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Spin polarization in chiral molecules is a magnetic molecular response associated with electron transport and enantioselective bond polarization that occurs even in the absence of an external magnetic field. An unexpected finding by Santos and co-workers reported enantiospecific NMR responses in solid-state cross-polarization (CP) experiments, suggesting a possible additional contribution to the indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling in chiral molecules induced by bond polarization in the presence of spin-orbit coupling. Herein we provide a theoretical treatment for this phenomenon, presenting an effective spin-Hamiltonian for helical molecules like DNA and density functional theory (DFT) results on amino acids that confirm the dependence of J-couplings on the choice of enantiomer. The connection between nuclear spin dynamics and chirality could offer insights for molecular sensing and quantum information sciences. These results establish NMR as a potential tool for chiral discrimination without external agents.

Abstract Background Candidemia is an invasive mycosis with an increasing global incidence and high mortality rates in cancer patients. The production of biofilms by some strains of Candida constitutes a mechanism that limits the action of antifungal agents; however, there is limited and conflicting evidence about its role in the risk of death. This study aimed to determine whether biofilm formation is associated with mortality in cancer patients with candidemia. Methods This retrospective cohort study included patients treated at Peru’s oncologic reference center between June 2015 and October 2017. Data were collected by monitoring patients for 30 days from the diagnosis of candidemia until the date of death or hospital discharge. Statistical analyses evaluated the association between biofilm production determined by XTT reduction and mortality, adjusting for demographic, clinical, and microbiological factors assessed by the hospital routinary activities. Survival analysis and bivariate and multivariate Cox regression were used, estimating the hazard ratio (HR) as a measure of association with a significance level of p

Abstract Background Accrediting medical specialties programs are expected to influence and standardize training program quality, align curriculum with population needs, and improve learning environments. Despite global agreement on its necessity, methods vary widely. In the Chilean context, a recent new accreditation criteria includes research productivity in relation to educational research on resident programs, so we aimed to define it. What is the profile of publications in educational research produced by Chilean medical specialty residency programs in the last five years? Based on these results, we intend to analyze the potential impact of the new accreditation policy on medical specialty programs in Chile. Methods We performed a preliminary bibliometric search to identify the use of the term “resident” in literature. After that, we conducted a literature search, using a six-step approach to scoping reviews, including the appraisal of the methodological quality of the articles. Results Between 2019 and 2023, an average of 6.2 articles were published yearly (19%). The bibliometric analysis revealed that the dominant thematic area of the journals was clinical, accounting for 78.1%. Most articles focused on residents (84.38%), with only two articles including graduates as participants. One university was responsible for 62.50% of the articles and participated in all multicenter studies (9.38%). Surgical specialties produced 15 research articles focused on procedural training using simulation. Psychiatry was the second most productive specialty, with 5 articles (15.63%) covering standardized patients, well-being, and mental health assessment. The most frequent research focus within residency programs over the five-year period was teaching and learning methodologies, with 19 articles representing almost 60% of the total analyzed. Conclusions Research on medical education in Chile’s postgraduate residency programs is limited, with most studies concentrated in a few universities. The new accreditation criteria emphasize educational research, posing challenges for many institutions to meet higher standards. Understanding unexplored areas in educational research and learning from successful programs can enhance research productivity and align efforts with accreditation expectations. Continuous evaluation and new research on residents’ satisfaction, skills acquisition, and well-being are needed to ensure training quality and accountability.

