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A versatile graphene epitaxy (GrapE) furnace has been designed and fabricated for the growth of epitaxial graphene (EG) on silicon carbide (SiC) in diverse growth environments ranging from high vacuum to atmospheric argon pressure. Radio-frequency induction enables heating capabilities up to 2000 °C, with controlled heating ramp rates achievable up to 200 °C/s. The details of critical design aspects and temperature characteristics of the GrapE system are discussed. The GrapE system, being automated, has enabled the growth of high-quality EG monolayers and turbostratic EG on SiC using diverse methodologies, such as confinement-controlled sublimation (CCS), open configuration, polymer-assisted CCS, and rapid thermal annealing. This showcases the versatility of the GrapE system in EG growth. Comprehensive characterizations involving atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and low-energy electron diffraction techniques were employed to validate the quality of the produced EG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic-field (B=0-1.5T) dependent thermoelectric power (TEP) of the Na-doped La[sub 0.7]Ca[sub 0.3-y]Na[sub y]MnO[sub 3] (0.0≤y≤0.3) system has been studied in the temperature range 80-300 K. X-ray diffraction studies indicate a rhombohedrally distorted perovskite structure of the samples. The observed sharp peak in the resistivity (ρ) versus temperature (T) curve falls and shifts to higher temperature with increasing Na concentration (y). In the low-temperature ferromagnetic (FM) regime, thermopower (Seebeck coefficient, S) obeys the expression S=S[sub 0] + S[sub 1.5]T[sup 1.5] + S[sub 4]T[sup 4] over the entire range of y. Electron-magnon scattering is found to dominate the low-temperature resistivity and TEP data. High-temperature TEP data can be well fitted with Mott's small polaron hopping model. The activation energy (E[sub S]) and polaron hopping energy (W[sub H]) decrease with increasing Na content. Both E[sub S] and W[sub H] decrease while polaron radius (r[sub p]) increase with the application of a magnetic field. Field-dependent TEP data also indicate the suppression of spin fluctuations in the presence of a magnetic field. In the low-temperature FM region, both magnon drag and phonon drag effects coexist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The palliative radiotherapeutic management of unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer is controversial, with various fractionation (Fx) schedules available. We aimed to determine patient’s choice of Fx schedule after involvement in a decision-making process using a decision board. A decision board outlining the various advantages and disadvantages apparent in the Medical Research Council study of Fx schedules (17 Gy in two fractions vs 39 Gy in 13 fractions) was discussed with patients who met Medical Research Council eligibility criteria. Patients were then asked to indicate their preferred Fx schedules, reasons and their level of satisfaction with being involved in the decision-making process. Radiation oncologists (RO) could prescribe radiotherapy schedules irrespective of patients’ preferences. Of 92 patients enrolled, 55% chose the longer schedule. English-speaking patients were significantly more likely to choose the longer schedule ( P = 0.02, 95% confidence interval: 1.2–7.6). Longer Fx was chosen because of longer survival (90%) and better local control (12%). Shorter Fx was chosen for shorter overall treatment duration (80%), cost (61%) and better symptom control (20%). In all, 56% of patients choosing the shorter schedule had their treatment altered by the treating RO, whereas only 4% of patients choosing longer Fx had their treatment altered ( P < 0.001). Despite this, all (100%) patients were satisfied with being involved in the decision-making process. The decision board was useful in aiding decision-making, with both Fx schedules being acceptable to patients. Interestingly, despite the longer average survival associated with longer Fx, nearly half of the patients believed that this was not as important as a shorter duration of treatment and lower cost. Despite patients’ preferences, there were significant alterations of preferred schedules because of RO’s own biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice bran protein concentrates were prepared from full-fat and defatted raw rice bran. Selected functional properties, viz. nitrogen solubility, emulsification properties, and foaming properties were measured over the pH range 2.0 to 10.5 and in three dispersion media including water, 0.1M NaCl (low salt) and 1.0M NaCl (high salt). Below and above the isoelectric pH (4.5) the nitrogen solubility increased. Higher pH enhanced the nitrogen solubility and, thereby, considerably improved the functional properties. In higher salt concentration, nitrogen solubility was reduced which also altered the properties of emulsification and foaming. Multiple regression analysis showed that pH was the primary determinant of nitrogen solubility, emulsification and foaming properties. Multiple regression models including pH, salt concentration and nitrogen solubility as independent variables were found to be more accurate in predicting other functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life in Breton villages (in France) is generally regarded as based on a traditionally primitive economy, and representing the age-old social forms. In this paper an attempt has been made to show, by a statistical study of two villages, that not only the size and the composition of the family, as a social unit, are influenced by the economic structure of the society (which, as shown in a preceeding study of the economic structure of the two villages, does not indicate a homogeneous peasant economy), but also the nature and the extent of the dependance of the family upon the economic structure are profoundly affected by the degree of social division of labour and the type of exploitation of the land, the primary means of production, in the different areas concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an attempt has been made to show that the economic structure of a society can be determined directly by taking account of its defined properties (that is, the economic structure reflects the way in which the means of production are owned and the social relations between men which result from their connection with the process of production), instead of selecting the most differentiating form to represent the economic structure from an indirect process of examining several socio-economic groupings recognized in a society. To study only the internal variations of a society, by keeping the external factors at a fairly constant level, the data for this study were collected from one socio-economically homogeneous area but with the two villages representing the two main variations of the state of the productive forces within the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth substances of the seeds of Cassia fistula were studied and the changes in the relative levels in the endosperm and embryo (plus cotyledons) with development of the seed were noted. Indoleacetic acid was found lo he the major auxin component of the seed almost throughout its growth and development, while acidic inhibitors possibly belonging to β-complex were also noted in bioassay tests. The main source of the IAA in the seed is the endosperm, although measurable amounts are also present in the embryo. While this IAA activity in the endosperm is detectable till maturity of the fruit, it decreases relatively in the embryo lo fall to insignificance at maturity of the seed. However, there is indication of the binding of such IAA in the embryo or the cotyledon, which can be released by alkaline hydrolysis but not before the seeds are matured. No such bound auxin could be detected in the endosperm. The inhibitors, on the other band. are more prominent in the embryo than in the endosperm, particularly with ageing of the fruit. The possible significance of these changes in the growth factors has been discussed in relation to the age of the seed and the development of the embryo inside it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing the Li doping level in La[SUB0.7]Ca[SUB0.3-y]Li[SUBy]MnO[SUB3] (0&les;y&les;0.3), the system is driven from a higher-conductivity regime to a lower-conductivity regime, which is in sharp contrast with the behavior of Na or K doping. Compared to those of K or Na, the ionic radius of Li is much smaller than that of Ca. Therefore, substitution of Ca by Li results in a smaller average A-site radius, narrowing the bandwidth and hence enhancing the band gap and resistivity. The effect of random disorder of La[SUP3+] and A[SUP2+] also plays an important role leading to charge localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]