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We prove a generalization of the Bers' simultaneous uniformization theorem in the world of algebraic correspondences. More precisely, we construct algebraic correspondences that simultaneously uniformize a pair of non-homeomorphic genus zero orbifolds. We also present a complex-analytic realization of the Teichm\"uller space of a punctured sphere in the space of correspondences., Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures. The expository part of the article is based on arXiv:2103.00835, arXiv:2304.12699, and arXiv:2408.00204

In this paper, we study matings of (anti-)polynomials and Fuchsian, reflection groups as Schwarz reflections, B-involutions or as (anti-)holomorphic correspondences, as well as their parameter spaces. We prove the existence of matings of generic (anti-)polynomials, such as periodically repelling, or geometrically finite (anti-)polynomials, with circle maps arising from the corresponding groups. These matings emerge naturally as degenerate (anti-)polynomial-like maps, and we show that the corresponding parameter space slices for such matings bear strong resemblance with parameter spaces of polynomial maps. Furthermore, we provide algebraic descriptions for these matings, and construct algebraic correspondences that combine generic (anti-)polynomials and genus zero orbifolds in a common dynamical plane, providing a new concrete evidence to Fatou's vision of a unified theory of groups and maps.

We prove that any degree $d$ rational map having a parabolic fixed point of multiplier $1$ with a fully invariant and simply connected immediate basin of attraction is mateable with the Hecke group $H_{d+1}$, with the mating realized by an algebraic correspondence. This solves the parabolic version of the Bullett-Freiberger Conjecture from 2003 on mateability between rational maps and Hecke groups. The proof is in two steps. The first is the construction of a pinched polynomial-like map which is a mating between a parabolic rational map and a parabolic circle map associated to the Hecke group. The second is lifting this pinched polynomial-like map to an algebraic correspondence via a suitable branched covering.

The goal of this survey is to present intimate interactions between four branches of conformal dynamics: iterations of anti-rational maps, actions of Kleinian reflection groups, dynamics generated by Schwarz reflections in quadrature domains, and algebraic correspondences. We start with several examples of Schwarz reflections as well as algebraic correspondences obtained by matings between anti-rational maps and reflection groups, and examples of Julia set realizations for limit sets of reflection groups (including classical Apollonian-like gaskets). We follow up these examples with dynamical relations between explicit Schwarz reflection parameter spaces and parameter spaces of anti-rational maps and of reflection groups. These are complemented by a number of general results and illustrations of important technical tools, such as David surgery and straightening techniques. We also collect several analytic applications of the above theory., Comment: Survey article, 89 pgs, 34 figs

There are two frameworks for mating Kleinian groups with rational maps on the Riemann sphere: the algebraic correspondence framework due to Bullett-Penrose-Lomonaco \cite{BP94,BL20a} and the simultaneous uniformization mating framework of \cite{MM1}. The current paper unifies and generalizes these two frameworks in the case of principal hyperbolic components. To achieve this, we extend the mating framework of \cite{MM1} to genus zero hyperbolic orbifolds with at most one orbifold point of order $\nu \geq 3$ and at most one orbifold point of order two. We give an explicit description of the resulting conformal matings in terms of uniformizing rational maps. Using these rational maps, we construct correspondences that are matings of such hyperbolic orbifold groups (including the modular group) with polynomials in principal hyperbolic components. We also define an algebraic parameter space of correspondences and construct an analog of a Bers slice of the above orbifolds in this parameter space., Comment: 48 pgs, 10 figs

