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In this presentation we provide a case example of how the National Library of Finland (NatLibFi), in collaboration with Finnish library network, use the Finna infrastructure to promote and make research-based information in Finnish OA publications more discoverable and approachable to researchers and students as well as the general public. Finna is a group of different services developed and maintained in the NatLibFi. The national search site Finna.fi combines all the content coming from over 450 Finnish libraries, archives, museum and publication repositories. Finna is also a platform service for content providers to build their collection search services or web libraries on. NatLibFi is responsible for the Finna platform development whereas the other organisations are responsible for providing the content. We present how we created a new contract model in order to include repositories from new types of organisations into the Finna index. The new model enabled inclusion of OA repositories of the Finnish state research institutes. This is an example of how NatLibFi as a node organisation needed to take up new responsibilities to enable progress. We elaborate how these publications are made available in both, the national Finna.fi portal and in the search services of other libraries. Most Finnish library websites are built on top of the Finna platform and one of the key features of Finna-based web libraries can add databases from the Finna index into their own search service. This enables making the publications available where the readers are, whether they are students, scholars or a wider audience. We discuss how Finna services and the network of libraries collaborated to make these publications more approachable to the general public. With approachability we mean that in addition to making the publications available and accessible, they are also presented in places and ways that make it easy for the audience to start exploring them. Marketing is also part of the process. This means taking up new responsibilities for all parties in the collaboration. When operating in this kind of networked environment of shared responsibilities, one major challenge is how to innovate and push something new to happen. The participating organisations’ collective decisions, contribution and in-depth expertise in their content offering are necessities for the progress, but structures and facilitation are also needed. Through our presentation, we give examples of initiatives that we as a node organisation took and where co-creation methods were essential to push the collaboration into new areas. We are taking steps towards something new that can help in bringing research-based information a step or two closer to the general public and make it more approachable for them. In the current time of misinformation, this is more crucial than ever. Quote from Ray Bradbury “You don’t have to burn books to destroy a culture. Just get people to stop reading them” talks about culture. This goes for scientific information too.

The first solar radio polarization observations at 3 mm (86 GHz) and 13 mm (22 GHz) were made at Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory in Finland in spring 2019. This was the first time that 3 mm (86 GHz) and 13 mm (1.3 cm) solar polarization observations were made with the same radio telescope. In this paper we describe the observing system and data analysis, and present the first results. We also compare our data with polarization observations made with the Nobeyama Radioheliograph and find that the results are consistent. Additionally, we determine the quiet Sun level brightness temperature at 3 mm (86 GHz) using the New Moon for refererence, and obtain a mean value of 6310 K.

Proprioceptive afference can be investigated using corticokinematic coherence (CKC), which indicates coupling between limb kinematics and cortical activity. CKC has been quantified using proprioceptive stimulation (movement actuators) with fixed interstimulus interval (ISI). However, it is unclear how regularity of the stimulus sequence (jitter) affects CKC strength. Eighteen healthy volunteers (16 right-handed, 27.8 ± 5.0 yr, 7 females) participated in magnetoencephalography (MEG) session in which their right index finger was continuously moved at ∼3 Hz with Constant 333 ms ISI or with 20% Jitter (ISI 333 ± 66 ms) using a pneumatic-movement actuator. Three minutes of data per condition were collected. Finger kinematics were recorded with a three-axis accelerometer. CKC strength was defined as the peak coherence value in the Rolandic MEG gradiometer pair contralateral to the movement at 3 Hz. Both conditions resulted in significant coherence peaking in the gradiometers over the primary sensorimotor cortex. Constant stimulation yielded stronger CKC at 3 Hz (0.78 ± 0.11 vs. 0.66 ± 0.13

The Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory (MRO) in Finland installed and started operating a new low-frequency solar radio monitoring instrument in October 2017. The main component of the new system is a crossed dipole antenna, and it uses a Callisto spectrometer as the back-end. The operational range of the new radio telescope is between 5 and 120 MHz, and its main purpose is to detect solar radio bursts. The coverage of MRO solar radio observations now extends from 5 MHz to 37 GHz, enabling studies of solar flares over a very wide frequency range. The first solar radio bursts were detected with the new system in March 2018. In this article, we describe the new system and report the first flare observations.

