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Currently, DSC has been extensively studied in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of brain lymphoma, but it has not obtained a uniform standard. By combining DSC imaging features, this study investigated the imaging features and diagnostic value of several types of tumors such as primary brain lymphoma. At the same time, this study obtained data from brain lymphoma patients by data collection and set up different groups to conduct experimental studies to explore the correlation between IVIM-MRI perfusion parameters and DSC perfusion parameters in brain lymphoma. Through experimental research, it can be seen that the combination of two perfusion imaging techniques can more fully reflect the blood flow properties of the lesion, which is beneficial to determine the nature of the lesion.

Three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (3 D-FLAIR) and real inversion-recovery (3 D-real IR) sequences are used to detect endolymphatic hydrops (EH), but medium inversion-time inversion-recovery imaging with magnitude reconstruction (MIIRMR) may be more sensitive.We investigated the inner-ear visualisation success rate and EH detection rates of 3 D-FLAIR and 3 D-real IR, and whether salvage MIIRMR could improve EH detection.Fifty-one patients (102 ears) with episodic or chronic vestibular syndrome were injected intra-tympanically with 8-fold diluted gadolinium, and 3 D-FLAIR and 3 D-real IR images obtained 24-h post-injection. If 3 D-FLAIR inner-ear visualisation failed, additional MIIRMR was performed. The success and EH detection rate increase by MIIRMR was calculated. The diagnostic performance of combined MIIRMR + 3D-FLAIR + 3D-real IR for Meniere's disease (MD) was evaluated.The success rates of 3 D-FLAIR and 3 D-real IR were 88.90% and 72.55%, respectively. MIIRMR increased the success and EH detection rates by 11.10% and 6.86%, respectively. In MD, MIIRMR increased these rates by 10.53% and 10.53%, respectively. 3 D-FLAIR + 3D-real IR + MIIRMR had 92.11% sensitivity, 79.68% specificity, 72.92% positive-predictive value, and 94.44% negative-predictive value for MD diagnosis.MIIRMR can improve success and EH detection rates when 3 D-FLAIR fails. Combined MIIRMR + 3D-FLAIR + 3D-real IR is more valuable for diagnosing MD than conventional sequences.

Background: Antiangiogenic therapy may transiently “normalize” the tumor vasculature to increase the effect of chemoradiotherapy. The present study confirmed the combination of antiangiogenic therapy with chemoradiotherapy provides a promising strategy for the improvement of the prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) patients. Recombinant human endostatin (RHES) is a new type of antiangiogenic agent. Radiomics is a new method to study tumor heterogeneity, and it can evaluate tumor heterogeneity and biological characteristics by screening these features and constructing models. This study was aimed at investigating the capability of an MRI radiomics model based on pre-treatment texture features in predicting the efficacy of RHES + concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for NPC.Methods:In total, we retrospectively enrolled 65 patients newly diagnosed as having NPC and treated with RHES + CCRT. 144 texture features were extracted from the MRI before RHES+CCRT treatment of all the NPC patients. The maximum relevance minimum redundancy (mRMR) method was used to remove redundant, irrelevant texture features, and calculate the Rad score of the primary tumor. Multivariable logistic regression was used to select the most predictive features subset, and prediction models were constructed, which included radiomics models, clinics models, and combined models. The performance of the three models in predicting the early response of RHES + CCRT for NPC was explored.Result:The diagnostic efficiency of combined model and radiomics model in distinguishing between the groups was found to be moderate. The area under the curve (AUC) of the combined model and radiomics model was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.62–0.86) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.58–0.84), respectively, with both being higher than the AUC of the clinics model (0.63, 95% CI: 0.49–0.78). Compared with the pure radiomics model, the combined model showed marginally improved diagnostic performance in predicting RHES + CCRT treatment response. The accuracy of combined model and radiomics model for RHES + CCRT response assessment in NPC were higher than those of the clinics model (0.723, 0.723 vs. 0.677). Conclusion:The pretreatment MRI based radiomics can predict RHES + CCRT response in patients with NPC with a better accuracy than the clinics model.

