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Lipin 1 regulates lipid metabolism in mammary glands. Genetic variation in lipin 1 gene is thought to effect milk production in dairy animals. This study aimed to investigate the association of SNPs in the exon 6 and 8 of the lipin 1 gene with milk yield in Azikheli buffalo from Swat, Pakistan. Azikheli buffaloes raised in a farm were selected based on their milk yield records. Three buffaloes were selected from the high milk yielding group with an average production of 12.96 ± 0.83 liters per day, and three from low yielding group producing 6.12 ± 0.28 liters of milk per day. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood samples of these buffaloes, which were used to amplify exon 6, 8 the adjacent introns (6, 7 and 8) of the lipin 1 gene. The PCR products was sequenced through sanger sequencing. A total of 45 SNPs were found in the targeted regions of the lipin 1 gene in both high and low yielding buffaloes. Overall, four missense variants (g.62048T>C; Met399Thr and g.62069C>A; Pro406His) were found in the exon 8 of lipin 1 gene in Azikheli buffalo. Milk yield was positive correlated with SNP g.62048T>C; Met399Thr that was more frequent (0.83 vs 0.33) in high milk yielding buffaloes compared to the low yielding group. SNP g.62069C>A; Pro406His was unique to low milk yielding buffaloes suggesting its negative association with milk yield. Moreover, the visualization of 3D structure of the lipin I protein constructed using Phyr2 web server and the Missense 3D analysis identified no structural damages caused by the reported SNPs on the target protein. In conclusion, SNPs g.62048T>C; Met399Thr and g.62069C>A; Pro406His could serve as potential genetic markers for increasing milk productivity in buffaloes.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNA, size range from 17 to 25 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. More than 2000 different types of miRNAs have been identified in humans which regulate about 60% of gene expression, since the discovery of the first miRNA in 1993. MicroRNA performs many functions such as being involved in the regulation of various biological pathways for example cell migration, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, disease progression, and initiation. miRNAs also play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis lesions, cardiac fibroblast, cardiac hypertrophy, cancer, and neurological disorders. Abnormal activation of many cell signaling pathways has been observed in the development of coronary artery disease. Abnormal expression of these candidate miRNA genes leads to up or downregulation of specific genes, these specific genes play an important role in the regulation of cell signaling pathways involved in coronary artery disease. Many studies have found that miRNAs play a key role in the regulation of crucial signaling pathways that are involved in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. This review is designed to investigate the role of cell signaling pathways regulated by candidate miRNAs in Coronary artery disease.

The challenge of extending the sensor’s energy consumption is a key research issue in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Recently, association rule mining has proven to be a potential candidate to prolong the lifetime of sensor nodes in WSN. However, temporal correlations of the contextual values are not taken into account which is useful for the sensors to conserve their energy. Similarly, association rules mining at different tiers of the network has not been considered to reduce the number of transmission messages, by avoiding redundant data which is the major cause of the energy drain of sensors. In this paper, a novel Hierarchical Energy Conservation Framework (HECF) is proposed which aims to conserver’s energy at each layer of a network by using the Hierarchical Temporal Association Rule Mining in multistory buildings. In hierarchal setup, each floor of the building can conserve energy locally at the local sink and conserve entire network energy at the global sink by using temporal association rule mining at different tiers of the network. The HECF is ideal for large multistory buildings where energy conservation is a major issue along with effective monitoring and system performance. The result shows that HECF outperformed other classical energy conversation methods such as LEACH-C and RR-Schedule-Buffer in terms of energy consumption. It extends 16% network lifetime, also 20% less number of messages during data transmission, which is a remarkable improvement for sensors energy conservation.

OBJECTIVES To find the functional outcome of the open Latarjet method for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation. METHODOLOGY The current retrospective study was conducted at the Orthopedic and Trauma Department of the Khyber Teaching Hospital in Peshawar from September 2020 to August 2021. A total of 31 patients were included in the study, of which 29 were males and 2 were females. A detailed medical history was obtained through physical examination, and all necessary laboratory tests were requested. AP and axillary views of plain X-ray radiographs were taken. We used a CT scan on all the patients to calculate the humeral and glenoid bone loss. We had all patients undergo an MRI to rule out soft tissue pathology. Six months after surgery, the outcome was graded using the Constant Murley Score on a good, good, fair, and poor scale. RESULTS In this study open Latarjet procedure was done in 31 patients with 29 males (93.4%) and two females (6.45%). The right-sided shoulder was involved in 24 (77.14 %) patients, while the left shoulder was involved in 7 patients (22.58%). A bipolar lesion in the shoulder with bone loss was seen on the glenoid side at 17.5% (range 10-25%), and the humeral side was 22.5%. Follow-up was done for six months in which 22 patients had a very good outcome (70.96%), six patients had a good outcome(19.35%), two patients had a fair outcome(6.45%), and one patient had a poor outcome(3.22%). There were no major complications seen like graft fractures, graft malposition, neurovascular compromise, and hardware breakage CONCLUSION Recurrent anterior shoulder instability can be effectively treated with open Latarjet with excellent functional outcomes and a very low complication rate and recurrence.

