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Objective: This retrospective research aimed to assess the clinical presentations and management strategies for "temporomandibular joint (TMJ)" disorders., Methods: Medical records of patients diagnosed with TMJ disorders between 2017 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Data collected included demographic information, clinical symptoms, radiographic findings, treatment modalities, and treatment outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed to examine associations between variables and treatment outcomes., Results: A total of 150 patients were included in the research, with a mean age of 42.5 years. The most common presenting symptoms were pain (80.0%), limited mouth opening (60.0%), and clicking/popping sounds (40.0%). Muscle tenderness (53.3%) and jaw deviation (20.0%) were also observed. Treatment modalities encompassed pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, occlusal splints, and surgical interventions. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between certain demographic characteristics and clinical presentations., Conclusion: This research provides valuable insights into the clinical presentations and management strategies for TMJ disorders. Pain, limited mouth opening, clicking/popping sounds, muscle tenderness, and jaw deviation were among the common symptoms observed. A multi-disciplinary approach involving various healthcare professionals is essential to optimize patient outcomes and improve quality of life for individuals affected by TMJ disorders., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess, in a tertiary care context, the significance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in salivary gland illness., Methods: This prospective research included 100 consecutive individuals with symptoms indicative of illness of the salivary glands. Demographic information, clinical information, and presenting symptoms were noted. Studies on salivary gland imaging were conducted, and a high-sensitivity test was used to quantify CRP levels. Radiology and clinical data were used to classify the disease's severity. The relationship between CRP levels and illness severity was examined using statistical methods such as regression analysis and correlation testing., Findings: There was a strong correlation between the severity of salivary gland illness and elevated CRP levels. There was a statistically significant correlation ( P < 0.05) between high CRP levels and the severity of salivary gland disease. When compared to patients with mild or moderate illness, patients with severe disease had greater CRP levels. In all severity groups, pain was the most common presenting symptom, followed by swelling and trouble swallowing. The variable character of disorders affecting the salivary glands was highlighted by the considerable variation in symptom distribution according to disease severity., Conclusion: In conclusion, current research points to CRP as a possible biomarker for determining the degree of illness in conditions affecting the salivary glands. Elevated CRP levels have been linked to severe illness, which suggests that CRP may be useful in risk assessment and therapy selection. To confirm these results and investigate the therapeutic applications of CRP-guided treatment in salivary gland disorders, more investigation is necessary., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to look into patterns in the diagnosis and treatment of oral mucosal disorders over a 12-year period in a tertiary care environment., Methods: A comprehensive review of medical records from a Tertiary Care Center was conducted, encompassing 2010-2022. Data on patient demographics, clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, treatment modalities, and outcomes were systematically analyzed. Descriptive statistics and trend analyses were employed to discern patterns and changes over time., Results: A total of 500 cases were included in the research, with a mean age of 42.5 years. Aphthous ulcers, oral lichen planus, and candidiasis were the predominant diseases, collectively constituting 58% of cases. Diagnostic modalities varied, including biopsy and imaging. Treatment modalities ranged from topical agents to surgical procedures, tailored to specific diagnoses. The prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma was noteworthy at 8%., Conclusion: This research provides insights into the evolving landscape of oral mucosal disease diagnosis and treatment in tertiary care. Identified trends emphasize the importance of individualized care, advancements in diagnostic techniques, and ongoing research collaboration. Addressing challenges identified in this research is crucial for enhancing patient outcomes and shaping future research directions., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has become a cornerstone in oral and maxillofacial radiology due to its high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging capabilities and lower radiation exposure compared to traditional computed tomography (CT). The purpose of this retrospective study is to examine long-term patterns in the use of CBCT in a tertiary care context, with an emphasis on patient characteristics, CBCT indications, and variations in use patterns over time., Methods: During the course of 5 years, a tertiary care facility performed 500 CBCT scans, all of which were included in the study. Information on the age, sex, and source of referral for each patient was gathered from their electronic medical records. Radiology data were used to categorize CBCT indications, which included implant planning, impacted tooth assessment, and pathology evaluation. Regression analysis and descriptive statistics were used to examine utilization trends., Results: Throughout the study period, there was a consistent rise in the use of CBCT, with implant planning being the most often cited indication. Impacted