Currently, DSC has been extensively studied in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prognosis evaluation of brain lymphoma, but it has not obtained a uniform standard. By combining DSC imaging features, this study investigated the imaging features and diagnostic value of several types of tumors such as primary brain lymphoma. At the same time, this study obtained data from brain lymphoma patients by data collection and set up different groups to conduct experimental studies to explore the correlation between IVIMMRI perfusion parameters and DSC perfusion parameters in brain lymphoma. Through experimental research, it can be seen that the combination of two perfusion imaging techniques can more fully reflect the blood flow properties of the lesion, which is beneficial to determine the nature of the lesion.

Background: Brain functional alterations have been observed in children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss (CSNHL). The purpose of this study was to assess the alterations of regional homogeneity in children with CSNHL.Methods: Forty-five children with CSNHL and 20 healthy controls were enrolled into this study. Brain resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) for regional homogeneity including the Kendall coefficient consistency (KCC-ReHo) and the coherence-based parameter (Cohe-ReHo) was analyzed and compared between the two groups, i.e., the CSNHL group and the healthy control group.Results: Compared to the healthy controls, children with CSNHL showed increased Cohe-ReHo values in left calcarine and decreased values in bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Children with CSNHL also had increased KCC-ReHo values in the left calcarine, cuneus, precentral gyrus, and right superior parietal lobule (SPL) and decreased values in the left VLPFC and right DLPFC. Correlations were detected between the ReHo values and age of the children with CSNHL. There were positive correlations between ReHo values in the pre-cuneus/pre-frontal cortex and age (p < 0.05). There were negative correlations between ReHo values in bilateral temporal lobes, fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and precentral gyrus, and age (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Children with CSNHL had RoHo alterations in the auditory, visual, motor, and other related brain cortices as compared to the healthy controls with normal hearing. There were significant correlations between ReHo values and age in brain regions involved in information integration and processing. Our study showed promising data using rs-fMRI ReHo parameters to assess brain functional alterations in children with CSNHL.

Purpose Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis(BBE) is considered a scarce variant of Miller-Fisher syndrome(MFS) and Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) but accounts for a significant proportion of brainstem encephalitis.Detailed knowledge of their neuroimaging manifestations is of paramount importance for a correct early diagnosis and proper management of the affected patients.In this study,We sought to characterize neuroimaging findings,including the morphology and manifestation of advanced MR imaging and differential diagnosis.Methods Seven BBE patients (5 males,2 females; mean age 42.5 ± 5.7 years,range 17 to 63 years) were retrospectively studied using conventional MRI (T1- and T2- weighted,FLAIR sequences,postcontrast T1-weighted images) and advanced MRI such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and the MRS ratio were calculated in lesion regions.Results1. The distribution of these lesions typically include bilateral and symmetrical involvement of the mesencephalon,thalamus,tegmentum,infratentorial periaqueductal region,and the periventricular region surrounding the third and fourth ventricles involving white and gray matter; additional supratentorial white matter is not involved.2. MRI axial T2-weighted images and FLAIR sequences showed nearly symmetrical hyperintense signal changes with slightly spotty,patchy,or confluent homogeneous enhancement on postcontrast T1-weighted images without necrosis or hemorrhage.3. DWI signal was enhanced,and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map signal was slightly increased.ADC values of BBE lesions were in the range of 1.21 to 1.67 × 10−3 mm/s2 (mean 1.38 ± 0.66 × 10−3 mm/s2).4. Proton MR spectrum showed a slight increase in choline and a relative decrease in NAA peak,while Lipid and Lac doublet were not detected.Conclusion Advanced MRI imaging can provide important physiological and metabolic information of BBE and complement the morphological findings of the clinical conventional MRI.