Funding Information: This study was supported by the Academy of Finland “Brain changes across the life-span” profiling funding to University of Jyva€skyla€. H. Piitulainen was supported by Academy of Finland (Grants 296240, 326988, 307250, and 327288) and Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 the American Physiological Society. Proprioceptive afference can be investigated using corticokinematic coherence (CKC), which indicates coupling between limb kinematics and cortical activity. CKC has been quantified using proprioceptive stimulation (movement actuators) with fixed interstimulus interval (ISI). However, it is unclear how regularity of the stimulus sequence (jitter) affects CKC strength. Eighteen healthy volunteers (16 right-handed, 27.8 ± 5.0 yr, 7 females) participated in magnetoencephalography (MEG) session in which their right index finger was continuously moved at ∼3 Hz with Constant 333 ms ISI or with 20% Jitter (ISI 333 ± 66 ms) using a pneumaticmovement actuator. Three minutes of data per condition were collected. Finger kinematics were recorded with a three-axis accelerometer. CKC strength was defined as the peak coherence value in the Rolandic MEG gradiometer pair contralateral to the movement at 3 Hz. Both conditions resulted in significant coherence peaking in the gradiometers over the primary sensorimotor cortex. Constant stimulation yielded stronger CKC at 3Hz (0.78 ± 0.11 vs. 0.66 ± 0.13, P < 0.001) and its first harmonic (0.60 ± 0.19 vs. 0.27 ± 0.11, P < 0.001) than irregular stimulation. Similarly, the respective sustained-movement evoked field was also stronger for constant stimulation. The results emphasize the importance of temporal stability of the proprioceptive stimulation sequence when quantifying CKC strength. The weaker CKC during irregular stimulation can be explained with temporal and thus spectral scattering of the paired peripheral and cortical events beyond the mean stimulation frequency. This impairs the signal-to-noise ratio of respective MEG signal and thus CKC strength. When accurately estimating and following changes in CKC strength, we suggest using precise movement actuators with constant stimulation sequence.

Tiivistelmä. Toteutin kandidaatintyöni syksyn 2019 nykyarkkitehtuurin 3. kurssista. Kurssin tehtävänä oli suunnitella ekumeeninen kappeli Puulinnanmaalle. Suunnitelmassani tahdoin päästä sakraaliin tilakokemukseen materiaalin sekä muodon kautta. Plaanin perusideana on itä-länsi suunnassa kulkevat paksut CLT-rakenteet, joiden väleihin tilat sulautuvat. Rakennuksen poikkiseinät ovat suurimmalta osaltaan lasia, jota päällystää teräksinen pystyprofiili. Tämä tuo rakennukseen runsaasti luonnonvaloa, etenkin aamuisin ja iltaisin. Rakennuksen lattiamateriaali on hiottua betonia, joka sointuu hyvin pehmeän ja lämpimän puun kanssa. CLT-rakenteet nousevat rytmikkäästi tilan korkeuden noustessa. Poikkiseinät eivät sijaitse elementtien päissä vaan on upotettu rakenteeseen vähintään puolen metrin verran. Tämä luo efektin, jossa rakennus on piilossa elementtiryppään keskellä. Kappelille saavuttaessa etelä tai pohjoispuolelta rakennuksesta ei näe muuta kuin kyseiset puuelementit. Puuelementit jatkuvat ulkoa sisälle, joka altistaa puun luonnonvoimille ja näin luo ulkotilassa puulle harmaantumista ajan saatossa. Tilaan tultaessa astutaan matalaan aulaan, joka johtaa korkeampaan välitilaan. Välitilasta kokijan reitti luontaisesti ohjautuu korkeaan ja kirkkaaseen seremoniatilaan. Vaihtoehtoisesti kokija voi siirtyä myös kynttilähuoneeseen hiljentymään. Wc-tilat on sijoitettu kulman taakse piiloon yksityisyyden saavuttamiseksi. Hallinnolliset tilat on sijoitettu rakennuksen sivuille, joihin kuljetaan liukuovien kautta. Tällä saavutetaan tilan lineaarinen rikkoontumattomuus. Seremoniatilan päädyssä on seinään upotettu liukuovi, josta on käynti sakastiin. Henkilökunnalle on oma sisäänkäynti rakennuksen eteläpuolella. Sisäänkäynti on erotettu selkeästi pääsisäänkäynnistä seinien muotoilulla. Kappeliin kuuluu muistolehto, joka on sijoitettu selkeästi erilleen rakennuksesta sen pohjoispuolelle. Muodoltaan muistolehto mukailee kappelia ja toimii rakennuksen pikkuveljenä. Se koostuu kolmesta erikorkuisesta CLT-elementistä. Haasteena muistolehdon suunnittelemisessa oli yhdistää se kappeliin rikkomatta kappelin vahvaa lineaarista rakennetta. Siitä syystä päädyin eristämään muistolehdon selkeästi kappelista omaksi entiteetikseen, joka kuitenkin sointuu yleiseen arkkitehtoniseen ilmeeseen. Kappelin rakenteellisuus tuotti myös ongelmia. Kuinka valtavat yhdensuuntaiset elementit saataisiin jäykistettyä ilman poikkiseiniä. Ratkaisuksi tuli vahva yläpohjarakenne, joka sitoo seinät toisiinsa. Katon pohjois- ja eteläsivuilla on upotettu valokouru, jonne on upotettu ledinauhat. Tämä tuo illuusion taivaalta tulevasta luonnonvalosta pimeälläkin säällä. Valo tuo kauniisti esille puun syyt ja liitokset. Kappelia ympäröi istutettu metsä, joka eristää alueen kaupungin melulta ja asettaa kokijan rauhalliseen mielentilaan. Kappelille on tarkoitus saapua kävellen, joka lisää sakraaliuden tunnetta tilaa rauhoittamalla. Inspiraation työlleni sain Juha Leiviskän Myyrmäen kirkosta, jossa jylhät pystyseinät rajaavat tilaa kauniisti. Kappelin kokemusperäinen suunnittelutapa on onnistunut ja koen sen olevan tärkeä osa arkkitehtuurin suunnittelua. Omaksumalla kokijan tunnetiloja kappelissa liikkuessa ja niistä johtavat arkkitehtoniset valinnat kertovat tarinaa rakennuksesta.