tooth assessment and pathology evaluation were next in line. Considerable differences were noted in the use of CBCT for various age groups and indications. The results demonstrate how CBCT is improving oral and maxillofacial radiology's diagnostic precision and treatment planning. In summary, this study offers a significant understanding of the long-term patterns in CBCT use in a tertiary care context. With ramifications for resource allocation, patient care, and future research objectives, the observed trends highlight the increasing acceptability and incorporation of CBCT into standard clinical practice., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to look at how often premalignant oral diseases are among patients who visit a tertiary care center, as well as how often these problems progress to become mouth malignancies., Methods: Between 2017 and 2022, 200 patients at a tertiary care facility who were identified with premalignant oral lesions had their medical records retrospectively examined. Information on lesion features, histological results, and demographics was gathered. Statistical analysis was used to determine the prevalence of premalignant oral lesions and the rate at which these lesions turned into oral malignancies, with a significance threshold of P < 0.05., Findings: The research population's mean age was 55 years (SD ± 10), with a 65% male preponderance. The most prevalent premalignant lesions were leukoplakia (45%), erythroplakia (30%), and oral submucous fibrosis (25%). Remarkably, during follow-up, 40% of patients showed development of premalignant lesions into mouth malignancies. Based on statistical analysis, there were significant correlations ( P < 0.05) between dysplastic alterations, age, tobacco use, and the development of oral malignancies from premalignant lesions., Conclusion: In conclusion, this study highlights the need of early diagnosis and focused therapies in tertiary care settings by offering important insights into the occurrence and evolution of premalignant oral lesions. The results provide important information that may be used to create screening programs and preventive measures that will lessen the incidence of oral cancer., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Background: Effective management of child behavior during dental procedures is crucial for successful treatment outcomes and promoting oral health. Parental involvement has been recognized as a key factor influencing child compliance in various healthcare settings, but its specific impact on child compliance during dental appointments remains understudied., Methods: A cross-sectional clinical research involving 100 children scheduled for routine dental treatments. Parental involvement was categorized as high, moderate, or low based on the level of parental presence and interaction during the dental appointment. Child compliance was assessed using a validated behavior rating scale, evaluating factors such as cooperation, anxiety, and disruptive behavior during the dental procedure. Statistical analysis, including correlation analysis and ANOVA, was performed to determine the association between parental involvement and child compliance., Results: The results revealed a significant correlation between parental involvement and child compliance ( P < 0.05). Children with high levels of parental involvement demonstrated greater compliance during dental procedures compared to those with moderate or low levels of parental involvement. Specifically, children with high parental involvement exhibited lower levels of anxiety, reduced disruptive behavior, and greater cooperation with the dental team., Conclusion: This research provides evidence of the positive impact of parental involvement on child compliance during dental procedures in pediatric patients. Higher levels of parental presence and interaction were associated with improved child behavior and cooperation, highlighting the importance of parental involvement in promoting positive oral health behaviors and facilitating successful dental treatments. These findings underscore the need for tailored interventions targeted at enhancing parental involvement and optimizing child compliance in the dental setting., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Objective: This systematic review examines the efficacy and biocompatibility of orthodontic clear aligner tooth aligners constructed from polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PeT-G), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)., Materials and Methods: To find relevant papers published through September 2021, PubMed was searched extensively. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies assessing the effectiveness and biocompatibility of the aligner materials were included. Data were extracted independently, and the quality of included research was appraised using relevant procedures. The research variability necessitated a narrative synthesis., Results: Five studies were included for comparison. All materials were biocompatible; however, PeT-G and EVA aligners caused the least tissue irritation. Patients preferred TPU aligners for initial comfort and PeT-G aligners for transparency and endurance., Conclusion: Biocompatible PeT-G, PP, PC, TPU, and EVA tooth aligners fix malocclusions. Aligner materials should be chosen based on patient preferences, treatment goals, and material qualities. For stronger proof, a longer-term study is needed., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Context: Cigarette smoking is a global public health concern, particularly in developing countries. Saudi Arabia has a high prevalence of smoking among young individuals, highlighting the need for interventions to address this issue., Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the awareness, attitude, smoking rates, and perception of health risks among young individuals in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. The