This study aimed to assess the processing of clicks and tone pips in the auditory brainstem of tree shrews and analyze the long-term evolution of postlesion plasticity in the auditory system and its ability to self-repair.The auditory brainstem response (ABR) was measured in the normal control group (n=10) and the electrolytic damage group (n=10) before and 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 25 d after electrolytic damage. Recordings were performed under closed-field conditions using clicks and tone pips, followed by statistical analysis of the ABR threshold, amplitude and latency.The results were as follows: (1) After electrolytic damage to the tree shrew medial geniculate body (MGB), the latency and amplitude of ABR waveforms from the left ear changed from 0 h to 25 d. All parameters were lower at 25 d than they were preoperatively. The amplitude of ABR wave VI (using click sound stimulation) decreased or disappeared in both ears. (2) The ABR threshold was significantly different in both ears at 72 h postoperatively compared with preoperatively (0 h) (P0.05) but recovered by 25 d.Based on these results, we conclude the following: (1) The origin of wave VI in tree shrews may be associated with the MGB. After electrolytic damage to the MGB, the changes in the ABR waveforms at different frequencies indicated that the MGB nucleus had a certain characteristic frequency. (2) Unilateral injury to the MGB can lead to similar levels of hearing impairment in both ears.

Purpose：In this study, the aim was to assess the imaging features and radiomics of microvascular infiltration (MVI) of primary liver cancer (PLC) under the control of a seven-point pathological sampling method.Methods: The data of 37 patients with PLC who underwent surgical resection in our hospital from October 2018 to September 2019 were retrospectively collected. Postoperative pathological specimens were collected using a seven-point sampling method to determine the presence of MVI. Preoperative CT and MRI scans were performed to characterize the tumors. Findings from the imaging studies were imported into the radiomics platform, and 70% and 30% of the data were randomly assigned to the training and validation sets, respectively. Lastly, support vector machine (SVM) classifiers were used to classify liver lesions into their respective pathological types.Results: Differences in tumor morphology and satellite lesions were statistically significant between the MVI positive and MVI negative groups on CT images. On MRI, there were statistically significant differences between the MVI positive and MVI negative groups in peripheral enhancement of the arterial phase (AP) and peripheral low signal in the hepatobiliary phase (HBP). In the radiomics analysis, the imaging features extracted from the AP had strong predictive power in both groups (CT and MRI). For the phase images, 15 and 12 valuable features from CT and MRI were selected to develop the radiomics signature, respectively. The AUCs of the training set were 0.965 (sensitivity: 0.979; specificity: 0.931; precision: 0.939) and 0.962 (sensitivity: 0.963; specificity: 0.897; precision: 0.923) , the validation set were 0.842 (sensitivity: 0.967; specificity: 0.733; precision: 0.714) and 0.769 (sensitivity: 0.846; specificity: 0.727; precision: 0.727). The PVP also performed well on CT (AUC: 0.851/0.891) and MRI (AUC: 0.886/0.846). The predictive power was not enhanced by combining the features of multi-phase images.Conclusions: This was a controlled study on preoperative CT and MRI imaging and radiomics based on a seven-point pathological sampling method can avoid false-negative results caused by traditional pathological sampling. The imaging analysis results obtained and the radiomics prediction model established in this study may be more accurate than conventional models.

Extraventricular neurocytoma (EVN) is an exceedingly rare tumor. In this study, we sought to characterize the imaging and pathological features of this uncommon tumor. Retrospective review of 18 patients (9 male; 9 female) with pathologically confirmed EVN treated at a single center between 2005 and 2017. All patients had a solitary lesion. Sixteen lesions were found in hemispheres. The greatest tumor diameter ranged from 2.6 to 8 cm. The lesions were generally solid with cystic components; the solid portion appeared isodense or hyperdense on CT, isointense to hypointense on T1WI, and slightly hyperintense on T2WI. Heterogeneous hyperintensity interspersed with isointense or hypointense areas suggestive of hemorrhage, calcification or vascular flow voids were seen on T2WI. Heterogeneous enhancement was noted in 17 lesions; no enhancement was observed in one lesion. Cystic components were observed in 13 lesions; 9 of these showed characteristic perilesional cysts (9/13). Mild to moderate peritumoral edema (15/18), calcification (4/16), intratumoral hemorrhage (11/18) and vascular flow voids (10/16) were observed in some lesions. Pathologically, tumor cells showed round nucleus and fine neuropil matrix. Foci of calcification in the solid portion of the tumor were seen in five cases. Microcystic changes were observed in almost all cases. Some lesions exhibited positive staining for synaptophysin (Syn) (15/16) and neuronal nuclei (NeuN) (7/8). MIB-1 was determined for 10 patients; seven of these had an MIB-1 ≥ 3. These six patients experienced recurrence; four of them relapsed twice. EVNs occur as single intracranial solid mass with cystic components (especially peripherally located cysts); solid portion exhibits slight hyperintensity or heterogeneous signal intensity. Mild to moderate peritumoral edema, calcification, intratumoral hemorrhage and vascular flow voids were characteristic features of extraventricular neurocytoma. Positive staining for synaptophysin and neuronal nuclei confirmed the diagnosis. A combination of atypical pathologic features and atypical radiologic features should be considered for prognostic assessment.

