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Introduction: Organophosphorus poisoning is associated with high rate of mortality if not diagnosed and treated in time. Therefore aim of present study is to evaluate the significance of cholinesterase activity in assessing severity and to predict the outcome of Organophosphorus poisoning. Material and Methods: Present study was conducted in the department of Forensic Medicine, S.N. Medical College & Hospital, Agra during the period of 18 months (February 2011 to July 2012). Total 160 patients were enrolled after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Peradeniya Organophosphorus Poisoning Scale was applied to all study subjects. Result and Observation: Majority of patients were married (70%) and male (64%). About 42% of cases belong to the age group 21–30 years. About 1/3rd of the cases had low socioeconomic status and about 1/3rd cases were farmers by occupation. On applying Peradeniya Organophosphorus Poisoning (POP) Scale, about one third of patients had tachypnoea, followed by impaired consciousness (29%). Serum/ plasma cholinesterase level showed higher mortality in patients having suppressed cholinesterase activity (< 4000 IU/L). Conclusion: Organophosphorus poisoning diagnosed at early stages of poisoning determining pseudocholinesterase activity form a reliable diagnostic test for management and can serve as lives saving tool.

Negligence is the breach of a duty caused by omission to do something which a reasonable man guided by those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do. The definition of negligence as given in Law of Torts, Ratanlal & Dhirajlal (edited by Justice G.P. Singh), referred to hereinabove, holds good. The essential components of negligence are three: ‘duty’, ‘breach’ and ‘resulting damage’. A case has been filed before Chhattisgarh High Court with two-fold prayer; one is that the hospital is responsible for the negligent treatment and another one that the hospital did not follow the covid protocol norms in handling the dead body therefore liable to be prosecuted [Para 1]. High Court observed that the primary allegation of the petitioner that there has been a negligence in the treatment and wrong injection i.e. Remdesivir Injection was administered to the mother of the petitioner by which her health condition was deteriorated. With respect to the medical negligence and criminal case whether under the circumstances Remdesivir Injection was necessary or not, it cannot be tested by the Court [Para 5]. High Court further observed that with respect to the second aspect of the complaint that the dead body was not handled according to the covid protocol guidelines issued by the Central and State Government, this Court in exercise of power under Article 226 of the Constitution cannot go into the roving enquiry; in as much as, the nature of complaint as has been stated that the dead body was handed over without any zipped body bag is a matter of enquiry. Chhattisgarh High Court, therefore, refrained itself to go into the exercise of investigation. High Court added that serving certain problem requires multi-pronged approach and they would persist if viewed through narrow lens and the petitioner therefore cannot accept ill-conceived exercise by this court to substantiate the fact and allegation.

Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation aid. The drug is a non-tricyclic antidepressant and differs from most commonly prescribed antidepressants such as SSRIs, as its primary pharmacological action is thought to benorepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibition. A new sensitive and rapid HPLC method was developed for the determination of buproprion in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms; it was validated according to ICH and FDA guidelines. The HPLC analysis was performed on the Alliance Waters e2695 Separations Module system equipped with a Waters X – Bridge C-18 5µm, 4.6 X 150 mm column 5, with a mixture of Acetonitrile: Ammonium bicarbonate (5mM) pH-9 adjusted with 1% Ammonium hydroxide (50:50, %v/v). Flow rate was 1 ml/min quantification was done by PDA detector at 254nm. The proposed method showed linearity in the concentration range of 50 to 250 ppm for Bupropion. The linear regression equation of Bupropion was found to be y = 6E+06x + 91344 and correlation coefficient value was found to be 0.997 indicating a high degree of linearity for the drug. The proposed method was stable except the basic condition during analysis. The stability of the analyte solution was determined at interval of 1st, 2nd, 3nd, 4th and 5th day. The low values of %recovery and %C.V. showed that the method is precise within the acceptance limit of 5% (according to ICH guidelines).The limit of detection (LOD) of Bupropion was 0.5 ppm and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 2.0 ppm respectively. The proposed method showed excellent linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, LOD, LOQ, and system suitability results within the acceptance criteria.

A 27-year-old, mother of four children, from rural background visited a government district hospital for permanent birth control under a government programme. She was advised to get admitted for the Laparoscopic Tubal Obliteration which was planned for next day. Accordingly, she got admitted in the morning and was operated in the afternoon and by evening she was discharged in a recovered condition with an advice to come for stitch removal after one week. Unfortunately, she expired on postoperative 7th day at home. A police complaint of wrong treatment was lodged. The autopsy revealed massive intestinal haemorrhage from colonic diverticulum leading to hemorrhagic shock as the cause of death as. After the local inquiry, the complaint was also registered at national human rights commission. Forensic investigation framework along with correlation of cause of death with treatment has been discussed in the light of professional standards.