La Región de las Américas ha experimentado históricamente desigualdades sociales enraizadas en el colonialismo, las cuales se reflejan y reproducen en el ámbito de la salud. La incursión de la pandemia de COVID-19 afectó a toda la Región, pero golpeó con mayor fuerza a los grupos socialmente más desaventajados, y agravó las inequidades en salud. Bajo la premisa que las pandemias no son fenómenos socialmente neutrales, en este informe especial se analizan los impactos desiguales de la pandemia desde distintas perspectivas –histórica, epidemiológica, política, social, económica, ambiental y poblacional. Se ofrecen aquí reflexiones críticas sobre las implicaciones negativas de las desigualdades para el bienestar, no solo de las poblaciones más afectadas, sino de la sociedad en su conjunto. Se concluye con recomendaciones estratégicas para progresar hacia la equidad en salud en el escenario pospandémico. Se destaca la importancia de avanzar en la madurez de los sistemas de información para el monitoreo de la equidad en salud, la resiliencia de los sistemas de salud, y la implementación de políticas y prácticas explícitas dirigidas a eliminar las inequidades en salud. Se espera que todo lo anterior allane el camino hacia la prosperidad y el desarrollo sostenible en la Región.

Abstract Spin polarization in chiral molecules is a magnetic molecular response associated with electron transport and enantioselective bond polarization that occurs even in the absence of an external magnetic field. An unexpected finding by Santos and co-workers reported enantiospecific NMR responses in solid-state cross-polarization (CP) experiments, suggesting a possible additional contribution to the indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling in chiral molecules induced by bond polarization in the presence of spin-orbit coupling. Herein we provide a theoretical treatment for this phenomenon, presenting an effective spin-Hamiltonian for helical molecules like DNA and density functional theory (DFT) results on amino acids that confirm the dependence of J-couplings on the choice of enantiomer. The connection between nuclear spin dynamics and chirality could offer insights for molecular sensing and quantum information sciences. These results establish NMR as a potential tool for chiral discrimination without external agents.

Abstract Genomic surveillance (GS) programmes were crucial in identifying and quantifying the mutating patterns of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this work, we develop a Bayesian framework to quantify the relative transmissibility of different variants tailored for regions with limited GS. We use it to study the relative transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Chile. Among the 3443 SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected between January and June 2021, where sampling was designed to be representative, the Gamma (P.1), Lambda (C.37), Alpha (B.1.1.7), B.1.1.348, and B.1.1 lineages were predominant. We found that Lambda and Gamma variants’ reproduction numbers were 5% (95% CI: [1%, 14%]) and 16% (95% CI: [11%, 21%]) larger than Alpha’s, respectively. Besides, we observed a systematic mutation enrichment in the Spike gene for all circulating variants, which strongly correlated with variants’ transmissibility during the studied period (r = 0.93, p-value = 0.025). We also characterised the mutational signatures of local samples and their evolution over time and with the progress of vaccination, comparing them with those of samples collected in other regions worldwide. Altogether, our work provides a reliable method for quantifying variant transmissibility under subsampling and emphasises the importance of continuous genomic surveillance.

Extensive evidence demonstrates that prenatal nutrition is crucial for adequate fetal development. Specifically, maternal choline intake plays a significant role in gene expression, epigenetics, and cell membrane formation. Preclinical models have shown that maternal dietary intake improves the development of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. This review focuses on the role of prenatal choline intake and discusses its potential role in neurodevelopmental disorders especially since choline has emerged as a promising coadjutant to mitigate cognitive and developmental disorders. However, more evidence regarding timing, dosage, and molecular mechanisms is needed. In this review, we discuss the impact of prenatal choline availability, evidence from current models, and gaps to address in how choline may impact the symptomology and manifestation of Rett syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Down syndrome. Our ultimate goal is to highlight the importance of choline for maternal health and its potential beneficial impact on neurodevelopmental disorders.