ObjectivesTo assess the microstructural properties of cerebral white matter in children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss (CSNHL).MethodsChildren (>4 years of age) with profound CSNHL and healthy controls with normal hearing (the control group) were enrolled and underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI parameters including fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity were obtained from a whole-brain tract-based spatial statistics analysis and were compared between the two groups. In addition, a region of interest (ROI) approach focusing on auditory cortex, i.e., Heschl’s gyrus, using visual cortex, i.e., forceps major as an internal control, was performed. Correlations between mean DTI values and age were obtained with the ROI method.ResultsThe study cohort consisted of 23 children with CSHNL (11 boys and 12 girls; mean age ± SD: 7.21 ± 2.67 years; range: 4.1–13.5 years) and 18 children in the control group (11 boys and 7 girls; mean age ± SD: 10.86 ± 3.56 years; range: 4.5–15.3 years). We found the axial diffusivity values being significantly greater in the left anterior thalamic radiation, right corticospinal tract, and corpus callosum in the CSHNL group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Significantly higher radial diffusivity values in the white matter tracts were noted in the CSHNL group as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The fractional anisotropy values in the Heschl’s gyrus in the CSNHL group were lower compared to the control group (p = 0.0015). There was significant negative correlation between the mean fractional anisotropy values in Heschl’s gyrus and age in the CSNHL group < 7 years of age (r = −0.59, p = 0.004).ConclusionOur study showed higher axial and radial diffusivities in the children affected by CNHNL as compared to the hearing children. We also found lower fractional anisotropy values in the Heschl’s gyrus in the CSNHL group. Furthermore, we identified negative correlation between the fractional anisotropy values and age up to 7 years in the children born deaf. Our study findings suggest that myelination and axonal structure may be affected due to acoustic deprivation. This information may help to monitor hearing rehabilitation in the deaf children.

Neuroimaging data have demonstrated brain functional alterations in patients with somatization disorder (SD). However, there is little information on interhemispheric resting-state functional connectivity (FC) in SD. In this study, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) were applied to examine the changes of interhemispheric FC of the whole brain in patients with SD. A total of 25 first-episode, medication-naive SD patients and 28 age-, sex-, education-matched healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state fMRI, and the data were analyzed by VMHC. Compared with HC, patients had lower VMHC in the angular gyrus/supramarginal gyrus (AG/SG) and insula. The reproducibility of the results was validated using the split-half and leave-one-out validations. No significant correlation was found between the VMHC in AG/SG or insula and clinical variables. Our findings indicate that the interhemispheric FC in the AG/SG and insula is decreased in first-episode, treatment-naive patients with SD, and thus provide new insight for disruption of interhemispheric FC in the pathophysiological mechanism of SD.

Background Structural and functional abnormalities of the default mode network (DMN) and their correlations with personality have been found in somatization disorder (SD). However, no study is conducted to identify regional neural activity and its correlations with personality in SD. In this study, regional homogeneity (ReHo) was applied to explore whether abnormal regional neural activity is present in patients with SD and its correlations with personality measured by Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Methods Twenty-five first-episode, treatment-naive patients with SD and 28 sex-, age-, and education-matched healthy controls participated in the whole study. During the scanning, all subjects were instructed to lie still with their eyes closed and remain awake. A ReHo approach was employed to analyze the data. Results The SD group had a significantly increased ReHo in the left angular gyrus (AG) compared to healthy controls. The increased ReHo positively correlated to the neuroticism scores of EPQ (EPQ-N). No other correlations were detected between the ReHo values and other related factors, such as symptom severity and education level. Conclusions Our results suggest that abnormal regional neural activity of the DMN may play a key role in SD with clinical implications and emphasize the importance of the DMN in the pathophysiological process of SD.