In this paper, we bring together four different branches of antiholomorphic dynamics: of global anti-rational maps, reflection groups, Schwarz reflections in quadrature domains, and antiholomorphic correspondences. We establish the first general realization theorems for bi-degree $d$:$d$ correspondences on the Riemann sphere (for $d\geq 2$) as matings of maps and groups. To achieve this, we introduce and study the dynamics of a general class of antiholomorphic correspondences; i.e., multi-valued maps with antiholomorphic local branches. Such correspondences are closely related to a class of single-valued antiholomorphic maps in one complex variable; namely, Schwarz reflection maps of simply connected quadrature domains. Using this connection, we prove that matings of all parabolic antiholomorphic rational maps with connected Julia sets (of arbitrary degree) and antiholomorphic analogues of Hecke groups can be realized as such correspondences. We also draw the same conclusion when parabolic maps are replaced with critically non-recurrent antiholomorphic polynomials with connected Julia sets., Comment: Final version, 52 pages, 11 figures

The Sullivan dictionary between Kleinian groups and rational dynamics describes striking similarities between the fields, both in terms of the objects of study as well as the techniques used. We give an expository account of a recent bridge between the two sides of the dictionary by describing a framework for combining a Fuchsian group with a complex polynomial into a single dynamical system on the Riemann sphere., Comment: 39 pgs, 10 figures. This is an expository paper, partly based on arXiv:2103.00835v1. Some of the examples from arXiv:2103.00835 have now been taken out and moved into the present article. To appear in the 80th birthday volume of Dennis Sullivan, edited by Basmajian, Koberda, Papadopoulos, Seade and Zeinalian, EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences

In a previous paper, we constructed an explicit dynamical correspondence between certain Kleinian reflection groups and certain anti-holomorphic rational maps on the Riemann sphere. In this paper, we show that their deformation spaces share many striking similarities. We establish an analogue of Thurston's compactness theorem for critically fixed anti-rational maps. We also characterize how deformation spaces interact with each other and study the monodromy representations of the union of all deformation spaces., Comment: 56 pages, 13 figures. Final version, to appear in Geom. Funct. Anal

The aim of this article is to give a survey of combination theorems occurring in hyperbolic geometry, geometric group theory and complex dynamics, with a particular focus on Thurston's contribution and influence in the field., Comment: Final version, 47 pages, 9 figures. Parts of the survey are based on the papers arXiv:math/0611601, arXiv:0912.2715, arXiv:1901.02170 (for combination theorems in geometric group theory), and arXiv:2007.02429, arXiv:2010.11256, arXiv:2103.00835 (for combination theorems at the interface of complex dynamics and Kleinian groups)

We develop a new orbit equivalence framework for holomorphically mating the dynamics of complex polynomials with that of Kleinian surface groups. We show that the only torsion-free Fuchsian groups that can be thus mated are punctured sphere groups. We describe a new class of maps that are topologically orbit equivalent to Fuchsian punctured sphere groups. We call these higher Bowen-Series maps. The existence of this class ensures that the Teichm\"uller space of matings has one component corresponding to Bowen-Series maps and one corresponding to higher Bowen-Series maps. We also show that, unlike in higher dimensions, topological orbit equivalence rigidity fails for Fuchsian groups acting on the circle. We also classify the collection of Kleinian Bers boundary groups that are mateable in our framework., Comment: v 2: 70 pages, 9 figures; final version, accepted in Proceedings of the London Math. Soc. Some examples and expository details from the earlier version have now been moved to arXiv:2302.09827

We provide a David extension result for circle homeomorphisms conjugating two dynamical systems such that parabolic periodic points go to parabolic periodic points, but hyperbolic points can go to parabolics as well. We use this result, in particular, to prove the existence of a new class of welding homeomorphisms, to establish an explicit dynamical connection between critically fixed anti-rational maps and kissing reflection groups, to show conformal removability of the Julia sets of geometrically finite polynomials and of the limit sets of necklace reflection groups, to produce matings of anti-polynomials and necklace reflection groups, and to give a new proof of the existence of Suffridge polynomials (extremal points in certain spaces of univalent maps)., Comment: Reorganized, and new sections added

In [M3], Milnor found Tricorn-like sets in the parameter space of real cubic polynomials. We give a rigorous definition of these Tricorn-like sets as suitable renormalization loci, and show that the dynamically natural straightening map from such a Tricorn-like set to the original Tricorn is discontinuous. We also prove some rigidity theorems for polynomial parabolic germs, which state that one can recover unicritical holomorphic and anti-holomorphic polynomials from their parabolic germs., Comment: Same as published version. Part I is available at arXiv:1605.08061v5