goal was to identify areas for improvement and develop effective strategies to combat smoking and promote healthier lifestyles., Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the out-patient department of the College of Dentistry, Jazan University, over a 3-month period. A questionnaire consisting of 15 open-ended questions was administered to eligible patients., Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-squared test with a P- value of <0.05., Results: Out of 300 participants, the majority were males, university students, and non-smokers. Among smokers, electronic cigarettes were the most used form. Starting smoking with friends was a common trend. Females smoked fewer times per day compared to males. Participants expressed concerns about the damaging effects of smoking on health., Conclusions: Targeted interventions and educational programs are needed to address smoking behaviors among young individuals in the Jazan region. Gender-specific interventions, family involvement, and promoting school connectedness are crucial in reducing smoking rates. Graphic health warnings on cigarette packs have the potential to improve knowledge and quitting intentions. Continued research and surveillance are necessary to inform evidence-based policies and interventions to combat youth smoking., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Aim: This research was done to analyze the effectiveness related to herbal chemicals in tackling candidiasis., Materials and Methods: Grounded and ethanol-extracted residues of plants like Avicennia marina, Fagonia indica, Portulaca oleracea, Lawsania inermis, Ziziphus spina, Asphodelus tenuifolius, and Salvadora persica were used in the study. The extract was used against candida species, after which the antibacterial as well as cytotoxicity toward the former were evaluated., Results: L. inermis and P. oleracea with minimal inhibitory concentration of approx. 10 cenmL had an increased activity against candida species. The preparations of these plants acted against Candida albicans during its stages related to pathogenesis during biofilm production. Superadded infections like in case of bacterial infections along with candida can be difficult to cure. On human RBCs, these plant preparations had no toxicity at their minimum inhibitory concentration level., Conclusion: We concluded that, as far as being anti-candida and acting against MDR bacterial infections, preparations of plants were effective as an alternative to allopathic drugs., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Background: Machine learning (ML) is a key component of artificial intelligence (AI). The terms machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning are erroneously used interchangeably as they appear as monolithic nebulous entities. This technology offers immense possibilities and opportunities to advance diagnostics in the field of medicine and dentistry. This necessitates a deep understanding of AI and its essential components, such as machine learning (ML), artificial neural networks (ANN), and deep learning (DP). Aim: This review aims to enlighten clinicians regarding AI and its applications in the diagnosis of oral diseases, along with the prospects and challenges involved. Review results: AI has been used in the diagnosis of various oral diseases, such as dental caries, maxillary sinus diseases, periodontal diseases, salivary gland diseases, TMJ disorders, and oral cancer through clinical data and diagnostic images. Larger data sets would enable AI to predict the occurrence of precancerous conditions. They can aid in population-wide surveillance and decide on referrals to specialists. AI can efficiently detect microfeatures beyond the human eye and augment its predictive power in critical diagnosis. Conclusion: Although studies have recognized the benefit of AI, the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning has not been integrated into routine dentistry. AI is still in the research phase. The coming decade will see immense changes in diagnosis and healthcare built on the back of this research. Clinical significance: This paper reviews the various applications of AI in dentistry and illuminates the shortcomings faced while dealing with AI research and suggests ways to tackle them. Overcoming these pitfalls will aid in integrating AI seamlessly into dentistry.

Background: Few studies have reported the use of toothbrushes as a reliable source of DNA for human or gender identification. The present systematic review with the available information was conducted to answer the focus question "Is a toothbrush a reliable source of DNA for human or gender identification?"., Methods: The keyword combination "Toothbrush" and "DNA" was used to search databases including MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science along with a manual search of reference lists of relevant articles. Duplicates and irrelevant articles were excluded, and the remaining articles were fully read for the final selection of articles. The risk of bias of the included studies was evaluated using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS tool)., Results: Of the 130 articles obtained, 122 duplicates or irrelevant articles were eliminated. Following the full-text reading of eight articles, five articles were selected based on eligibility criteria. The five studies reported that a toothbrush is a good source of DNA irrespective of the time interval. In a few studies some samples were not sufficient for complete DNA profiling due to factors such as the method of DNA extraction., Conclusion: Although a toothbrush is an excellent source of DNA for human and gender identification, future studies with a larger sample size, appropriate control group, and standardized technique of DNA extraction need to be conducted. Additionally, factors influencing the quantity and quality of DNA in toothbrushes need to be determined with standardized techniques.