Background: Nowadays litigation and allegations are increasing in India and Ophthalmologists are at very high risk to encounter this issue, major and serious complications can end up in loss of eye sight or even eye, which are often referred to as grievous injury by court of law.Aims and Objectives: The present study throws light on various aspect and reasons leading to litigation and allegations, pattern of medical negligence and also the pattern of compensation awarded by various forums pertaining to cataract surgery, which is off course the most commonly performed ocular surgery in India and across the world.Material and Methods: The National consumer dispute redressal commission (NCDRC) decided 942 cases of all speciality from year 2002 to February 2018 out of these 30 judgement of alleged medical negligence cases are related to ophthalmology, out of which we have included 11 cases of cataract surgery.Results: Out of these 11 cases, in 4 cases (36.36%) medical negligence is proved before NCDRC and compensation is awarded and endophthalmitis is found to be most common cause leading to litigation. Highest compensation awarded is 9 crore 85 lacs and lowest is 20 thousand. In most of the cases leading to litigation, in 50% cases the pre-existing ocular and systemic comorbidity is present. In this era where more and more patient are getting aware of their rights and number of litigations are increasing at higher rate, this has pushed the doctor to defensive mode and make hi practice in a more safer way, which could be detrimental to society in near future. Therefore there is need to establish a balance between patient’s right and professional honesty.Conclusions: The results of this study will help in improving the standards and quality of health care services and will strengthen the doctor-patient relationship and will make the doctor think about reviewing his/her pattern of practice and this will finally benefit the society.

Substance abuse is a major public health problem all over world and showing rising trends in current scenario. Drug abusers are more prone to viral infections like HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C due to sharing of common needles. Therefore present study aim is to find out the prevalence of HIV among dead bodies (Claimed and unclaimed both) having documented history of drug abuse brought for autopsy. Out of 200 cases, 100 cases had known identities and 100 had unknown identities. 177 cases (88.5%) were males and 23(11.5%) were females. Out of 200 cases, 86 cases (43%) had positive history of drug abuse. History of drug abuse was present in 79% of unclaimed cases as compared to 7% in claimed cases. HIV was four times more prevalent among unknown cases compared to known cases. HIV positive cases were found only in male individuals (5.64 %). Majority of cases (79.06%, 68 out of 86 cases) having history of drug abuse was found in age group of 21-50 years. Maximum prevalence of drug abuser with positive HIV infection was found in age group of 31-40 years (44.4%, 4 out of 9 cases). 1(14.28%) case was found ELISA positive among 7 known individuals with history of drug abuse, and 8(10.12%) cases were among 79 unknown individuals with history of drug abuse.Results of this study help in highlighting the fact that HIV infection is more common among intravenous drug users (IDUs). Substance abuse causes overburdening of state and national health schemes. Therefore mental health literacy can be a part of de-addiction programs. Keywords: HIV, Claimed cases, Unclaimed cases, Intravenous drug user (IDU).

Over the years, Telecommunication service providers are moving towards Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) to greatly reduce and manage Capex and Opex costs. Moving towards virtualisation of services and coupled with software defined networking, service providers are preparing to deliver complex services in the evolving landscape of next generation mobile communications and digital transformation.Thus, moving towards the virtualisation has brought lot of benefits, however the security threat vectors also increases with virtualisation. By sharing common hardware and virtualisation layer additional security boundaries must be created. Defence-in-depth approach is always recommended and in virtualisation it is more relevant to have layers of security at hardware level, virtualisation level, network level and VNF level. This paper describes the ways in which the VNF can be secured as well as our approach to handle the VNF in Telco environment.

Domain Name System constitutes the major part in the Internet services. The machine or computers identify a website through an IP address, but the users can remember the names. The translation from name to IP address can be achieved easily through DNS. DNS includes root severs, which are operated by govt organizations. Although DNS system is implemented, there are threats within them. Also, these root servers have risks of censorship, data tracking, privatization and commercial use etc. To overcome these threats and issues, various solutions have been provided by research community and various organizations. This paper surveys on the security problems of DNS and the solutions proposed by various authors including Blockchain based solutions. Blockchain based solution bring immutability of data, which avoid issue like DNS Cache poisoning or corrupting DNS data. Blockchain also helps in removing censorship of govt or any specific private agencies on DNS servers ownership.

Introduction: Falls from height are the one of the major trauma cases presenting to emergency departments and often cause mortality and morbidity.

