schmidt, Justin O., additional, Scott, Michelle Pellissier, additional, Scott, Thomas W., additional, Scriber, J. Mark, additional, Sehnal, František, additional, Sherman, Irwin W., additional, Sherman, Ronald A., additional, Simberloff, Daniel, additional, Simmons, Leigh W., additional, Simpson, S.J., additional, Smedley, Scott R., additional, Smith, Edward H., additional, Sonenshine, Daniel E., additional, Sorensen, John T., additional, Spagna, Joseph C., additional, Sparks, Beverly, additional, Sperling, Felix A.H., additional, Statzner, Bernhard, additional, Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf, additional, Stehr, Frederick W., additional, Stewart, Kenneth W., additional, Stiling, Peter, additional, Storer, Andrew J., additional, Stork, Nigel E., additional, Stouthamer, Richard, additional, Strand, Michael R., additional, Strausfeld, Nicholas J., additional, Sturm, Helmut, additional, Suarez, R.K., additional, Sullivan, Daniel J., additional, Takeda, Satoshi, additional, Tauber, Catherine A., additional, Tauber, Maurice J., additional, Taylor, Orley R., additional, Telfer, William H., additional, Tennessen, K.J., additional, Terra, Walter R., additional, Thies, Carsten, additional, Thompson, F. Christian, additional, Thompson, S.N., additional, Thorp, James H., additional, Thorp, Robbin W., additional, Tilgner, Erich H., additional, Torkkeli, Päivi H., additional, Traniello, James F.A., additional, Tscharntke, Teja, additional, Vail, Karen M., additional, Driesche, R.G. Van, additional, Vaughan, Mace, additional, Vincent, Charles, additional, Virant-Doberlet, Meta, additional, Visscher, P. Kirk, additional, Vittum, Patricia J., additional, Walker, Gregory P., additional, Wallace, J. Bruce, additional, Webb, Graham C., additional, Weintraub, Phyllis, additional, Weirauch, Christiane, additional, Welter, Stephen C., additional, Weseloh, Ronald M., additional, Wheeler, Diana E., additional, Whiting, Michael F., additional, Will, Kipling W., additional, Williams, Stanley C., additional, Winterton, Shaun L., additional, Wood, David L., additional, Wootton, Robin J., additional, Yack, Jayne, additional, Zablotny, James E., additional, Zill, Sasha N., additional, and Zwick, Peter, additional

Published
2009
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35. Hiding in Plain Sight: An Abundant and Widespread North American Horse Fly (Diptera: Tabanidae) in the Tabanus sulcifronsGroup, Tabanus variegatusFabricius, Redescribed

Author

Mullens, Bradley A, Trout Fryxell, Rebecca, Masonick, Paul K, Yanega, Douglas A, and Davis, Travis M

Abstract

Tabanus variegatusF. 1805 has been called by the name Tabanus sulcifronsMacquart 1855for over 80 yr; T. variegatusis one of the most common large horse flies attacking livestock in much of the southeastern U.S. Morphological, ecological, and molecular evidence indicates that T. variegatusis a distinct species, and we redescribe the female and describe the male. The Fabricius holotype, heavily damaged after over nearly 220 yr, is nevertheless taxonomically sound. Morphology (size, color, palp shape, and r5wing cell shape) can usually distinguish T. variegatusfrom T. sulcifrons, but some specimens remain difficult to separate, especially in and west of the Mississippi River Valley. Using geometric morphometric analyses of the wing vein arrangement and palp shape the two species are significantly different. The wings of T. variegatusfemales also have more microsetae and sometimes a “frosty” appearance. Where they are common and sympatric, as in eastern Tennessee, they are temporally separated such that T. variegatusflies later (August-October) than T. sulcifrons(June-August), minimizing opportunity for gene flow. Museum specimens allow the approximate range of T. variegatusto be compared with that of T. sulcifronss.l.; T. variegatusis particularly abundant from the coast of the Carolinas and Georgia east to central Tennessee and south to about central Alabama. DNA evidence (COI gene) recovers T. variegatusand T. sulcifronss.s. in separate clades. Further studies on the T. sulcifronscomplex are needed to fully resolve the range of both species, assess the degree of genetic substructuring, and examine relationships with other members of the T. sulcifronscomplex.

Published
2022
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36. MOESM1 of Laboratory evaluation of stable isotope labeling of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) for adult dispersal studies

Author

McDermott, Emily, Mullens, Bradley, Mayo, Christie, E. Roark, Maupin, Christopher, Gerry, Alec, and Hamer, Gabriel

Abstract

Additional file 1: Table S1. Pools and pool sizes of emerged adult C. sonorensis analyzed for stable isotope enrichment. Table S2. Mixed pools of labeled and control C. sonorensis analyzed for stable isotope enrichment to determine whether labeled midges were detectable in groups of unlabeled midges.

Published
2019
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37. CONTRIBUTORS

Author

Adler, Peter H., primary, Akre, Roger D., additional, Brenner, Richard J., additional, Catts, E. Paul, additional, Durden, Lance A., additional, Foster, Woodbridge A., additional, Gerhardt, Reid R., additional, Gupta, Raj K., additional, Hall, Robert D., additional, Krinsky, William L., additional, Lane, Robert S., additional, Lloyd, John E., additional, McCreadie, John W., additional, Moon, Roger D., additional, Mullen, Gary R., additional, Mullens, Bradley A., additional, Nicholson, William L., additional, OConnor, Barry M., additional, Reed, Hal D., additional, Reisen, William K., additional, Rutledge, Louis C., additional, Sonenshine, Daniel E., additional, Stockwell, Scott A., additional, Traub, Robert, additional, and Walker, Edward D., additional

Published
2002
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