Tiivistelmä. Lopputyössä pohditaan eri näkökulmista retroestetiikan mahdollisuuksia ja haasteita suunnittelun kehyksenä. Havainnollistavina keiseinä toimivat viisi ravintolaa, joiden sisustussuunnittelussa retroestetiikkaa on toteutettu eriasteisesti, perinteisemmästä pubista steam punkahtavaan, vindustrialismia edustavaan ruokaravintolaan. Pubia retrottaessa raja-arvona toimii perinteisen pubin ontologia, jota avataan sekä konkreettisina materiaalisina valintoina että teoreettisesti, Michel Foucault’n heterotopian kaltaisena paradoksaalisena tilana. Lisäksi retroa jäsennetään retron nelikentän avulla — tavoitteena on ymmärtää retroa nyansoidummin ja näin tarjota välineitä sen tietoiseen ja hallittuun soveltamiseen arkkitehtuurissa ja suunnittelussa.Abstract. The present thesis considers from several angles the opportunities and challenges of retro-aesthetics as a framework for branding and design. In order to concretize the research, five case studies are presented: individual restaurants where retro-aesthetics has been utilized to different degrees, from a more traditional pub to a punk-ish dining restaurant representing what is here termed vindustrialism. When the pub was being retrotized, the threshold value was constituted by the ontology of a traditional public house, which is here explicated both by concrete material choices and theoretically as a paradoxical space of Michel Foucault’s heterotopy type. Retro is further analyzed by means of a retro matrix, with the objective of gaining more nuanced insights into retro, and thereby providing tools for its deliberate and controlled deployment in architecture and design.

Tutkin suomalaisen uutiskirjoittelun Kiinan arkeologiaa ja kulttuuriperintöä käsittelevää diskurssia. Tarkastelen sen syntyä ja kehitystä sekä erityisesti sen muodostamaa Kiina-kuvaa. Aineistoni käsittää Helsingin Sanomien, Yle.fi:n ja Pohjolan Sanomien julkaisemia kirjoituksia, joita olen katsonut sekä diskurssianalyysin että historiallisen kuvatutkimuksen näkökulmista. Kiina-kuva ei muuttunut tutkimuksen käsittämällä aikavälillä. Jutuissa Kiina näyttäytyy koko maailman mittakaavassa vanhana, arvokkaana ja tutkimuksellisesti merkittävänä, johon mielellään liitetään ja verrataan eurooppalaista menneisyyttä. Nyky-Kiina näyttäytyy pääosin voimakkaana ja länsimaista poikkeavasti toimivana, mikä herättää kirjoittajissa levottomuutta tai surua. Kiinalaiset näyttäytyvät jutuissa pelkistetysti valtiosta erillisinä tutkijoina, yksinkertaisina maanviljelijöinä tai häikäilemättöminä ryöstäjinä. Jutut päätyvät Suomeen useimmiten monen eurooppalaisen välikäden kautta, ja Kiinaa katsotaan perinteisen eurooppalaisesti, eurooppalaisen linssin läpi.