AimThis study explored the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic effects on overseas Pakistani's residing in various parts of the world, particularly in China, Saudi Arabia (SA), and the United Kingdom (UK).MethodsThis cross-sectional study was completed between November 2020 and April 2021. An online questionnaire was designed and circulated via various social media mediums to overseas Pakistani communities. The obtained data were statistically analyzed through SPSS version 19 for windows. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsA total of 542 overseas Pakistani participated in the current study. In total, 157 (29%) were females and 385 (71%) males. There were 174 (32.1%), 142 (26.45%), 117 (21.6%), and 109 (19.85%) participants from the UK, SA, China, and other countries respectively. Some participants, or their family members, 93 (17.2%), got infected with the COVID-19. About one-third, 165 (30.4%), of the respondents were afraid that their company would violate their contracts or lose their jobs or be paid less. The majority, 469 (86.5%), believed that the lockdown is increasing their psychological stress. More than half of the participants, 314 (57.9%), stated that the Pakistani embassy did not facilitate them in their country of stay. About one-third, 194 (35.8%), of the respondents faced visa-related issues. More than one-third of respondents, 221 (40.8%), faced health issues due to lack of physical activities during the lockdown. Males were afraid that their company would violate their contract, lose jobs, or be paid less than females (p < 0.001). Both genders had psychological stress and health issues because of the pandemic. The participants from SA faced more visa-related issues, and they were less satisfied with the efforts of the Pakistani embassy to facilitate them compared to the UK and China participants (p = 0.013).ConclusionOur data indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic impacted Pakistanis living in the UK, SA, China, and other parts of the world. They had health-related issues, visa problems and dissatisfaction with Pakistani embassy facilitations. Pakistanis living abroad require government assistance to resolve their issues.

Introduction The genomic miscellany of malaria parasites can help inform the intensity of malaria transmission and identify potential deficiencies in malaria control programs. This study was aimed at investigating the genomic miscellany, allele frequencies, and MOI of P. falciparum infection. Methods A total of 85 P. falciparum confirmed isolates out of 100 were included in this study that were collected from P. falciparum patients aged 4 months to 60 years in nine districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Parasite DNA was extracted from 200µL whole blood samples using the Qiagen DNA extraction kit following the manufacturer’s instructions. The polymorphic regions of msp-1, msp-2 and glurp loci were genotyped using nested PCR followed by gel electrophoresis for amplified fragments identification and subsequent data analysis. Results Out of 85 P. falciparum infections detected, 30 were msp-1 and 32 were msp-2 alleles specific. Successful amplification occurred in 88.23% (75/85) isolates for msp-1, 78.9% (67/85) for msp-2 and 70% (60/85) for glurp gene. In msp-1, the K1 allelic family was predominantly prevalent as 66.66% (50/75), followed by RO33 and MAD20. The frequency of samples with single infection having only K1, MAD20 and RO33 were 21.34% (16/75), 8% (6/75), and 10.67% (8/75), respectively. In msp-2, both the FC27 and 3D7 allelic families revealed almost the same frequencies as 70.14% (47/67) and 67.16% (45/67), respectively. Nine glurp RII region alleles were identified in 60 isolates. The overall mean multiplicity of infection for msp genes was 1.6 with 1.8 for msp-1 and 1.4 for msp-2, while for glurp the MOI was 1.03. There was no significant association between multiplicity of infection and age groups (Spearman’s rank coefficient = 0.050; P = 0.6) while MOI and parasite density correlated for only msp-2 allelic marker. Conclusions The study showed high genetic diversity and allelic frequency with multiple clones of msp-1, msp-2 and glurp in P. falciparum isolates in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In the present study the genotype data may provide valuable information essential for monitoring the impact of malaria eradication efforts in this region.

A revolution in network technology has been ushered in by software defined networking (SDN), which makes it possible to control the network from a central location and provides an overview of the network’s security. Despite this, SDN has a single point of failure that increases the risk of potential threats. Network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) prevent intrusions into a network and preserve the network’s integrity, availability, and confidentiality. Much work has been done on NIDS but there are still improvements needed in reducing false alarms and increasing threat detection accuracy. Recently advanced approaches such as deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) have been implemented in SDN-based NIDS to overcome the security issues within a network. In the first part of this survey paper, we offer an introduction to the NIDS theory, as well as recent research that has been conducted on the topic. After that, we conduct a thorough analysis of the most recent ML- and DL-based NIDS approaches to ensure reliable identification of potential security risks. Finally, we focus on the opportunities and difficulties that lie ahead for future research on SDN-based ML and DL for NIDS.