Objective: To qualitative and quantitatively review published literature assessing the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)., Methodology: Pubmed (MeSH), Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Willey Online Library, Cochrane, and Cross Reference were searched for studies assessing MDA levels in OSCC samples., Results: From the 1008 articles identified, 849 were excluded based on title and abstract screening due to duplication and irrelevance to the topic of interest. Full-text assessment of the remaining 159 articles led to the inclusion of only 46 articles that satisfied the selection criteria. Of these, only 26 studies had data compatible for quantitative analysis. The MDA levels in OSCC groups are significantly increased ( p < 0.00001) in plasma, serum, and saliva samples in the majority of the studies evaluated. In contrast, MDA levels in OSCC tissue samples are significantly attenuated ( p < 0.00001) compared to healthy controls, supported by fewer studies., Conclusions: The augmented MDA levels in plasma, serum, and saliva samples of the OSCC reflect the heightened oxidative stress level accurately. Further studies are required to understand the attenuated MDA levels in the tissue samples of OSCC. Correlation analysis between MDA levels with established clinicopathological prognostic markers could aid in formulating oxidative stress-based prognostication and treatment planning.

Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common problem causing distress to patients in the postoperative period. Younger age, gynecological surgeries, laparoscopic surgeries, female gender, volatile anesthetics, increased duration of anesthesia, and postoperative opioid use are associated with increased incidence of PONV., Aim: The present study was conducted to study the efficacy of ramosetron and its comparison with ondansetron in the prevention of PONV in patients undergoing pyelolithotomy, pyeloplasty, and upper ureterolithotomy., Methods: One hundred patients with physical status American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II, aged 20-60 years were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly distributed to receive either injection ramosetron 0.3 mg intravenously (IV) or injection ondansetron 6 mg IV just before extubation., Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in age, gender, weight, duration of anesthesia, and duration of surgery. In the patients, who received ramosetron, it was observed that incidence of the episodes of nausea and vomiting increased with time after surgery. Each patient had an episode of nausea and an episode of vomiting during the 6-12 h interval. Similarly, two patients had episodes of nausea and two patients had episodes of vomiting at 18-24 h. This necessitated the increased need for rescue antiemetics with a total of four patients needing rescue antiemetics at 18-24 h. In patients receiving ondansetron, the episodes of nausea were more in number when compared with the ramosetron group. Twelve patients complained of nausea and thirteen patients had episodes of vomiting with the needfor rescue antiemetic in 14 patients. Both genders had a comparable incidence of nausea and vomiting., Conclusion: A single dose of IV ramosetron (0.3 mg) is more effective when compared with a single dose IV ondansetron (6 mg) in the prevention of PONV. We observed that the benefit was more in the later stages of the postoperative period (12-24 h)., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Warthin's tumor undoubtedly is the most frequent monomorphic adenoma of the major salivary glands. Clinically, it appears as a slow-growing tumor often fluctuant on palpation due to its cystic nature. The treatment of choice is complete excision with wide tumor-free margins. This article highlights a case of Warthin's tumor of the parotid gland in an elderly male patient along with a review of the literature on the aforementioned pathology.

The immediate problem to be addressed in a new born with cleft lip and palate is the interference of feeding. Here we present a case of cleft lip and palate for which a feeding obturator was made to facilitate feeding till the defect could be surgically repaired. The design was modified by placing orthodontic wire on the acrylic plate for attaching the ties of mouth mask. Different precautionary measures undertaken while making impression for infant have also been described. Feeding appliance improved the sucking ability of the infant. The attachment of mouth-mask ties help in easy retrieval of the obturator intraorally in case of airway obstruction.