Tutkimukseni aiheena on uudissanojen tuntemus eri-ikäisten keskuudessa. Uudissanoihin liittyvä aiempi tutkimus on keskittynyt lähinnä sanojen muodostumiseen, ja eri-ikäisten kielenkäyttöä on lähestytty monista eri näkökulmista. Uudissanoja ja eri-ikäisiä kielenkäyttäjiä ei kuitenkaan ole aiemmin tutkittu samanaikaisesti, minkä vuoksi tutkimukselleni on tarvetta. Tavoitteena on ollut selvittää, kuinka hyvin eri-ikäiset tuntevat uudissanoja ja missä määrin he ottavat niitä omaan käyttöönsä. Olen vertaillut eri-ikäisten tietoja uudissanojen merkityksistä muun muassa sanan aihepiirin sekä sanan alkuperän näkökulmasta. Lisäksi olen tarkastellut, kuinka itselle vieraiden uudissanojen merkityksiä lähestytään. Tutkimusaineisto on kerätty verkossa kyselylomakkeella. Kyselyyn vastasi 175 henkilöä, joista neljää olen haastatellut tarkemmin saadakseni tarkentavaa tietoa aiheesta. Haastattelu on edennyt puolistrukturoidusti, ja haastattelun aikana haastateltavat muun muassa selittivät omin sanoin kyselyssä esiintyneitä sanoja. Tulosten perusteella on vaikea tehdä suuria yleistyksiä eri-ikäisten uudissanojen tuntemuksesta, sillä kaikissa ikä-luokissa oli yksilöllistä vaihtelua. Kuitenkin voitaneen sanoa, että nuoremmat vastaajat tunsivat uudissanoja hieman paremmin kuin vanhemmat. Sanojen aihepiirillä oli tähän vaikutusta: karkeasti voidaan yleistää, että nuoret tunsivat paremmin viestintään ja teknologiaan liittyvää sanastoa, yhteiskunnallisen sanaston kohdalla tilanne oli päinvastoin. Englannin kielestä lainatut sanat koettiin helpoiksi ymmärtää, mutta puutteellinen kielitaito erityisesti vanhempien vastaajien keskuudessa puolestaan hankaloitti ymmärtämistä. Itselle tuntemattomien uudissanojen merkityksiä lähdettiin hakemaan sanojen äänneasun kautta iästä riippumatta. Vaikka uudissanoja tunnettiin yleisellä tasolla melko hyvin, ne kuitenkin siirtyivät käyttöön melko hitaasti. Nuoret ottivat uutta sanastoa käyttöön jonkin verran vanhempia vastaajia nopeammin. Koska aihetta on tutkittu vain vähän, voidaan tutkielmani nähdä täydentävän sosiolingvistisen tutkimuksen kenttää. Lisäksi uudissanat kiinnostavat myös maallikoita.

A precision measurement by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays in the energy range from 0.5 to 350 GeV based on 6.8 x 10(6) positron and electron events is presented. The very accurate data show that the positron fraction is steadily increasing from 10 to similar to 250 GeV, but, from 20 to 250 GeV, the slope decreases by an order of magnitude. The positron fraction spectrum shows no fine structure, and the positron to electron ratio shows no observable anisotropy. Together, these features show the existence of new physical phenomena. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.141102