Background: Evidence of brain structural and functional alterations have been implicated in patients with somatization disorder (SD). However, little is known about brain functional connectivity in SD. In the present study, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and graph theory were used to obtain a comprehensive view of whole-brain functional connectivity and to investigate the changes of voxel-wise functional networks in patients with SD. Methods: Twenty-five first-episode, medication-naive patients with SD and 28 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state fMRI. The graph theory approach was employed to analyze the data. Results: Compared to the HCs, patients with SD showed significantly increased functional connectivity strength in the right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). There is a significant positive correlation between the z-values of the cluster in the right ITG and Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that there is a disruption of the functional connectivity pattern in the right ITG in first-episode, treatment-naive patients with SD, which bears clinical significance.

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is shown to have structural and functional abnormalities in specific brain areas and connections by recent neuroimaging studies. However, little is known about the alterations of the interhemispheric resting-state functional connectivity (FC) in patients with MDD. In the present study, we used a newly developed voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) method to investigate the interhemispheric FC of the whole brain in patients with MDD at rest. Methods Twenty-four first-episode, drug-naive patients with MDD and 24 age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy subjects underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An automated VMHC approach was used to analyze the data. Results Patients with MDD showed lower VMHC than healthy subjects in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus (PCC/PCu), two core regions within default mode network (DMN). Both left and right MPFC showed reduced FC with the other frontal areas and with right anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC), while PCC/PCu exhibited abnormal FC with the frontal areas and thalamus in patient group. Significant positive correlation was observed between VMHC in MPFC and persistent error response of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST-Pre) in patients. Further ROC analysis revealed that VMHC in the MPFC and PCC/PCu could be used to differentiate the patients from healthy subjects with relatively high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions Our results suggest that decreased VMHC in brain regions within DMN may underlie the pathogenesis of MDD.

Background While the default-mode network (DMN) appears to play a crucial role in patients suffering from somatization disorder (SD), the abnormalities of the network homogeneity (NH) of the DMN in SD patients have been poorly explored. The aim of this study is to examine DMN NH using an NH approach in patients suffering from SD at rest and determine its correlations with personality as measured by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Methods A total of 25 drug-naive patients with SD and 28 sex-, age-, and education-matched healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scans at rest. The data were analyzed by an automated NH method. Results Patients showed increased NH in the left superior frontal gyrus and decreased NH in the bilateral precuneus. Moreover, a significantly negative correlation was observed between the NH values in the bilateral precuneus and the EPQ­-Neuroticism scores. Limitations The present study should be considered preliminary due to a lenient, uncorrected threshold of p Conclusions The results suggest that abnormal DMN NH exists in drug-naive SD and further highlight the importance of the DMN in the pathophysiology of SD.

White matter (WM) abnormality in somatization disorder (SD) has not been reported yet. This study was designed to elucidate the alterations in WM integrity in SD. A total of 25 patients with SD and 28 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. WM integrity was analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics. No differences were found between the patients and the controls for fractional anisotropy (FA) values, mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity values at the corrected p

Background Patients with somatization disorder (SD) have altered neural activity in the brain regions of the default mode network (DMN). However, the regional alteration of the DMN in SD remains unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the regional alterations of the DMN in patients with SD at rest. Methods Twenty-five first-episode, medication-naive patients with SD and 28 age-, sex-, education- matched healthy controls underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) was applied to analyze the data. Results Patients with SD showed a dissociation pattern of resting-state fALFF in the DMN, with increased fALFF in the bilateral superior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC, BA8, 9) and decreased fALFF in the left precuneus (PCu, BA7). Furthermore, significantly positive correlation was observed between the z values of the voxels within the bilateral superior MPFC and somatization subscale scores of the Symptom Check List (SCL-90) in patients with SD. Conclusions Our findings indicate that there is a dissociation pattern of the anterior and posterior DMN in first-episode, treatment-naive patients with SD. The results provide new insight for the importance of the DMN in the pathophysiology of SD.