Introducción: La actividad física como acción corporal requiere del consumo de energía y es vital para preservar las funciones del organismo. La práctica de actividad física regular mantiene a la persona en un estado homeostático y de bienestar. Objetivo: Identificar la intensidad, la frecuencia y el tipo de actividad física en escolares adolescentes. Materiales y métodos: Enfoque cuantitativo, nivel descriptivo, diseño transeccional descriptivo. Muestra conformada por 1376 escolares adolescentes de once provincias de la región Ayacucho. Se aplicó el cuestionario de actividad física PAQ-A, obteniendo un alfa de Cronbach .807, válido el estudio. Resultados: El nivel de intensidad de actividad física durante los últimos siete días de la semana: media (56.7%) y durante la clase de Educación Física: media (72.9%). La actividad física frecuente durante la mañana: caminar hacia el colegio (49.1%) y entrenar algún deporte (25.2%). En la tarde, la frecuencia con mayor regularidad es de 2 veces (33.1%); en la noche, 2 veces (33.4%). El fin de semana, la frecuencia mayor es el día sábado (40.4%). Sin embargo, un 12.7 % de escolares no realiza durante el fin de semana. El tipo de actividad física colectiva practicada: vóleibol, (18.22%); fútbol (16.5%); futsal (16.20%); actividad física individual: caminar (18.20%); correr (11.0%); danza/baile (5.5%). Conclusiones: Los adolescentes escolares presentaron actividad física de intensidad media, con mayor frecuencia en la tarde y noche; el tipo de actividad de mayor práctica resalta jugar vóleibol, caminar, jugar fútbol y futsal. No se cumple las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

El trabajo a distancia ha planteado que las empresas y colaboradores expongan cuestionamientos sobre su efectividad y desarrollo. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación es responder la pregunta: ¿cuál es el impacto del trabajo a distancia en las organizaciones? Con esa finalidad, se desarrolla una investigación sistemática utilizando el método Prisma, el cual ha permitido encontrar, seleccionar y analizar diferentes artículos en reconocidas bases de datos como Scopus y Web of Science. En la primera búsqueda, se hallaron 54 003 artículos, los cuales fueron filtrados según diversos criterios, de manera que quedaron 30 artículos finales. Los resultados muestran que el trabajo a distancia puede tener un impacto positivo en la satisfacción laboral, el equilibrio entre el trabajo y la vida personal, la productividad y la innovación. Sin embargo, también se encontraron algunos impactos negativos, como el aumento de la fatiga, el aislamiento social y la falta de comunicación.

IntroductionThe intention to dropout and dropout is a problem still unresolved in higher education institutions.ObjectiveTo estimate the differences in the levels of engagement, motivation and academic satisfaction according to (a) intention to dropout and (b) students who remained with those who dropped out. Method: non-experimental designs were used. Two studies are reported, study 1 involved 3,256 students and study 2 involved 2,110 students. The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale Student Test, the Academic Self-Regulation Scale and the Academic Satisfaction Scale were used. The intention to dropout was measured with 3 items and the final dropout data was taken from the official register of students who dropped out of university.ResultsThere are significant differences in the levels of engagement, autonomous motivation and satisfaction between the students who remained and those who dropped out of the university.DiscussionStudents who dropped out in the 3rd semester presented lower levels of academic engagement, motivation and academic satisfaction than those who remained. The intention to dropout and lower levels of these cognitive-motivational variables may contribute to the identification of students at high risk of dropping out. These results contribute to unveiling key variables for the educational transformation of Higher Education in the 21st century.

La evolución del pensamiento filosófico en Alemania, marcada por la tensión entre Kant y Herder, sirvió como crisol para la Völkerpsychologie, área científica interdisciplinar orientada por problemas psicológicos y etnológicos. Kant postuló principios universales, mientras que Herder enfatizó la particularidad cultural. Esta dicotomía desencadenó la exploración de los Elementargedanken, estadística de los pensamientos elementales, con el programa investigativo de Adolf Bastian en cabeza del actual Museo Etnológico de Berlín, lo que condujo a extensos estudios etnológicos en el Amazonas que resuenan hasta hoy con autores como Karl von den Steinen y Theodor Koch-Grünberg. Este artículo examina los trabajos de Norbert Elias, Heinz Werner y Georg Oesterdiekhoff, entre otros, como desarrollos de la Völkerpsychologie que superan la zona de tensión universalismo/particularismo al asumir la perspectiva procesual que proporciona la vinculación del desarrollo psicogenético con los cambios en las formas de organización de la vida humana a través de la historia, haciendo énfasis especial en los datos etnográficos obtenidos por von den Steinen en su trabajo de campo en el Brasil central.

