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Multiple internal reflection-based absorption-dominant stretchable electromagnetic shielding thin film by incorporating liquid metal grid structure is developed. The device demonstrates high electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) (SET of up to 75 dB) with low reflectance (SER of 1.5 dB at the resonant frequency). The shielding properties of the device can be tuned by adjusting the liquid metal patterned grid spaces upon strain.

This study investigates the enhancement of mechanical properties of metal/polymer composites produced through fused deposition modeling and the prediction of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) by machine learning using a Classification and Regression Tree (CART). The composites, comprising 80% acrylonitrile butadiene styrene matrix and 10% each of aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) fillers, were subjected to a comprehensive exploration of printing parameters, including printing temperature, infill pattern, and infill density using the Taguchi method. The CART unveiled a hierarchical tree structure with four terminal nodes, each representing distinct subgroups of materials characterized by similar UTS properties. The predictors’ importance was assessed, highlighting their role in determining material strength. The model exhibited a high predictive power with an R-squared value of 0.9154 on the training data and 0.8922 on the test data, demonstrating its efficacy in capturing variability. The optimal combination of parameters for maximizing UTS was a zigzag infill pattern, a printing temperature of 245 °C, and an infill density of 10%, which is associated with the highest UTS of 680 N. The model’s reliability was confirmed through a paired t-test and test and confidence interval for two variances, revealing no significant difference between the observed and predicted UTS values. This research contributes to advancing additive manufacturing processes by leveraging CART analysis to optimize printing parameters and predict material strength. The identified optimal conditions and subgroup characteristics pave the way for developing robust and predictable metal/polymer composites, offering valuable insights for material design in the era of advanced manufacturing technologies.

One of the mechanisms shaping the pathophysiology during the infection of enteric pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium is host PTM machinery utilization by the pathogen encoded effectors. Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm) during infection in host cells thrives in a vacuolated compartment, Salmonella containing vacuole (SCV), which sequentially acquires host endosomal and lysosomal markers. Long tubular structures, called as Salmonella induced filaments (SIFs), are further generated by S. Tm, which are known to be required for SCV's nutrient acquisition, membrane maintenance and stability. A tightly coordinated interaction involving prominent effector SifA and various host adapters PLEKHM1, PLEKHM2 and Rab GTPases govern SCV integrity and SIF formation. Here, we report for the first time that the functional regulation of SifA is modulated by PTM SUMOylation at its 11th lysine. S. Tm expressing SUMOylation deficient lysine 11 mutants of SifA (SifAK11R) is defective in intracellular proliferation due to compromised SIF formation and enhanced lysosomal acidification. Furthermore, murine competitive index experiments reveal defective in vivo proliferation and weakened virulence of SifAK11R mutant. Concisely, our data reveal that SifAK11R mutant nearly behaves like a SifA knockout strain which impacts Rab9-MPR mediated lysosomal acidification pathway, the outcome of which culminates in reduced bacterial load in in vitro and in vivo infection model systems. Our results bring forth a novel pathogen-host crosstalk mechanism where the SUMOylation of effector SifA regulated S. Tm intracellular survival.

Accurate yield prediction is essential for growers, researchers, governments, the farming industry, and policymakers for social peace, food safety, security, and sustainable development. The results of earlier techniques of data collecting and analysis for yield forecasts were typically delayed, expensive, time-consuming, site-specific, and riddled with errors and uncertainties. This study is a novel approach to using high-resolution satellite data in conjunction with environmental and topographic data to predict wheat yield variability at the farm scale using machine learning. In this research, winter wheat yield prediction was based on 36 indicators in machine learning using correlation and different regression models. Winter wheat yield was predicted using linear regression (LR), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF) regression models with scikit-learn in machine learning. More than 10,000 data points from 45 farms were trained and validated in Fergana valley, Central Asia. Results indicate that at 10 m resolution using Sentinel-2 and other secondary data such as topographic, soil, environmental, and filed data can generate an accurate wheat yield prediction map. The accuracy of all regressions is lowest for LR (R2:95, RMSE: 2.31), highest for RF (R2:98, RMSE: 1.40), and intermediate for DT regression (R2:97, RMSE: 1.85). Results also indicate that prediction in the early stage of the crop is less accurate in comparison to harvesting time as LR (R2:85, RMSE: 2.66), DT (R2:95, RMSE: 2.06), RF (R2:97, RMSE: 1.54) have different R2 and RMSE values. Appling the RF model, the winter wheat prediction is 3.29 to 4.30 t/ha therefore the total wheat production is approximately 100 t in the study area. Thus this study will demonstrate the capability of high-resolution satellite imagery and secondary data for highly accurate real-time crop yield prediction at the field scale, which can be used to assist precision agriculture and will provide a point of reference for crop area extraction, mapping, monitoring, and sustainable development with food security.

Present study explored the effect of different floor on hoof health and leg injuries of crossbred dairy cow. Animals (n=24), were randomly assigned into four groups with different floor combination in covered and open area, viz. T0 (concrete and brick paved), T1 (concrete and sand), T2 (rubber mat and sand) and T3 (rubber mat and brick paved). Hoof and limb lesion scores were recorded as per the standard protocol during study period. White line lesion score did not differ significantly, however, sole lesion score and inter-digital space lesion score differed significantly between the groups. Both, sole and interdigital space lesion scores were greater in T0 group. Total hoof lesion score was different between the groups with highest value in T0 group. Month wise hoof lesion scores differed significantly in 5th and 6th month between treatments. Decreasing trend was noticed in T1 and T2 from 5th month onwards. In contrast, T0 showed increase in hoof lesion score. Knee lesion score and hock lesion score were different between treatments. Higher scores were found in cows housed in T0 group, while lower scores were noted in T1 group. Knee lesion score decreased in T1 and T2 groups 4th month onwards, however no change was seen in T0 and T3 group. Similar trend was also seen for hock lesion score. In conclusion, provision of sand bed floor in open area of loose house with or without rubber mat floor in covered area was found superior for improving animal welfare in terms of lesser hoof and limb injuries.