In this paper, we establish an explicit correspondence between kissing reflection groups and critically fixed anti-rational maps. The correspondence, which is expressed using simple planar graphs, has several dynamical consequences. As an application of this correspondence, we give complete answers to geometric mating problems for critically fixed anti-rational maps., Comment: 49 pages, 14 figures. The last two sections of v1 are moved to the sequel of this paper. Final version, to appear in Forum of Math. Sigma

We construct embeddings of Bers slices of ideal polygon reflection groups into the classical family of univalent functions $\Sigma$. This embedding is such that the conformal mating of the reflection group with the anti-holomorphic polynomial $z\mapsto\overline{z}^d$ is the Schwarz reflection map arising from the corresponding map in $\Sigma$. We characterize the image of this embedding in $\Sigma$ as a family of univalent rational maps. Moreover, we show that the limit set of every Kleinian reflection group in the closure of the Bers slice is naturally homeomorphic to the Julia set of an anti-holomorphic polynomial., Comment: Figure 1 added to illustrate the main result, and some other minor changes to the introduction

According to the Circle Packing Theorem, any triangulation of the Riemann sphere can be realized as a nerve of a circle packing. Reflections in the dual circles generate a Kleinian group $H$ whose limit set is an Apollonian-like gasket $\Lambda_H$. We design a surgery that relates $H$ to a rational map $g$ whose Julia set $\mathcal{J}_g$ is (non-quasiconformally) homeomorphic to $\Lambda_H$. We show for a large class of triangulations, however, the groups of quasisymmetries of $\Lambda_H$ and $\mathcal{J}_g$ are isomorphic and coincide with the corresponding groups of self-homeomorphisms. Moreover, in the case of $H$, this group is equal to the group of M\"obius symmetries of $\Lambda_H$, which is the semi-direct product of $H$ itself and the group of M\"obius symmetries of the underlying circle packing. In the case of the tetrahedral triangulation (when $\Lambda_ H$ is the classical Apollonian gasket), we give a piecewise affine model for the above actions which is quasiconformally equivalent to $g$ and produces $H$ by a David surgery. We also construct a mating between the group and the map coexisting in the same dynamical plane and show that it can be generated by Schwarz reflections in the deltoid and the inscribed circle., Comment: 54 pages, 14 figures, final accepted version

We study rational functions $f$ of degree $d+1$ such that $f$ is univalent in the exterior unit disc, and the image of the unit circle under $f$ has the maximal number of cusps ($d+1$) and double points $(d-2)$. We introduce a bi-angled tree associated to any such $f$. It is proven that any bi-angled tree is realizable by such an $f$, and moreover, $f$ is essentially uniquely determined by its associated bi-angled tree. This combinatorial classification is used to show that such $f$ are in natural 1:1 correspondence with anti-holomorphic polynomials of degree $d$ with $d-1$ distinct, fixed critical points (classified by their Hubbard trees).

In this paper, we continue exploration of the dynamical and parameter planes of one-parameter families of Schwarz reflections that was initiated in \cite{LLMM1,LLMM2}. Namely, we consider a family of quadrature domains obtained by restricting the Chebyshev cubic polynomial to various univalent discs. Then we perform a quasiconformal surgery that turns these reflections to parabolic rational maps (which is the crucial technical ingredient of our theory). It induces a straightening map between the parameter plane of Schwarz reflections and the parabolic Tricorn. We describe various properties of this straightening highlighting the issues related to its anti-holomorphic nature. We complete the discussion by comparing our family with the classical Bullett-Penrose family of matings between groups and rational maps induced by holomorphic correspondences. More precisely, we show that the Schwarz reflections give rise to anti-holomorphic correspondences that are matings of parabolic anti-rational maps with the abstract modular group. We further illustrate our mating framework by studying the correspondence associated with the Schwarz reflection map of a deltoid., Comment: Same as published version