Abstract Identification of the geographic origin of invasive species can be critical to effective management and amelioration of negative impacts in the introduced range. Liriomyza huidobrensis is a polyphagous leafmining fly that is a devastating pest of many vegetable and floriculture crops around the world. Considered native to South and possibly Central America, L. huidobrensis became invasive in the 1980s and has since spread to at least 30 countries on five continents. We used phylogeographic analysis of over 2 kb of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II sequence data from 403 field‐collected specimens from both native and introduced populations to investigate the geographic origins of invasive L. huidobrensis worldwide. Within South America, there was substantial genetic variation, as well as the strong phylogeographic structure typical of a native range. In contrast, leafminers from the introduced range and Central America all contained little genetic variation and shared the same small set of haplotypes. These haplotypes trace to Peru as the ultimate geographic origin of invasive populations. Central America is rejected as part of the original geographic range of L. huidobrensis. Within Peru, the primary export region of Lima shared an extremely similar pattern of reduced haplotype variation to the invasive populations. An additional 18 specimens collected at US ports of entry did not share the same haplotype profile as contemporary invasive populations, raising perplexing questions on global pathways and establishment success in this species.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the profile of hospital admissions for sympathectomies performed in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), comparing open and video-assisted techniques. Methods: Data on sympathectomies were collected from the SUS Department of Informatics (DATASUS), recorded between 2014 and 2023. The data were tabulated, and descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were performed. Results: There was reduction in the number of admissions for all sympathectomies during the analyzed period. The use of video-assisted surgeries was higher than that of open surgeries for thoracic procedures, but lower for lumbar procedures. The costs of hospital admission for the procedures were similar, although the length of stay and mortality associated with open surgeries were higher, both in thoracic and lumbar sympathectomies. Conclusions: The collected data were not individualized, preventing follow-up. Additionally, the study did not account for procedures performed in the private healthcare system. Despite its limitations, this study provides an overview of sympathectomies in Brazil, indicating that, although open sympathectomies are potentially more disadvantageous, they are still widely performed, especially for lumbar procedures.

Children’s unequal exposure to nature is associated with the uneven distribution of green and blue infrastructure (GBI) in cities, which often disproportionately affects children living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. School environments are increasingly recognised, both by scientists and policymakers, as priority areas to increase children’s exposure to GBI. However, studies analysing the spatial and temporal patterns of GBI in school environments are still scarce, especially those considering a cross-city and equity perspective. To contribute to the expanding field of urban environmental justice in the context of children’s geographies, our research aims to assess the (un)equal spatial patterns of school-related GBI across four large European cities (Brussels, Barcelona, Rotterdam, and Paris) and over time (between 2006 and 2018). For this purpose, we used EU-comparable green and blue land cover and tree canopy cover data, together with schools’ socio-economic characteristics (median income and educational attainment) based on local neighbourhood-level data. Through geospatial and statistical analyses on 1259 primary schools, our study reveals significant positive correlations between school-related GBI indicators and socio-economic variables in Brussels and Rotterdam. In contrast, negative correlations were found in Barcelona and Paris. Overall, the four cities show very distinct patterns of school-related socio-environmental inequities and no substantial GBI gains during the period analysed, suggesting that greening initiatives in and around school environments are still to be upscaled at the city level.

The Andean kañihua seed (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) is widely used as an ancestral nutraceutical with great industrial potential and is a little-researched seed. It has high biological and nutritional value due to its protein content of 15–19 %, optimal balance of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, mineral content, vitamins, and non-bitter saponin content. It is a potential source of peptides with different pharmacological activities such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, antihypertensives, and antidiabetics, among others. It has been a functional food in the Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia since the time of the Incas (between the 12th and 16th centuries) and is a functional food proposal for the world. In this bibliographic review, we present a detailed scientific description of the botanical characteristics, genetics, phytochemical composition, bioactives, and nutritional value. The potential uses at an industrial, medical, pharmacological, and biotechnological level and current advances in scientific research on the kañihua seed. In addition, it is an alternative grain to guarantee food security in terms of quantity, quality, and opportunity.