Summary: Background: This study compared management of high-risk COPD patients in the UK to national and international management recommendations and quality standards, including the COllaboratioN on QUality improvement initiative for achieving Excellence in STandards of COPD care (CONQUEST). The primary comparison was in 2019, but trends from 2000 to 2019 were also examined. Methods: Patients identified in the Optimum Patient Care Research Database were categorised as newly diagnosed (≤12 months after diagnosis), already diagnosed, and potential COPD (smokers having exacerbation-like events). High-risk patients had a history of ≥2 moderate or ≥1 severe exacerbations in the previous 12 months. Findings: For diagnosed patients, the median time between diagnosis and first meeting the high-risk criteria was 617 days (Q1-Q3: 3246). The use of spirometry for diagnosis increased dramatically after 2004 before plateauing and falling in recent years. In 2019, 41% (95% CI 39–44%; n = 550/1343) of newly diagnosed patients had no record of spirometry in the previous year, and 45% (95% CI 43–48%; n = 352/783) had no record of a COPD medication review within 6 months of treatment initiation or change. In 2019, 39% (n = 6893/17,858) of already diagnosed patients had no consideration of exacerbation rates, 46% (95% CI 45–47%; n = 4942/10,725) were not offered or referred for pulmonary rehabilitation, and 41% (95% CI 40–42%; n = 3026/7361) had not had a COPD review within 6 weeks of respiratory hospitalization. Interpretation: Opportunities for early diagnosis of COPD patients at high risk of exacerbations are being missed. Newly and already diagnosed patients at high-risk are not being assessed or treated promptly. There is substantial scope to improve the assessment and treatment optimisation of these patients. Funding: This study is conducted by the Observational & Pragmatic Research International Ltd and was co-funded by Optimum Patient Care and AstraZeneca. No funding was received by the Observational & Pragmatic Research Institute Pte Ltd (OPRI) for its contribution.

The recent detection of large column density absorption lines from highly ionized gas in a few directions through the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of the Milky Way (MW) has been puzzling. The inferred temperature from these absorption lines far exceeds the virial temperature of the MW, and the column densities are also too large to be easily explained. In this paper, we propose a novel idea to explain these observations and claim that they may not have originated from the CGM, but from a totally different type of source, namely, stellar ejecta from supernovae (SNe) above the Galactic disk that happen to lie in the line of sight to the background quasars. About ∼20% of massive OB stars (progenitors of core-collapse supernovae) are known to be runaway stars that have high ejection velocities near the Galactic plane and can end up exploding as SNe above the Galactic disk. We show that the associated reverse shock in the supernova remnant in the early nonradiative phase can heat the ejecta to temperatures of ≳10 ^7 K and can naturally explain the observed high column density of ions in the observed “supervirial” phase along with α -enriched supersolar abundance that is typical of core-collapse supernovae. However, SNe from runaway stars has a covering fraction of ≲0.7% and thus can only explain the observations along limited sightlines.

The presence of the ≈10 ^6 K gas in the circumgalactic medium of the Milky Way (MW) has been well established. However, the location and the origin of the newly discovered hot gas at “supervirial (SV)” temperatures of ≈10 ^7 K have been puzzling. This hot gas has been detected in both absorption and emission; here, we focus on the emitting gas only. We show that both the “virial” and the SV temperature gas, as observed in emission, occupy disk-like extraplanar regions, in addition to the diffuse virial temperature gas filling the halo of the MW. We perform idealized hydrodynamical simulations to show that the ≈10 ^7 K emitting gas is likely to be produced by stellar feedback in and around the Galactic disk. We further show that the emitting gas at both SV and virial temperatures in the extraplanar regions is metal enriched and is not in hydrostatic equilibrium with the halo but is continuously evolving.

The existing dairy farm housing, milking, feeding and calf management practices in Tarai region of Uttarakhand along with performance traits were studied. Total 30 households with 596 livestock were considered for this work. Agriculture is the mainstay in the locale with animal husbandry as subsidiary occupation. Dairy animals mainly comprise 76% crossbreds and 21% Murrah buffaloes. Farms with 43% concrete, 30% bricks on edge and 10% kuchha flooring were recorded. Only 37% herds had 24 hour access to drinking water, 43% farmers fed commercial concentrate preparations, Stripping was practiced by 70% at the end of milking, 93% herdsman bred their cows within 12-18 hour of estrus with 3-5 months service period, and 60% dairymen consulted a veterinarian for services. Least squares mean (LSM) and standard error for Age at first calving (AFC), Calving Interval (CI), Dry Period (DP), Number of service per conception (NS/C), Milk yield per day (MY/D) and Lactation length (LL) were 427.31±5.80 days, 706.74±6.23 days, 378.76±1.48 days, 95.17±2.06 days, 1.32±0.03, 8.98±0.11 litre/day/animal, 315.14±1.65 days, respectively in cattle and 708.06±6.05 days, 948.62±10.09 days, 384.82±2.65 days, 139.08±6.07 days, 1.31±0.03, 9.54±0.15 litre/day/animal and 311.80±2.7 days, respectively in buffaloes. Effect of location on MY/D, LL and CI; of parity on CI and DP; and of AFC on DP was significant in cattle. In buffaloes, CI was significantly affected by location; MY/D, DP and LL by parity; and CI and NS/C by AFC. The results revealed a requisite to focus on stress management, calf care and sick animal management to improve animal performance.