The variety of isotopes in cosmic rays allows us to study different aspects of the processes that cosmic rays undergo between the time they are produced and the time of their arrival in the heliosphere. In this paper, we present measurements of the isotopic ratios [superscript 2]H/[superscript 4]He, [superscript 3]He/[superscript 4]He, [superscript 6]Li/[superscript 7]Li, [superscript 7]Be/([superscript 9]Be+[superscript 10]Be), and [superscript 10]B/[superscript 11]B in the range 0.2-1.4 GeV of kinetic energy per nucleon. The measurements are based on the data collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, AMS-01, during the STS-91 flight in 1998 June., United States. Dept. of Energy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Context. The presence of water has long been seen as a key condition for life in planetary environments. The Cassini spacecraft discovered water vapour in the Saturnian system by detecting absorption of UV emission from a background star. Investigating other possible manifestations of water is essential, one of which, provided physical conditions are suitable, is maser emission. Aims. We report detection of water maser emission at 22 GHz associated with several Kronian satellites using Earth-based radio telescopes. Methods. We searched for water maser emission in the Saturnian system in an observing campaign using the Metsahovi and Medicina radio telescopes. Spectral data were Doppler-corrected over orbital phase for the Saturnian satellites, yielding detections of water maser emission associated with the moons Hyperion, Titan, Enceladus, and Atlas. Results. The detection of Saturnian water molecules by remote astronomical observation can be combined with in situ spacecraft measurements to harmonise the physical model of the Saturnian system.

We report the results of a successful 12 hour 22 GHz VLBI experiment using a heterogeneous network that includes radio telescopes of the Long Baseline Array (LBA) in Australia and several VLBI stations that regularly observe in geodetic VLBI campaigns. We have determined positions of three VLBI stations, ATCA-104, CEDUNA and MOPRA, with an accuracy of 4-30mm using a novel technique of data analysis. These stations have never before participated in geodetic experiments. We observed 105 radio sources, and amongst them 5 objects which have not previously been observed with VLBI. We have determined positions of these new sources with the accuracy of 2-5 mas. We make conclusion that the LBA network is capable of conducting absolute astrometry VLBI surveys with accuracy better than 5 mas., Published in Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 10 pages, 3 figures, 5 tables. Table 5 in a machine readable form is accessible in the source of this submission

We report a successful VLBI observation at 147 GHz (2.1 mm) on the 3 100 km long baseline between the telescopes at Metsahovi (Finland) and Pico Veleta (Spain). The sources 3C 273B and 3C 279 were detected with a SNR of∼10. For these sources we estimate that 25-30% of the total flux is detectable as correlated flux on the 3 100 km baseline, which gives at 147 GHz a lower limit of the brightness temperature of the inner VLBI jet region of ∼1×10 1 0 K.

Agile manifesto with its four values and 12 principles provides widely accepted definition of agile. Agile methods have been actively used in software engineering and other fields are starting to utilize agile development methods as well. Embedded system development combines software, hardware and mechanical engineering activities and thus has some characteristics and constrains which are not found in pure software engineering. These constraints have earlier been described to be leading to some reinterpretation of agile practices. However, understanding how these constraints affect the applicability of agile philosophy in embedded domain has not yet been systematically analyzed. Here we will discuss about agile methods and its applicability in embedded system development through the 12 principles of agile manifesto. We aim to capture the philosophy of agile rather than only individual practices, by presenting redefined principles for embedded system development.

There is a wide area of applications that use embedded systems, and the number of such systems keeps growing. The required functionality and complexity of embedded systems are also constantly increasing, and development of such products is becoming increasingly harder. This requires new thinking on the product development processes, and one such emerging philosophy is the agile methods. These methods were created by the software engineering community where they are commonly used. Since then, they have been adopted in embedded systems development; however, whether they can improve the embedded systems product development processes remains an open question. This study aims to bring forth what is known about agile methods in embedded systems development and to find out if agile practices are suitable in this domain and what evidence is there to support the findings. We conducted a literature review and a mapping study to answer these questions. The scope of this study is not only limited to embedded software development, but also to embedded hardware and integrated circuits. We have found that agile methods can be used in the embedded domain, but the methods and practices need to be adapted to suit the more constrained field of embedded product development. Furthermore, the field of embedded product development has wide diversity of products with different needs and domain-specific problems so that no single method is applicable, but rather many methods and practices are needed for different situations.

In June 1998, Metsahovi Radio Observatory participated in a 10-day shuttle mission, STS-91, ground support activity by receiving, archiving, and making available, the so-called High Rate Data (HRD) from Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS). The goal of this particle physics experiment project was to detect antimatter in space. Some aspects of the HRD link performance are discussed.

Waste water treatment plants often need detailed information about the sources and levels of pollutants in sewage in order to maintain stable process conditions and to achieve permitted levels for hazardous compounds in their effluents. A high content of pollutants is usually traceable to industrial inputs. In this study the main objective was to study the factors affecting the composition of sewage of domestic origin. Sixty-five domestic sewage samples collected during 9 months at eight different sites in Melbourne, Australia, were analyzed for 83 chemical variables. The data set also included two samples of combined domestic/industrial wastewaters, seven samples from waste water treatment plant influent streams and five domestic water supply samples. The data was studied with multivariate data analysis methods; principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS). With multivariate methods, effects of lifestyle of residents, day of the week and sampling time or weather on the pollutant levels could be determined.

