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Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in HIV Clinic of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Study Design: A descriptive study covering the data of clients who were offered PrEP. Place and Duration of Study: HIV treatment center Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) Islamabad, Pakistan, from October 2019 to September 2022. Materials and Methods: Total of 118 people without HIV from various high-risk population groups were reported in HIV treatment center PIMS during a period of 3 years including 39 females from serodiscordant couples, 16 transgender females, and 63 men having sex with men (MSM). All of them were given oral PrEP after necessary screening, investigations, and evaluation. These clients were prescribed a fixed drug combination of Tenofovir/Lamivudine (TDF/3TC) one tablet daily as PrEP. The alternate regimen used was Event-driven PrEP (EDP) for MSM. Monthly follow-up was performed, and all patients were found to be HIV negative. Results: All 118 clients receiving PrEP remained seronegative on regular monthly follow-ups after a sufficiently long period of unsafe sexual practices that frequently exposed them to HIV-positive sex partners. Based on their age mean age of the clients in young group below 35 years was 27 + 6, all 62 young clients had 100% protection. Similarly, 41 middle aged (mean age 43 + 6) and 15 old clients (mean age 56 + 5) had 100% protection with PrEP. Six women from serodiscordant couples while receiving PrEP became pregnant with partners who had completely suppressed viral load (

Objective: to evaluate the beneficial role of Nebivolol on bone formation in Experimental model of rat. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun-Aug 2020 Methodology: Fourteen (14) rats of the Sprague Dawley variety were obtained for the study. The bone defect was made in each rat's upper quadrant of the right femur shaft by surgical intervention.1-2mm bone defect was created using a Dental Engine motor, avoiding any injury to muscles or other areas of bone. Rats were divided into two equal groups. The Disease Control Group was labelled as Group-A, which was restricted to normal drinking water and feed for three weeks after surgery. Nebivolol-Group was tagged as Group-B, given Nebivolol (2.5mg/kg) once daily (OD) for three weeks starting postop Day 1. Rats included in the study were sacrificed at the end of the three weeks, and their right femurs were collected in sample jars for radiography and histopathology. Results: The radiographic scores, as well as the histopathology scores, were analyzed. Results depicted noteworthy differences between Group-A and Group-B and found to be highly significant (p-value

Objective: To evaluate the chondroprotective effects of hyaluronic acid in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Study Design: Laboratory based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, in alliance with National Institute of health, Islamabad and Department of Pathology, Army Medical College Rawalpindi, from Apr to Jun 2019. Methodology: Sixteen (16) rats of Sprague Dawley breed were procured in this study. Osteoarthritis was induced in right knee joint of rats by surgical resection of medial meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament. They were allocated into two (02) groups with eight (08) rats in both groups. Group-I was control group that was treated with 0.2 ml intra articular saline once weekly for four weeks. While group-II was treatment group that was intra particularly administered with 0.2ml hyaluronic acid once weekly for four weeks. One week after the last dosage, gait pattern of the animals was scored. Then animals were sacrificed and a part of proximal tibia was obtained for histopathologic analysis. Results: Mean gait score of control group and treatment group was 3.25 ± 0.707 and 1.00 ± 0.756 respectively with a statistically significant p-value of

Objective: To assess the gastroprotective effect of montelukast on aspirin induced gastric mucosal ulceration in rabbits. Study Design: Laboratory based quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: National Institute of Health Islamabad and department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in collaboration with Histopathology department at Army Medical College Rawalpindi from March to May 2018. Methodology: Twenty eight New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups as follows: Group 1 was normal control group, group 2 received aspirin as a single dose of 300mg/kg orally on day 6 of the study, group 3 and 4 received omeprazole and montelukast respectively on a similar dosing schedule: where a total of 10mg/kg/day of each respective drug was administered orally for 6 consecutive days followed by a single oral dose of 300 mg/kg of aspirin after 1 hour of the last dose. All animals were sacrificed 5 hours after aspirin administration. The abdomens were dissected and the gastric tissues were excised for macroscopic, ulcer index and pH evaluation and were sent for histopathology for microscopic assessment. Results: Moderate to severe gastric mucosal damage (grade II-III) was seen in the aspirin treated toxic group, with considerable increase in ulcer index and decrease in pH (p

Objective: To determine the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on HbA1c in individuals with pre- diabetes Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was executed in department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi in collaboration with Chemical Pathology department, Army Medical College and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan to Dec 2019. Methodology: One hundred and forty individuals with pre-diabetes and co-existing hypovitaminosis D3 were selected, with serum 25(OH) D (

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Osteoarthritis is one of the most common joint diseases afflicting human, characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage in which chondrocytes fails to adequately repair. Objective of this study is to evaluate the chondroprotection offered by triamcinolone in osteoarthritis induced rat model METHODOLOGY: This Laboratory based experimental study was conducted in Department of Pharmacology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, in collaboration with National Institute of health, Islamabad from April-June2019. Osteoarthritis was induced by surgical removal of medial meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament resection in right knee joint of Sixteen (16) anesthetized rats of Sprague Dawley breed. They were divided in two (02) groups with eight (08) rats in each group. Group I was disease control in which 0.2 ml Intra articular saline was administered for three weeks. While group II was treatment group that was treated by 70 µl intra articular triamcinolone once weekly for three weeks. After that gait pattern of rats was scored. Animals were euthanized with over dosage of inhaled chloroform and sample of proximal tibia was taken for histopathological analysis. RESULTS: Mean gait score of control group and treatment group was 3.25±.707 and 2.25±.463 with a p value of .028 that is statistically significant. While mean histopathological modified Mankin score of control and treatment group was 11.5±1.195 and 8.5±1.195 respectively with a significant P-value of

Objective: To evaluate the role of oral ondansetron as an effective measure to facilitate oral rehydration in acute gastroenteritis. Study Design: Randomized controlled trail. Place and Duration of Study: Army medical college, Military hospital Rawalpindi, from Mar 2017 to Sep 2017. Material and Methods: One hundred and forty children with clinical diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis with mild to moderate dehydration were randomized into two equal groups. Group 1 was treated according to the WHO criteria with only ORS in a dose of 75ml/kg body weight. Group 2 received ondansetron before ORS as a single oral dose of 0.2mg/kg body weight. Results: The difference between improvement in drinking ability and hydration status between the two groups was highly significant (p

Objective: To evaluate and compare the chondroprotective effects of Hyaluronic acid and triamcinolone at radiographic level in rat model of osteoarthritis. Study Design: Laboratory based Randomized control trial. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Pharmacology Department, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, from May to July 2019. Materials and Methods: Osteoarthritis was induced by medial meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament resection in right knee joints of twenty-four rats. They were divided in three groups with eight rats in each. Group I, II and III were treated with intra articular saline, hyaluronic acid, and triamcinolone once weekly for four weeks respectively. After one week, radiographs of corresponding knee joint of anesthetized rats were taken. Results: Collective comparison of radiographs of control, hyaluronic acid and triamcinolone groups exhibited a p value of 0.001 While intergroup comparison of group I and II, group I and III and group II and III depicted p value of 0.05, 0.01 and 0.01 respectively. Conclusion: Intra articular administration of hyaluronic acid and triamcinolone exhibited chondroprotective effects at radiological level in a rat model of osteoarthritis. On comparison of treatment groups, it was concluded that hyaluronic acid has better chondroprotective effects as compared to triamcinolone.