A study was conducted to compare the effect of roof modification with use of polycarbonate plastic sheet and its variable height on micro-climate of growing dairy heifers. The experiment was carried out on three sheds for three seasons, viz. hot-dry (summer) season, hot-humid (rainy) season and winter season. In control group (C), loose housing system was followed and corrugated cemented sheets were used as roofing material. In T1, polycarbonate sheets were used as roofing material with fixed height. In T2, polycarbonate sheets were used as roofing material with adjustable height. Daily ambient temperature (°C), dry and wet bulb temperature outside the shed (macro-climate) and inside the shed (micro-climate), Relative Humidity and Temperature Humidity Index were being recorded twice a day at 9.00 am and 2: 30 pm for three continuous days at fortnightly interval. The average temperature of animal shed was significantly lower in T2 (27.30±0.10), followed by T1 (28.28±0.04) and C (29.46±0.16). In T2 lower temperature of shed than control was recorded during summer. Increasing the height of shed with ridge ventilation might have helped to dissipate heat easily in T2. The overall THI was significantly lower in T2 (76.50 ± 0.16) followed by T1 (77.91 ± 0.05) and higher in control (78.74 ± 0.25), which might be due to less penetration of solar radiation via reflective polycarbonate sheet and higher height of roof in T2. The micro-environment was more conducive and comfortable in T2 than control. Polycarbonate roofing with adjusted higher height may be a desirable choice for animal housing to mitigate heat stress in summer.

Background and Aim: Caudal block (CB) is the standard of care in pediatric surgeries. Ultrasound (USG) transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block has also been used as an effective regional anesthesia technique. We compared the duration of postoperative and intraoperative analgesia between TAP block, CB, and local wound infiltration (LI) in children undergoing unilateral infraumbilical abdominal surgery. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty children, 3–10 years old and American Society of Anesthesiologists Grade I and II, undergoing elective unilateral infraumbilical abdominal surgery were allocated to three groups. Group TAP: USG-guided TAP block with 0.5 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine; Group CB: CB with 0.75 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine; and Group LI: Local wound infiltration along the incision with 0.5 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine. The primary outcome was the efficacy of postoperative analgesia using modified objective pain score (MOPS), and the secondary outcome was to determine intraoperative analgesia with fentanyl requirement and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) hour of isoflurane among the three groups. Results: The MOPS was statistically better in Group TAP compared to group CB and group LI at 8 and 24 h postoperatively. The mean ± standard deviation duration of postoperative analgesia in groups CB, LI, and TAP was 6.84 ± 0.47, 2.3 ± 1.26, and 9.78 ± 1.02 h, respectively. The intraoperative requirement of fentanyl and MAC hour was least in Group CB. Conclusion: We found that USG-guided TAP block is a good alternative, with longer and effective postoperative analgesia compared to CB. However, the quality of intraoperative analgesia was best in group CB. Local infiltration was a poor alternative.

In a grid-integrated photovoltaic system (GIPVS), there exist issues such as surplus active power and inadequate performance of maximum power point tracking (MPPT). A surplus active power causes the overvoltage problem at the point of common coupling in low- or medium-voltage grid during the peak hours of power generation. Additionally, the inadequate performance of the MPPT algorithm results in power loss due to high settling time during the sudden change of irradiance. Therefore, to solve the surplus power problem, the curtailment of active power is suggested with improved MPPT algorithm under variable irradiance conditions. In this paper, a derated power generation mode (DPGM) control strategy is presented for the curtailment of active power. Additionally, a drift-free (named as modified) perturb and observe (P&O) technique is also proposed to improve the performance of the MPPT algorithm. Consequently, the DPGM control scheme with the intermediate boost converter shaves the surplus active power during the peak hours of power generation. Furthermore, the modified MPPT algorithm deals with the fluctuation of irradiance during non-peak hours. Thus, the proposed control scheme delivers in a more efficient system during the peak hours of power generation. In addition, it reduces the power loss and settling time during the change of irradiance for non-peak hours. Based on the proposed control scheme, a 30 kW system has been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink using Simpower tools under different environmental conditions.

The present research details the remote sensing, geotechnical and seismic aspects of hill slopes in Lower Tons river valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India. The region is a part of Lesser Himalaya and holds religious and strategic importance. The studied span has been a site of slope failures in the past. The remote sensing investigation was used to characterize the geomorphological and hydrological attributes of the area. This information was used to delineate vulnerable locations. Along the road stretch of about 80 km, 80 tests were conducted to ascertain the soil particle distribution and plasticity indices; and 33 tests for shear strength properties. Using the geotechnical parameters, numerical simulation was conducted for two slopes of angle, 40° and 50°, with a consistent height of 50 m. Most of the slopes were stable at an angle of 40°, however, 30.30% (FEM) and 24.24% (FDM) of the analysed slopes failed for the steeper slope. Eventually, the pseudo-static analysis was done. The inclusion of seismicity increased the incidences of slope failure by 33.33% and 39.39% for the slope with an inclination of 40° and 50°, respectively. Afterwards, the slopes were optimized for their critical angle as a function of the safety factor.

The study aimed to evaluate the economics involved in the formulation of a therapeutic diet for Foot and Mouth Disease and its impact on the convalescence period. The diet had high protein with varied physical forms (mash and cooked form). A total of 22 Holstein Friesian crossbred male calves (10-12 months) were considered in which 4 calves were of Control (CON) and 18 calves of treatment groups. The treatment group animals namely, Therapeutic Diet-1 (TD-1), Therapeutic Diet-2 (TD-2), and Therapeutic Diet-3(TD-3) were infected with the FMD virus. The therapeutic diet was fed to calves in the morning and ad libitum hybrid Napier green fodder in the afternoon. The experiment was carried out for 42days. At the end of the experiment, animals gained 18.73, 19.67, 19.10 and 19.42 kg body weight in CON, TD-1, TD-2 and TD-3 groups respectively. Bodyweight gain between the groups was non-significant. The total cost of feeding inclusive of both therapeutic diet and green fodder was Rs 546.24, 523.43, 521.56 and 509 respectively. Cost per kg body weight gain was calculated as Rs 29.15, 26.61 27.31 and 26.23 respectively. The cost per kg body weight gain was non-significant among the groups. The cost per kg body weight gain was highest in the CON group compared to infected groups. It can be concluded from the present study that during FMD infectious conditions, the therapeutic diet feeding either mash or cooked (with or without CNS) not only helped in regaining the bodyweight quickly but also reduced the feeding and treatment cost.