Quite often, quality control models fail because, e.g., the mean values are changing continuously. These kinds of changes, e.g., process drifts due to seasonal fluctuations, are common in an activated sludge waste-water treatment plant in Finland. Different Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering algorithms were tested in order to cope with these kinds of seasonal effects. Firstly, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model was constructed in order to visualize the data set and reduce the dimensionality of the problem. Then, score values of the PCA were used in the FCM. The cluster centers represented the different process conditions (winter and summer seasons). Different algorithms were used to update the cluster centers or to give them some flexibility. The testing of different FCM algorithms was carried out by using a separate test set. The adaptive and the flexible FCM algorithms were compared to the basic non-adaptive FCM. For both cases, modifications are proposed and a simple strategy for updating the cluster centers is given.

A Kalman filter was developed to overcome the problems caused by process drifting. Different types of models were used to predict response variables of an activated sludge waste-water treatment plant. These models were constructed using MLR, PCR, and PLS. The MLR-type regression coefficients were calculated for both the PCR and PLS models. After that, the Kalman filter was used to estimate these coefficients, recursively. Both the PCR and PLS `inner relation' coefficient vectors were also estimated in this way and the results were then compared. The effect of the number of variables was also briefly studied. The testing was carried out using sequential process data. The prediction ability was measured by a Q2-value as a function of a lag in the updating of the coefficients.

Data collected from a paper mill using a WIC-100 process analyzer was divided into six classes, each representing a different kind of paper grade or quality. Each of the six classes were modeled separately by principal component analysis (PCA). The score values of the calibration data, together with the corresponding confidence limits and the trajectory of the current data, are used to visualize the state of the process. For each of the classes, two collective multivariate control charts have been used to describe the state of the process. The first one of these charts is calculated from the residuals and the second one is based on the Mahalanobis distance of the score values. Both of these charts can be traced back to the original variables. Multivariate control charts and biplots have been applied together with the contribution plots and the feature weights in order to detect any process problems and to isolate the deviating variables. The results have been verified by using parallel coordinates. These methods are useful in detecting and isolating the various types of changes that may occur in the wet end process of a paper machine. The concept of contribution map has also been introduced. In this context, Bonferroni bounds have been used as decision rules for plotting points (warnings) on the contribution map.

Over 13600 continuum observations of extragalactic sources are presented. These observations of 157 sources at 22, 37 and 87 GHz more than doubles the millimeter observations of these sources. The data are between 1990.5 and 1995.5, and combined with our earlier published data they form a 15 year database.

The most common waste water purification method within Finnish pulp and paper industry is activated sludge method. Activated sludge method is a complex biological process, where several physical, chemical, and microbiological mechanisms simultaneously affect the purification result. There are tens of processes and control parameters determined at the plants. However, the parameter sets do not include any parameters describing the special features of the industrial influent nor any parameters directly describing microbial composition of the sludge. Thus there seems to be an obvious need for new parameters. As a part of a cooperation project empirical data sets from three pulp and paper mills were studied with multivariate methods. The main interest was focused on the information covered by the presently measured process and control parameters and their capability to predict purification result or approaching bulking state. The descriptor variables for PLSR models were selected by using a forward stepwise procedure with cross-validation criteria. As conclusion of PLSR modeling, the parameters included most of the information needed to predict the approaching process drift, which was caused by sludge bulking. However, the models for purification efficiency or for effluent quality indicated an obvious lack of relevant information. The average purification result could still be predicted.

In this paper, a combined approach of partial least squares (PLS) and fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering for the monitoring of an activated-sludge waste-water treatment plant is presented. Their properties are also investigated. Both methods were applied together in process monitoring. PLS was used for extracting the most useful information from the control and process variables in order to predict a response variable, namely the diluted sludge volume index. Score values were used in FCM, which utilizes the principle of an object belonging to several classes at the same time instead of just one class. The memberships of each of the classes are defined by the membership values. Corresponding membership plots were used to help in the interpretation of the score plots. Short-term changes were considered to be disturbances and long-term changes due to drifting.