Jacob Mathew vs. State of Punjab & Anr. (2005) Case, Supreme Court said that the jurisprudential concept of negligence differs in civil and criminal law. What may be negligence in civil law may not necessarily be negligence in criminal law. For negligence to amount to an offence, the element of mens rea must be shown to exist. For an act to amount to criminal negligence, the degree of negligence should be much higher i.e. gross or of a very high degree. Negligence which is neither gross nor of a higher degree may provide a ground for action in civil law but cannot form the basis for prosecution. The husband of the first respondent (one Divakar) approached the appellant herein, complaining of a pain in the chest on 22.04.2002. On 25.04.2002, the appellant unsuccessfully attempted to perform an angioplasty on Divakar. Same day at around 3.30 p.m., by-pass surgery was conducted on Divakar in the same hospital. Subsequently, various complications developed and eventually Divakar died on 09.05.2002. On 14.05.2002, the first respondent lodged a complaint against the appellant and others under section 304A IPC. The Ld. Magistrate by his order dated 11.12.2006 came to the prima facie conclusion that there exists material to try the accused for the offence punishable under section 304A IPC. Andhra Pradesh High Court opined that the material on record “clearly shows negligence on the part of Appeallant” and declined to quash the proceedings. Later Supreme Court set aside the judgment under appeal and also the proceedings of the trial court dated 11.12.2006.

Any hurt which endangers life or which causes the sufferer to be during the space of twenty days in severe bodily pain, or unable to follow his ordinary pursuits come under Clause “Eighthly” of Section 320 IPC defining “Grievous Hurt”. Section 326 IPC provides punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means like by fire, any corrosive substance, any heated substance etc. The fact of case was that the accused-appellant and the injured victim Sunil Kumar (PW-1) were neighbours. On 26.11.1997 at about 6 p.m., the appellant along with his wife (accused No. 2) poured acid on the victim from a ridge on the left side of the road causing serious injuries over the head, neck, shoulder and other parts of the body of the victim. The accused persons were charge sheeted under Section 326 read with Section 34 IPC. The case was tried by the Judicial Magistrate First Class (JMFC) and appellant was convicted for the offence under Section 326 IPC and was sentenced to one year imprisonment with fine of Rs.5000. Appeals before Additional District Court & High Court were dismissed. Supreme Court heard appeal on the question of sentence and applicability of Section 320 IPC. This study deals with interpretation of ingredients of Section 320, 326, IPC vis-a-vis Acid Attack which will be helpful in dealing with medicolegal aspect on Acid Attack and its gravity.

Infections are the most common predisposing factor both in neonates and children, followed by hematological states, dehydration and various other conditions. Cerebral sino-venous thrombosis (CSVT) encompasses a spectrum of disorders involving thrombosis of the cerebral venous system. Timely diagnosis and treatment are critically important for optimizing outcome. Twenty three months old male child with complaints of vomiting and abnormal eye movements (more on left side) was admitted in a hospital. To rule out intracranial pathology for asymmetrical movements, the child was advised Contrast MRI of Brain. At 08:00 pm, he was given Inj. Gadodiamide (Omniscan) 0.5 mmol/ml solution for contrast imaging. The child developed sudden cardiac arrest immediately after MRI scan was completed, at 08:50 pm and declared as dead at 09:40 pm. MR Venogram showed thrombus in superior sagittal sinus, proximal part of transverse sinuses & part of straight sinus. Non-Visualization of cerebral cortical veins on both sides was suggestive of thrombosis. Autopsy was performed by board of doctors after a complaint of medical negligence was made by the parents of the deceased. After perusal of clinical record, post-mortem report and FSL report, the board was of the considered opinion that findings were suggestive of thrombus in superior sagittal sinus and proximal part of transverse sinus and in cortical veins of both cerebral hemispheres and was a sudden natural death.

A single sign can be interpreted differently by two people especially in cases of alleged history of assault or trauma. It's very important to correlate the same with investigatory findings and complete examination. A case came to us for review with cause of death as traumatic hemorrhagic pancreatitis. After perusal of all the clinical records and autopsy report doubts were raised over the probable cause of death. The presented clinical signs lead the board to a probable different opinion.

The present study "Post Mortem and the risk of HIV infection" was conducted upon 200 randomly selected cases having known and unknown identities. (100 each) at the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology and Department of Microbiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College from November 2011-March 2013. Out of 200 cases, 10 (5%) were positive for HIV by ELISA test. Positivity in known bodies was 2% compared to 8% in unknown bodies. Males outnumbered, with maximum prevalence in the Age group of 31–40 years (9.52%). Drug abuse was found in 1(14.28%) case in known bodies and in 8(10.12%) cases in unknown bodies. HIV infection could be detected by ELISA test from 12 hours till 7 days post-mortem.