Usage of chemicals for the protection of food grains in crop plants creates huge contamination to the environment. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide having potential in suppression of insects and pests and thus is a part of many commercial pesticides. From the present experimental observations, it became clear that the chlorpyrifos containing commercial pesticide is able to promote chromosomal alteration in Allium cepa root cells. This result strongly advocates that chlorpyrifos not only destroys the cell but also interacts with Deoxyribonuclei acid (DNA) and results in damage. DNA fragmentation is also exhibited during White blood cells (WBC) interaction with chlorpyrifos. The UV–visual studies of DNA-chlorpyrifos interaction confirmed hyperchromism occurs in Calf Thymus (CT)-DNA molecules. From the Circular Dichrosim (CD) analysis it became clear that change in DNA structure is caused by 0.156 mg/ml of chlorpyrifos pesticide. The structural change in DNA ultimately leads to mutation in organism. So, from the experiment it confirmed that chlorpyrifos pesticides have potentiality to cause genotoxicity among the exposed organisms.

To evaluate the effect of floor on maintenance behaviours of cow in loose housing system, four groups, viz. T0 (concrete in covered and brick-paved in open area), T1 (concrete in covered and sand bed in open), T2 (rubber mat in covered and sand bed in open) and T3 (rubber mat in covered and brick-paved in open) were studied. Feeding was the major activity (39–44%) of day, with significant difference between groups. In covered area, lying and standing rumination, while in open area idling, were significantly different between groups during day. During night lying-rumination was major activity (62–69%). Night idling, standing-rumination, lying and lying-rumination behaviour, were significantly different between groups. Overall most of the time in each group was devoted to lying-rumination (45–53%) and feeding (18–21%). Area wise, open area was more occupied and posture wise sitting posture dominated in all the groups. Overall feeding, idling and standing-rumination in open, lying-rumination (in open or covered area), sleeping, total standing time and total sitting time were significantly different between groups. Feeding time showed positive trend in rubber matted floor (T2, T3). More lying-rumination and sleeping time was seen in rubber matted covered area. Sand bedding in open area reduced the standing and standingrumination activity, while promoting the sitting/lying time. Rubber matting in covered area and sand bedding in open area, was found favourable for maintenance behaviour of dairy cows.

The use of smartphone-based applications as a telenutrition tool could redefine the nutritional management of IBD. We developed and validated a digital health platform in the form of a smartphone application for the nutritional assessment of IBD patients. Our team of gastroenterologists and dieticians at the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi developed a smartphone application titled IBD NutriCare, which was made available in both Android and iOS interfaces in English and seven other Indian languages. The application includes >650 Indian recipes and provides subjective global assessment and IBD clinical activity scores in a patient-friendly manner. The utility of the smartphone app was validated in comparison with the traditional 24-h dietary recall method. A total of 49 IBD patients were enrolled in the study. The mean difference in energy intake between the two dietary assessment methods was −4.776 kJ (95% LOA, range −417.916–408.365 kJ). A total of 94% of patients found the smartphone application convenient and acceptable in comparison to the recall method for dietary assessment. Bland–Altman plots showed a good level of agreement for nutrients and food groups between the two methods. Telenutrition in the form of a smartphone application helps in real-time tracking of dietary details of IBD patients, thus making appropriate interventions and large-scale data acquisition feasible.

The present experiment was conducted at Swine Production Farm, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh) during month of December and March for the cultivation of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMOs) and its application in the composting of piggery excreta as a model for inoculated deep litter system of pig sty respectively in India. The IMOs were cultivated in four steps by using half-cooked rice, rice bran, soil and different energy sources, viz. brown sugar, jaggery, molasses in treatments C (Control), T1 and T2 groups, respectively. As a model of deep litter sty, aerobic composting of pig faeces, with different IMOs was conducted as treatments CC (brown Sugar), CT1 (jaggery), CT2 (molasses) and C0 (control) without any IMOs. During the experiment morning, evening, peak, mesophilic and thermophilic temperature distribution were recorded. The chemical composition and C: N ratio of pig faeces and compost were analysed at the end of experiment. The final compost temperature in all the treatment groups was in between 55 to 65°C but in control, it was higher than 65°C. The temperature range in treatment groups suggests that IMOs layers might have helped in decomposition process at faster rate which resultantly lowered the temperature. The carbon: nitrogen ratio (C: N) was significantly lower in CT1 and CT2 (19:1) than control indicative of good quality compost in treatment groups. It was concluded that IMOs from jaggary and molasses might be used as farmer friendly inocula/ inoculums to compost pig excreta under inoculated deep litter pig production system.

Monitoring of land use/cover (LULC) change is very important for sustainable development planning study. This research work is to understand natural and environmental situation and its cause such as intensity, distribution and socio and economic effects in Moscow, Russia based on remote sensing and Geographical Information System techniques. A model was developed by following thematic layers: land use/cover, vegetation, soil, geomorphology and geology in ArcGIS 10.2 software using multi-spectral satellite data obtained from Landsat 7 and 8 for the years of 1995, 2005 and 2016 respectively. Increasing scientific and political interest in regional aspects of global environmental changes, there is a strong stimulus to better understand the patterns causes and environmental consequences of LULC expansion in the elevation of Moscow state, one of the areas in the nation with fast economic growth and high population density. A 70 to 300 m inundation land loss scenarios for surface water and sea level rise (SLR) were developed using digital elevation models of study site topography through remote sensing and GIS techniques by ASTER GDEM and Landsat OLI data. The most severely impacted sectors are expected to be the vegetation, wetland and the natural ecosystem. Improved understanding of the extent and response of SLR will help in preparing for adaptation.