Small molecules with nitrogen-containing scaffolds have gained much attention due to their biological importance in the development of new anticancer agents. The present paper reports the synthesis of a library of new dihydropyridine and pyridine analogs with diverse pharmacophores. All compounds were tested against the human tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (h-TNAP) enzyme. Most of the compounds showed excellent enzyme inhibition against h-TNAP, having IC50 values ranging from 0.49 ± 0.025 to 8.8 ± 0.53 µM, which is multi-fold higher than that of the standard inhibitor (levamisole = 22.65 ± 1.60 µM) of the h-TNAP enzyme. Furthermore, an MTT assay was carried out to evaluate cytotoxicity against the HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Among the analogs, the most potent dihydropyridine-based compound 4d was selected to investigate pro-apoptotic behavior. The further analysis demonstrated that compound 4d played a significant role in inducing apoptosis through multiple mechanisms, including overproduction of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damaging, and arrest of the cell cycle at the G1 phase by inhibiting CDK4/6. The apoptosis-inducing effect of compound 4d was studied through staining agents, microscopic, and flow cytometry techniques. Detailed structure–activity relationship (SAR) and molecular docking studies were carried out to identify the core structural features responsible for inhibiting the enzymatic activity of the h-TNAP enzyme. Moreover, fluorescence emission studies corroborated the binding interaction of compound 4d with DNA through a fluorescence titration experiment.

The experiment was conducted at NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar to study heterosis and inbreeding depression in 7×7 half diallel crosses of sunflower. The planted materials consisted of parental inbred lines, their F1 hybrids and F2 populations using randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were recorded on yield and other important agronomic characters. Significant genetic differences were observed among the parents, their F1 hybrids and F2 populations for all the characters under study. Yield and leaf area showed highly significant heterosis in F1 hybrids ranging from 102 to 309% and46.3 to 163.9%, respectively, while inbreeding depression in the F2 population ranged from 17-71% and -9.7-43%, respectively. Leaves per plant showed low level of heterosis in F1 hybrids (-0.9 to 39.7%), whereas the effect of inbreeding depression in F2 population was comparatively high (1.1 to 22.2%) for this character. The parent RHA-822 proved itself to be a good general combiner by making higher contribution towards heterosis both in F1 hybrids and in F2 populations.

This research paper intends to examine the challenges and opportunities faced by the Saudi Arabia owing to climate change. As one of the world's leading oil producers, Saudi Arabia faces unique challenges in addressing climate change. The nation is highly dependent on fossil fuel revenues, which not only contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions but also pose risks to long-term economic stability as the world transitions towards greener energy alternatives. Through qualitative research methodologies, including literature reviews and case studies, the study evaluates those rising temperatures, diminishing water resources, and increased frequency of extreme weather events threaten the country's agricultural sectors, water supply, and public health. These environmental impacts underscore the urgency for the Kingdom to diversify its economy and adapt to changing climate patterns. The reliance on oil not only reinforces the need for sustainability initiatives domestically but also raises questions about Saudi Arabia's leadership role in international climate efforts, particularly in the context of its commitments to the Paris Agreement and the Saudi Vision 2030. Despite these challenges, Saudi Arabia also possesses significant opportunities to leverage its position in the global energy landscape. The Kingdom is actively investing in renewable energy technologies, aiming to generate 50% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030. This shift not only promises to reduce emissions but also to create jobs and foster economic diversification through the development of new industries. Moreover, Saudi Arabia's strategic geographical location offers the potential for solar energy production and wind power, along with its abundant natural resources for carbon capture and storage technologies. However, this research recommends that by capitalizing on these opportunities, the Kingdom can transition towards a more sustainable economy while playing a pivotal role in regional and global efforts to mitigate climate change. Ultimately, the pursuit of environmental sustainability can align with Saudi Arabia's economic goals, paving the way for a resilient future that balances growth with ecological stewardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layout analysis is the main component of a typical Document Image Analysis (DIA) system and plays an important role in pre-processing. However, regarding the Pashto language, the document images have not been explored so far. This research, for the first time, examines Pashto text along with graphics and proposes a deep learning-based classifier that can detect Pashto text and graphics per document. Another notable contribution of this research is the creation of a real dataset, which contains more than 1,000 images of the Pashto documents captured by a camera. For this dataset, we applied the convolution neural network (CNN) following a deep learning technique. Our intended method is based on the development of the advanced and classical variant of Faster R-CNN called Single-Shot Detector (SSD). The evaluation was performed by examining the 300 images from the test set. Through this way, we achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 84.90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the role of dynamic changes in inflammatory markers over initial 48 hours after admission in predicting outcomes of COVID-19 infection. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar Pakistan, from Sep to Dec 2020. Methodology: Indoor patients with positive polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 were included in the study. Serum C-reactive protein, Ferritin and LDH levels were tested within 60 minutes of admission and the course of these markers was monitored over 48 hrs. In-hospital mortality was also recorded. Results: There were 92 patients in this study, having a mean age of 53.80±16.20 years. In-hospital, 14 patients (15.22%) died whereas the rest were discharged. Median and interquartile ranges for changes in Serum CRP, Ferritin and LDH over the first 48 hours of admission were -10.00(-56.35-2.68) mg/L, -5.50(-100.00-193.50) ng/ml and -23.50(-162.00-81.50) U/L respectively. Increase in Serum Ferritin =128.5 ng/ml had 64.29% sensitivity and 74.36% specificity for predicting in-hospital mortality. Changes in C-reactive protein and Lactate Dehydrogenase did not have a predictive role in our study. Conclusion: Rise in Serum Ferritin levels over first two days of admission was associated with increased risk of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]