We continue our exploration of the family $\mathcal{S}$ of Schwarz reflection maps with respect to the cardioid and a circle which was initiated in our earlier work. We prove that there is a natural combinatorial bijection between the geometrically finite maps of this family and those of the basilica limb of the Tricorn, which is the connectedness locus of quadratic anti-holomorphic polynomials. We also show that every geometrically finite map in $\mathcal{S}$ arises as a conformal mating of a unique geometrically finite quadratic anti-holomorphic polynomial and a reflection map arising from the ideal triangle group. We then follow up with a combinatorial mating description for the periodically repelling maps in $\mathcal{S}$. Finally, we show that the locally connected topological model of the connectedness locus of $\mathcal{S}$ is naturally homeomorphic to such a model of the basilica limb of the Tricorn., Comment: This is a sequel to the paper "Dynamics of Schwarz reflections: the mating phenomena", available at arXiv:1811.04979v3. Final version, to appear in "Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble)"

We initiate the exploration of a new class of anti-holomorphic dynamical systems generated by Schwarz reflection maps associated with quadrature domains. More precisely, we study Schwarz reflection with respect to the deltoid, and Schwarz reflections with respect to the cardioid and a family of circumscribing circles. We describe the dynamical planes of the maps in question, and show that in many cases, they arise as unique conformal matings of quadratic anti-holomorphic polynomials and the ideal triangle group., Comment: Same as accepted version, to appear in "Ann. Sci. \'Ec. Norm. Sup\'er. (4)"

We construct new examples of cubic polynomials with a parabolic fixed point that cannot be approximated by Misiurewicz polynomials. In particular, such parameters admit maximal bifurcations, but do not belong to the support of the bifurcation measure.

One of the conspicuous features of real slices of bicritical rational maps is the existence of Tricorn-type hyperbolic components. Such a hyperbolic component is called invisible if the non-bifurcating sub-arcs on its boundary do not intersect the closure of any other hyperbolic component. Numerical evidence suggests an abundance of invisible Tricorn-type components in real slices of bicritical rational maps. In this paper, we study two different families of real bicritical maps and characterize invisible Tricorn-type components in terms of suitable topological properties in the dynamical planes of the representative maps. We use this criterion to prove the existence of infinitely many invisible Tricorn-type components in the corresponding parameter spaces. Although we write the proofs for two specific families, our methods apply to generic families of real bicritical maps., Comment: Same as published version

In \cite{BeEr}, Bergweiler and Eremenko computed the number of critical points of the Green's function on a torus by investigating the dynamics of a certain family of antiholomorphic meromorphic functions on tori. They also observed that hyperbolic maps are dense in this family of meromorphic functions in a rather trivial way. In this paper, we study the parameter space of this family of meromorphic functions, which can be written as antiholomorphic perturbations of Weierstrass Zeta functions. On the one hand, we give a complete topological description of the hyperbolic components and their boundaries, and on the other hand, we show that these sets admit natural parametrizations by associated dynamical invariants. This settles a conjecture, made in \cite{LW}, on the topology of the regions in the upper half plane $\mathbb{H}$ where the number of critical points of the Green's function remains constant.

The goal of this article is to prove a rigidity result for unicritical polynomials with parabolic cycles. More precisely, we show that if two unicritical polynomials have conformally conjugate parabolic germs, then the polynomials are affinely conjugate., Comment: Same as published version

It is well known that baby Mandelbrot sets are homeomorphic to the original one. We study baby Tricorns appearing in the Tricorn, which is the connectedness locus of quadratic anti-holomorphic polynomials, and show that the dynamically natural straightening map from a baby Tricorn to the original Tricorn is discontinuous at infinitely many explicit parameters. This is the first known example of discontinuity of straightening maps on a real two-dimensional slice of an analytic family of holomorphic polynomials. The proof of discontinuity is carried out by showing that all non-real umbilical cords of the Tricorn wiggle, which settles a conjecture made by various people including Hubbard, Milnor, and Schleicher., Comment: Same as published version. The original undivided version is available at: arXiv:1605.08061v3, and Part II is available at: arXiv:2010.01129. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1209.1753 by other authors