The climate change scenarios, especially global warming, have raised significant concerns, and the Himalayan regions such as Uttarakhand are highly vulnerable to such climatic shifts. Considering 10 Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiments in South Asia (CORDEX-SA), experiments with 3 regional climate models (RCMs), driven by 13 global climate models, historical estimates and future projections are analyzed from the mid-century (MC) i.e., from 2021–2050 to the end of the century (EC) i.e., from 2070–2099 to characterize annual and seasonal variations in precipitation and temperature. The analysis shows a decrease in the annual average precipitation by 5.92% at MC and an increase of 5.97% at EC for the Representative Climate Pathway (RCP) 4.5, while precipitation may likely increase from 2.83% to 15.89% towards MC and EC in the RCP 8.5. The maximum temperature may likely increase from 0.42 °C to 3.07 °C from MC to EC in the RCP 4.5 and from 0.83 °C to 5.49 °C in the RCP 8.5. In addition, the minimum temperature may increase from 0.80 °C to 3.25 °C from MC to EC in the RCP 4.5 and from 0.30 °C to 5.86 °C from MC to EC in the RCP 8.5. Notably, a decrease in the pre-monsoon precipitation at EC and a higher increase in the maximum temperature during the monsoon season are observed. An increase in the maximum temperature along with precipitation may lead to an increase in the frequency of the monsoon season’s extreme rainfall events.

The main aim of this research work is to compare k -nearest neighbor algorithm (KNN) supervised classification with migrating means clustering unsupervised classification (MMC) method on the performance of hyperspectral and multispectral data for spectral land cover classes and develop their spectral library in Samara, Russia. Accuracy assessment of the derived thematic maps was based on the analysis of the classification confusion matrix statistics computed for each classified map, using for consistency the same set of validation points. We were analyzed and compared Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) Hyperion hyperspectral data to Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Advance Land Imager (ALI) multispectral data. Hyperspectral imagers, currently available on airborne platforms, provide increased spectral resolution over existing space based sensors that can document detailed information on the distribution of land cover classes, sometimes species level. Results indicate that KNN (95, 94, 88 overall accuracy and .91, .89, .85 kappa coefficient for Hyp, ALI, OLI respectively) shows better results than unsupervised classification (93, 90, 84 overall accuracy and .89, .87, .81 kappa coefficient for Hyp, ALI, OLI respectively). Development of spectral library for land cover classes is a key component needed to facilitate advance analytical techniques to monitor land cover changes. Different land cover classes in Samara were sampled to create a common spectral library for mapping landscape from remotely sensed data. The development of these libraries provides a physical basis for interpretation that is less subject to conditions of specific data sets, to facilitate a global approach to the application of hyperspectral imagers to mapping landscape. In addition, it is demonstrated that the hyperspectral satellite image provides more accurate classification results than those extracted from the multispectral satellite image. The higher classification accuracy by KNN supervised was attributed principally to the ability of this classifier to identify optimal separating classes with low generalization error, thus producing the best possible classes’ separation.

Migration brings about changes in the cultural traits of both migrants and the receiving society. This becomes even more crucial, especially for India, which is characterised by rich cultural diversity and substantial inter-state migration. Cultural integration is the strategy of cultural exchange wherein one community incorporates changes without sacrificing its own culture and thus, pave the way for a more stable and harmonious society. Migration in Asansol dates back to the early 19th Century when the newly set up coal mining and the subsequent industrial development generated the demand for labour. Migrants brought with them a distinct culture which had to be reconstructed in the new cultural setup. This study is an attempt to understand the phenomena of cultural and psychological integration of the migrants in Asansol. A descriptive method has been employed to comprehend the migrants’ adaptation and the consequent socio-cultural changes. A sample of 370 individuals has been taken to explore the migrant’s outlook toward integration with the larger society. Emphasis has been laid upon the way the migrants reconstruct themselves, appraise their perception, and adopt the dominant cultural traits. The study reveals that the migrants have immensely influenced the culture of the region under investigation.

An experiment was conducted under polyhouse and field conditions during 2013, 2014 and 2015 to evaluate the level of resistance of less known apple rootstock, i.e. Paron (Malus baccata var. himalaica) and some popular rootstocks of the region (MM 106, MM 111, M 9 and Srinagar crab) against white root rot disease. All the test rootstocks were grafted with CITH Lodh Apple-1 before their use in field conditions. Paron showed high resistance against D. necatrix by exhibiting least mortality (15.33%) at highest test dose (10 g/kg soil) of inoculum in pot culture under polyhouse, whereas other test rootstocks showed 100 percent mortality at this dose of inoculum. In the field, Paron showed no wilting symptoms on scion cultivar even after 60 days of inoculation, it showed least bronzing and inward cupping of leaves (3.25%), defoliation (3.50%), necrosis on bark (21 mm), wood (17 mm) and vascular tissues (23 mm). It was rated as resistant against D. necatrix as compared to other test rootstocks on the basis of significantly lowest disease severity (4.35%) and least effect of test pathogen inoculation on its above and below ground parts. Srinagar crab was rated as highly susceptible in comparison as, it exhibited significantly highest disease severity (69.80%). From this study, it can be inferred that the rootstock of Paron should be used for shaping production of apple in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.

This research work presents vulnerability mapping with land use/cover change detection in Astrakhan city Russia. This study identifies, assess and classify vulnerability using landscape pattern from multidisciplinary approach based on remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) approach. To identify vulnerability we used following thematic layers: land use/cover, vegetation, soil, geology and geomorphology in ArcGIS software. According to numerical results vulnerability classified into five levels: low, reasonable, moderate, high and extreme vulnerability by mean of cluster principal. The results indicated a large presence of area with moderate vulnerability (54.62%). All potentially polluted lands showed more than half of their areas as moderate (54.62%) and reasonable vulnerability (33.56%) regions. In the study area encroachment, population growth, industrialization and governmental polices for environmental protection were found to be the major factors that caused the main changes. This study is helpful for decision making for eco-environmental recovering and rebuilding as well as predicting the future development. Keywords: Land use/cover, GIS, Remote sensing, Vulnerability

Summary: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex autoimmune disorder recently shown to be associated with SUMOylation, a post-translational modification mechanism. Here, we have identified a link between epithelial deSUMOylases and inflammation in IBD. DeSUMOylase SENP7 was seen to be upregulated specifically in intestinal epithelial cells in both human IBD and a mouse model. In steady state, but not IBD, SENP7 expression was negatively regulated by a direct interaction and ubiquitination by SIAH2. Upregulated SENP7 in inflamed tissue displayed a distinct interactome. These changes led to an expansion of localized proinflammatory γδ T cells. Furthermore, in vivo knockdown of SENP7 or depletion of γδ T cells abrogated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced gut inflammation. Strong statistical correlations between upregulated SENP7 and high clinical disease indices were observed in IBD patients. Overall, our data reveal that epithelial SENP7 is necessary and sufficient for controlling gut inflammation, thus highlighting its importance as a potential drug target. : DeSUMOylases are contributors to cellular physiology and disease. Here, Suhail et al. demonstrate an aberrant epithelial upregulation of the deSUMOylase SENP7, leading to expansion of proinflammatory γδT cells during inflammatory bowel disease. Experimental inhibition of SENP7 was sufficient to tame inflammation, thus demonstrating therapeutic potential. Keywords: inflammation, deSUMOylases, PTMs, SUMOylation, proteomics, gut, IBD, gamma delta T cells, SENPs

This data article contains data related to the research article entitled “Global land cover classification based on microwave polarization and gradient ratio (MPGR)” [1] and “Microwave polarization and gradient ratio (MPGR) for global land surface phenology” [2]. This data article presents land surface characteristics and snow cover variation information from sensors like EOS Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E). This data article use the HDF Explorer, Matlab, and ArcGIS software to process the pixel latitude, longitude, snow water equivalent (SWE), digital elevation model (DEM) and Brightness Temperature (BT) information from AMSR-E satellite data to provide land surface characteristics and snow cover variation data in all-weather condition at any time. This data information is useful to discriminate different land surface cover types and snow cover variation, which is turn, will help to improve monitoring of weather, climate and natural disasters.

Body weight of an animal is represented by a continuous function of time (longitudinal trait) and can be characterized by a trajectory with number of measurements. The present study was carried out to determine heritability estimates of body weight in crossbred pigs (75% Landrace + 25% Bareilly local) using random regression model with Legendre polynomials of quadratic power. Data of 9044 records of 1,292 crossbred piglets, progeny of 86 boars and 98 sows; born in 184 parities between 5 years from 2013–17 was used for the study. Records on weight at birth and at 1 week interval up to 6 week were used. Model included sex, year of birth, season of birth and parity as fixed effect, age of dam at farrowing as co-variable and direct additive genetic effect and maternal permanent environmental effect as random regression. There was a steady increase in body weight over the age from birth (0.96 kg) to 6th week (9.0 kg). Direct additive genetic (0.006 to 7.37 kg2), maternal permanent environment (0.053 to 70.07 kg2) and total phenotypic (0.18 to 77.56 kg2) variance increased continuously from birth to 6 week of age. In general, heritability estimates of body weight at different ages of pre-weaning stage were low ranging from 0.031 to 0.12. The estimate increased up to 1st week (0.119±0.025) with very low value at birth (0.031±0.015) and decreased thereafter to 0.095±0.022 at 6 week. Relative importance of each order of Legendre polynomials showed that quadratic Legendre polynomials with three regression coefficients were enough to capture almost all variability in the model to explain all additive genetic and maternal permanent environment variability. Hence, use of random regression model with quadratic Legendre polynomials was suggested for genetic analysis of pig data for growth.

For analysis of genetic variation within Ghurrah, the local pigs of Rohilkhand region was explored using 16 FAOISAG microsatellite markers with 40 genetically unrelated pigs from the native breeding tract. Genomic DNA was isolated and amplified with microsatellite primers labeled with fluorescent dyes and genotyped using genetic analyser. The estimates of various genetic diversity parameters revealed mean number of observed alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity values, polymorphic information content (PIC) and F-values to be 8.5±0.99, 4.78±0.57, 0.47±0.04 and 0.74±0.05, 0.74±0.04 and 0.38±0.03, respectively. The high PIC value suggested that all the microsatellite markers were highly polymorphic and suitable for molecular characterization of this pig. There was substantial genetic variation and polymorphism across the studied loci. There was absence of genetic bottleneck in the studied population. The medium inbreeding coefficient indicates a need to formulate the appropriate breeding strategies to enhance heterozygosity in the population.

A total of 24 crossbred (Vrindavani) calves were selected and allocated to four groups (6 per group) as control (C), treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2 (T2) and treatment 3 (T3). During the experimental period, the calves in C were fed only whole milk, whereas the calves in T1, T2 and T3 groups were fed skim milk at the rate of 25, 50 and 75% of total liquid feed, respectively from 22nd day of age. Proportion of skim milk was further increased to 50, 75 and 100% of total liquid feed requirement in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively from 45th day of age onwards. Finally, in all the treatment groups, 100% skim milk was fed from 64 to 72 days of age. The total body weight gain of calves was 24.90±1.24, 25.12±3.95, 25.37±3.02 and 26.42±2.30 kg for control, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively which differed nonsignificantly from each other. The average daily gain did not differ significantly for any week during the experiment. The calf starter intake was significantly higher in T3 group compared to C from 4 to 6 weeks of age but both the groups differed non-significantly with T1 and T2. The total dry matter intake and feed efficiency did not differ significantly between the groups. Inclusion of skim milk in replacement with whole milk reduced the feeding cost up to 23.95% in T3 group in comparison to control during milk feeding phase without any adverse effect on growth of crossbred calves.