We prove a structure theorem for the multibrot sets, which are the higher degree analogues of the Mandelbrot set, and give a complete picture of the landing behavior of the rational parameter rays and the bifurcation phenomenon. Our proof is inspired by previous works of Schleicher and Milnor on the combinatorics of the Mandelbrot set; in particular, we make essential use of combinatorial tools such as orbit portraits and kneading sequences. However, we avoid the standard global counting arguments in our proof and replace them by local analytic arguments to show that the parabolic and the Misiurewicz parameters are landing points of rational parameter rays.

The boundaries of the hyperbolic components of odd period of the multicorns contain real-analytic arcs consisting of quasi-conformally conjugate parabolic parameters. One of the main results of this paper asserts that the Hausdorff dimension of the Julia sets is a real-analytic function of the parameter along these parabolic arcs. This is achieved by constructing a complex one-dimensional quasiconformal deformation space of the parabolic arcs which are contained in the dynamically defined algebraic curves $\mathrm{Per}_n(1)$ of a suitably complexified family of polynomials. As another application of this deformation step, we show that the dynamically natural parametrization of the parabolic arcs has a non-vanishing derivative at all but (possibly) finitely many points. We also look at the algebraic sets $\mathrm{Per}_n(1)$ in various families of polynomials, the nature of their singularities, and the `dynamical' behavior of these singular parameters., Comment: Same as the published version

It is well known that every rational parameter ray of the Mandelbrot set lands at a single parameter. We study the rational parameter rays of the multicorn $\mathcal{M}_d^*$, the connectedness locus of unicritical antiholomorphic polynomials of degree $d$, and give a complete description of their accumulation properties. One of the principal results is that the parameter rays accumulating on the boundaries of odd period (except period $1$) hyperbolic components of the multicorns do not land, but accumulate on arcs of positive length consisting of parabolic parameters. We also show the existence of undecorated real-analytic arcs on the boundaries of the multicorns, which implies that the centers of hyperbolic components do not accumulate on the entire boundary of $\mathcal{M}_d^*$, and the Misiurewicz parameters are not dense on the boundary of $\mathcal{M}_d^*$., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1209.1753 by other authors

Orbit portraits were introduced by Milnor as a combinatorial tool to describe the patterns of all periodic dynamical rays landing on a periodic cycle of a quadratic polynomial. This encodes information about the dynamics and the parameter spaces of these maps. We carry out a similar analysis for unicritical anti-polynomials and give an explicit description of the orbit portraits that can occur for such maps in terms of their characteristic angles, which turns out to be rather restricted when compared with the holomorphic case. Finally, we prove a realization theorem for these combinatorial objects. The results obtained in this paper serve as a combinatorial foundation for a detailed understanding of the combinatorics and topology of the parameter spaces of unicritical anti-polynomials and their connectedness loci, known as the multicorns.

The multicorns are the connectedness loci of unicritical antiholomorphic polynomials $\bar{z}^d + c$. We investigate the structure of boundaries of hyperbolic components: we prove that the structure of bifurcations from hyperbolic components of even period is as one would expect for maps that depend holomorphically on a complex parameter (for instance, as for the Mandelbrot set; in this setting, this is a non-obvious fact), while the bifurcation structure at hyperbolic components of odd period is very different. In particular, the boundaries of odd period hyperbolic components consist only of parabolic parameters, and there are bifurcations between hyperbolic components along entire arcs, but only of bifurcation ratio $2$. We also count the number of hyperbolic components of any period of the multicorns. Since antiholomorphic polynomials depend only real-analytically on the parameters, most of the techniques used in this paper are quite different from the ones used to prove the corresponding results in a holomorphic setting., Comment: Some proofs have been refined, and details have been added in others