Aim: The present study designed to evaluate the effect of different feeding systems on the behavior of local Rohilkhandi kids. Materials and Methods: A total of 21 growing goats (local goat of Rohilkhand region), weighing around 7-11 kg and aging 4-5 months, were used. These animals were kept in three groups. Group I was fed un-chopped green fodder in circular feeder (newly designed). Group II was fed un-chopped green fodder in linear feeder that was similar to the existing farm practice. Group III was fed chopped green fodder in linear feeder (modified version). Amount of concentrate and dry fodder fed was kept constant for all the three groups subject to equal increment in accordance with their increasing age. Adlibitum green fodder was made available to the animals. The experiment was conducted for 3 months. On-going behavior was recorded each day 4 h (2 h in the morning from 9:00 am to 11:00 am, after offering the feed, and same was repeated for 2 h in the afternoon, i.e., from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm) was made between 9 am and 5 pm. The individual behaviors, viz., feeding, drinking, lying down, ruminating, idling, butting, pressing, pushing, frontal clashing, and physical displacement at feed barrier (active and passive: Without physical contact) of the goat were recorded using time-sampling method. Further, incidental activities such as defecation and urination were also recorded. Results: Among all the groups, butting, head to head, and pushing were the common agonistic behavior found but values did not differ significantly. The pushing while feeding was relatively less in Group II (0.22±0.04 min) which differed significantly (p

This data article presents satellite data related to city growth of Singapore, Manila and Kuala Lumpur cities. The data were collected from NASA and USGS websites. A method has been developed for city built-up density from city center to outward till 50 km by using satellite data. These data sets consists three decade Landsat images. A detailed description is given to show how to use this data to produce urban growth maps. The urban growth maps have been used to know the changes and growth pattern in the Southeast Asia Cities. Keywords: Urban growth, City density, Landsat satellite data, Change detection, Remote sensing, GIS, Singapore, Manila, Kuala Lumpur

A method has been developed for urbanization by using satellite data and socio-economic data. These datasets consists three decade Landsat images and population data. A detailed description using flow chart is given to show how to use this data to produce land use/cove maps. The land use/cove maps were used to know the urban growth in Samara City, Russia. Keywords: Urban expansion, Land use/cover change detection, Remote sensing & GIS

Hair dye is one of the most popular cosmetic products which are used more widely and frequently to improve an individual’s appearance. Although the genotoxic effects of dye ingredients are widely reported, hair dye in its usable form is not reported extensively. In this contribution, we report the possible mode of interaction of hair dye with DNA which leads to genotoxicity. The effect of dye DNA interaction was studied on the most popular and globally used hair dye with Calf Thymus DNA and plasmid DNA. This interaction of dye DNA was studied by spectroscopic analyses and gel electrophoresis. The result had shown positive interaction of dye with DNA. Gel electrophoresis study confirms the binding of dye with DNA which results in linearization and fragmentation of the plasmid DNA. Dye–DNA interaction causes fragmentation and oxidation of DNA in absence of any catalyst, implies high toxicity of commercial hair dyes. Thus, it can be deduced from the present studies that hair dye in its usable form may lead to its penetration through skin affecting genomic DNA possesses genotoxic property and can be treated as one of the most common mutagen.

The Jeseníky Mountains tourism in Czech Republic is unique for its floristic richness. This is caused mainly by the altitude division and polymorphism of the landscape, climate and soil structure. This study assesses the impacts of tourism on the land cover in the Jeseníky Mountain region by comparing multi-temporal Landsat imageries (1991, 2001 and 2013) to describe the rate and extent of land-cover changes. This was achieved through spectral classification of different land cover classes and by assessing the change in forest; settlements; pasture and agriculture in relation to increasing distances (5, 10 and 15 km) from three tourism sites with the help of ArcGIS software. The results indicate that the area was deforested (11.13%) from 1991 to 2001 than experienced forest regrowth (6.71%) from 2001 to 2013. In the first decade pasture and agriculture areas increased and then in next decade decreased. The influence of tourism facilities on land cover is also variable. Around each of the tourism site sampled, there was a general trend of forest removal decreasing as the distance from each village increased, which indicates tourism does have a negative impact on forests. However there was an opposite trend from 2001 to 2013 that indicates conservation area. The interplay among global (tourism, climate), regional (national policies, large-river management) and local (construction and agriculture, energy and water sources to support the tourism industry) factors drives a distinctive but complex pattern of land-use and land-cover disturbance.

Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC) is an uncommon benign lesion affecting mainly the long bones and vertebral column. Its occurrence in the maxillofacial skeleton is rare. So far only five cases of ABC in the zygoma have been reported in the literature. Radiographic features of ABC are not pathognomonic. There can be expansion of bone and it may manifest as cystic lesion with honeycomb or soap bubble appearance. There can be perforation or destruction of cortex of the bone as well. Therefore the differential diagnosis of ABC is quite conflicting with other types of maxillary bone lesions. Here we report a case of ABC in 30-year-old female, at the left zygoma region showing periosteal reaction with sunray effect, which according to the literature is the first case reported based on location and radiographic appearance.

Post-translational modification pathways such as SUMOylation are integral to all cellular processes and tissue homeostasis. We investigated the possible involvement of SUMOylation in the epithelial signalling in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Initially in a murine model of IBD, induced by dextran–sulfate–sodium (DSS mice), we observed inflammation accompanied by a lowering of global SUMOylation of colonic epithelium. The observed SUMOylation alteration was due to a decrease in the sole SUMO E2 enzyme (Ubc9). Mass-spectrometric analysis revealed the existence of a distinct SUMOylome (SUMO-conjugated proteome) in DSS mice with alteration of key cellular regulators, including master kinase Akt1. Knocking-down of Ubc9 in epithelial cells resulted in dramatic activation of inflammatory gene expression, a phenomenon that acted via reduction in Akt1 and its SUMOylated form. Importantly, a strong decrease in Ubc9 and Akt1 was also seen in endoscopic biopsy samples (N = 66) of human CD and UC patients. Furthermore, patients with maximum disease indices were always accompanied by severely lowered Ubc9 or SUMOylated-Akt1. Mucosal tissues with severely compromised Ubc9 function displayed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and compromised wound-healing markers. Thus, our results reveal an important and previously undescribed role for the SUMOylation pathway involving Ubc9 and Akt1 in modulation of epithelial inflammatory signalling in IBD.

Frames are redundant system which are useful in the reconstruction of certain classes of spaces. The dual of a frame (Hilbert) always exists and can be obtained in a natural way. Due to the presence of three Banach spaces in the definition of retro Banach frames (or Banach frames) duality of frames in Banach spaces is not similar to frames for Hilbert spaces. In this paper we introduce the notion of Λ-type duality of retro Banach frames. This can be generalized to Banach frames in Banach spaces. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the dual of retro Banach frames are obtained. A special class of retro Banach frames which always admit a dual frame is discussed.

The present investigation was taken to study the temperament score and its relation with various production and reproduction parameters in Vrindavani cows. Docile temperament was observed in 74.10% of the cows and restless temperament in 25.90%. The mean temperament scores were 1.92±0.03 and 2.27±0.04 for docile and restless animals, respectively. The least squares means significantly differed for heart girth and ratio of body weight to wither height in two temperament groups. However, the temperament score of cows had no significant effect on most of the production and reproduction traits, but the milking behavior traits were better for less temperament scored animals than higher one. Evaluating temperament score could be quite useful tool to the farmers as well as dairy producers in view of selection and management of dairy cattle for better productivity and profitability.

Present investigation studied the effect of heat ameliorating measures on micro-climate of sheds of Murrah buffalo heifers during hot dry summer. Buffalo heifers (24) were categorised in 4 groups (6 in each), viz. control (T0), cooling jacket (T1), cooling jacket+forced ventilation (T2) and sprinklers+forced ventilation (T3). Daily minimum and maximum and dry and wet bulb temperatures of both micro and macro-climate were measured at 10.00 AM and 2.00 PM of Indian Standard Time (IST) by using maximum and minimum and dry and wet bulb thermometer, respectively. Significant reduction in maximum temperature was observed in T3, T2 and T1 groups than control group. However, significantly higher minimum temperature was found in T0 group as compared to T3, T2 and T1 respectively. Relative humidity (RH) was significantly lower in T3 and T2 (65.67±0.48 and 65.97±0.53%, respectively) than T0 (68.51±0.56%) group at 10.00 AM whereas, at 2.00 PM significant reduction in RH was observed in T3, and T2 (55.31±0.51 and 57.20±0.62) than T0 (58.96±0.63%) group. During peak hot periods, significantly lower Temperature humidity Index (THI) was found in T3, T2 and T1 than T0 group. However, at 10.00 AM significant reduction in THI was found in T3 and T2 groups than T0 group. The findings of the present study indicated that forced ventilation along with sprinklers and cooling jacket had helped in protecting the animals from thermal stress under loose housing system during hot-dry summer.

Present study assessed the effect of floor space allowances on carcass traits of crossbred (Landrace × Desi) barrows in Indian conditions. Crossbred barrows (36) were reared with 3 different floor space allowances (12 each) having group size of 4 pigs/pen. One group (TIS) was provided floor space as per Indian Standards (0.9, 1.35 and 1.8 m2/pig for weaner, grower and finisher stages, respectively) specifications, while other two groups with 33% (T2/3) and 50% (T1/2) reduced floor space allowances. Pigs were reared up to 29 weeks of age. Final weight of pigs did not differ significantly among the groups. Six animals from each group were slaughtered. None of the major economic carcass traits, viz. carcass weight, dressing %, back fat thickness (BFT), loin eye area (LEA), estimated lean meat percentage etc. was adversely affected. Major cut-up parts, share of edible as well as inedible offal and composition of pork (moisture, CP and EE) also did not differ among groups. It indicates scope of 50 % reduction in floor space allowance for pig production in India without affecting final body weight and major carcass characteristics.

The study was conducted to compare the milking behaviour and temperament of Murrah buffaloes due to suckling and weaning at different ages. Initially, 42 recently calved buffaloes were selected and assigned alternately in to 3 groups as suckling (Gr 1), weaning at birth (Gr 2) and weaning on 45th day (Gr 3). The different behavioural parameters of the buffaloes were recorded for the first 15 days of milking/weaning during each milking. The overall average milk let down time was non-significant among the groups. The average milk yield per milking (morning and evening) was significantly (P

Background: Studies evaluating CYP2C19*2 and ABCB1-C3435T polymorphisms have shown conflicting results. We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate role of clinical testing for these polymorphisms in CAD patients on clopidogrel. Methods: 19,601 patients from 14 trials were analyzed. The endpoints were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), cardiovascular (CV) death, stent thrombosis (ST), myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and major bleeding. Combined relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed for each outcome by using standard methods of meta-analysis and test parameters were computed. Results: CYP2C19*2 polymorphism was associated with higher risk of MACE [RR: 1.28, CI: 1.06–1.54; p=0.009], CV death [RR: 3.21, CI: 1.65–6.23; p=0.001], MI [RR: 1.36, CI: 1.12–1.65; p=0.002], ST [RR: 2.41, CI: 1.69–3.41; p

Introduction: Pulpotomy technique basically consists of removing the coronal pulp and fixing the radicular pulp with a medicament. It is the most widely accepted clinical procedure for treating primary teeth with coronal pulp inflammation caused by caries with no involvement of the radicular pulp. Aim: To evaluate the success and efficacy of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Lasers and Biodentine as pulpotomy agents both clinically and radiographically. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 60 primary molars in children whose pulpal status warranted pulpotomy were selected and randomly assigned into three groups that included MTA, Laser and Biodentine allocating 20 teeth to each group. The pulpotomy procedure was then performed on all selected teeth followed by restoration with stainless steel crowns. Later the patients were recalled for 3 months and 6 months for clinical and radiographic evaluation. Results: Statistical analysis was done using Fisher exact test to determine pair wise comparison of three agents with respect to clinical and radiographic criteria. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, Mc Nemars test was applied to evaluate the efficacy of each agent between 3 months and 6 months. The results showed that maximum success rate was found in MTA group. However, the comparison between three groups was statistically not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Pulpotomies performed with either MTA, Laser or Biodentine are equally efficient with similar clinical/radiographic success and hence can be considered as alternatives to Formocresol.