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Objective: To compare bone/skeletal age of thalassemic children with chronological age by hand-wrist radiography to assess possible growth retardation. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Setting: In collaboration of Radiology & Pathology Department of Sahiwal Teaching Hospital and Ali Zaib Foundation, Sahiwal. Period: January 2021 to June 2021. Material & Methods: Three hundred and fifty patients were purposively recruited for the study. Among them 250 were registered children of thalassemia at Ali Zaib Foundation, Sahiwal and 100 were non-thalassemic children taken as control group to make comparison of the findings from thalassemia patients. After approval from institutional review board (IRB) and taking written informed consent of the parents, the researchers get their hand-wrist radiographs done. Ossification centers were evaluated to assess bone age that was compared with chronological age. Data was analyzed using SPSS-24. Results: The statically significant difference was seen in bone age between the two groups as compared to their chronological age that remained statically non – significant. Conclusion: To evaluate possible growth retardation in thalassemia children, hand-wrist X-ray can be considered a standard modality.

Emotional intelligence means not only controlling emotions, solving inner problems and mental conflicts, but also steaming other people's mental problems and their conflicts. It is also used to assess the emotions of others, their inner conflicts, and their mental anxieties. Understanding Emotional Intelligence (EI) by the teacher can reduce emotional distress and stress in students and guide them to the best of their ability for teamwork, and harmony. The research sample comprised 250 secondary grade students equally distributed under five classroom managerial styles in Rahimyar Khan. A questionnaire was used for data collection, based on ten themes: enthusiasm, self-awareness, motivation, social skills, self-regulation, and collaboration, atmosphere of trust, mutual harmony, enthusiasm, and empathy. Overall, it was clear that students were more enthusiastic, self-aware, motivated, socially skilled, self-regulated, collaborated, trusted, mutually harmonial, coherent, and empathetic in the democratic operational atmosphere. This was visible mostly in an achievement-oriented classroom atmosphere and then in the situational classroom atmosphere, but least in laissez-faire and authoritarian classroom atmosphere. Overall anxiety revealed that students are very anxious in laissez-faire and authoritarian classroom atmospheres. The results will play a dominant role for teachers to think about their overall management style in the classrooms.

The purpose of this experimental study is to diagnosis and rehabilitate the rotator cuff muscles (RC) in domestic, Intervarsity & National athletes of various throwing sports selected from five major cities of Punjab (Lahore, Multan, Gujranwala, Faisalabad & Sialkot) having confirmed Acute and Chronic injury) with confirmed injury along with some suggested treatments for fasten recovery. The subjects were selected from all the cities having same number of sample size (N=25). A total of N=125 subjects were selected and passed through different test to identify or get the baseline data information. A survey questionnaire was also spread among athletes to gather the feedback of the athletes to give them a rehab plan and utilized Rest, Ice, Compression & Elevation (R.I.C.E) principle (if required). A control injured group (N=25) were also selected for further comparison. The rehabilitation plan (Isometric, isotonic and theraband exercises) was executed for 8 months and statistical analysis performed through Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS-26) along with paired sample t-test utilized to analyze the results. The reliability calculated through Cronbach Alpha and its value was 0.82. The statistical results showed significant values and showed optimistic response of rehabilitation through Isometric, isotonic and theraband exercises. The post test assessment through tests also indicated satisfactory results. The research concluded that rehabilitation through Isometric, isotonic and theraband exercises produces positive results, as conditioning rehab plan was effective and satisfactory and all the athletes returned to their sport after the completion of the rehabilitation and recovery program. The study also checked the recurrence by followed the subjects for 2 months and resulted that no one is injured during this period.

Aim: To determine the significance of total knee arthroplasty in patients with Parkinson's disease. Study design: Retrospective study. Place and duration of study: Department of Orthopaedics, Sahara Medical College, Narowal and CMH Kharian Medical College Kharian from 1st July 2020 to 30th September 2022. Methodology: Fifty patients suffered from Parkinson disease which was already diagnosed and the patients attended the Orthopaedic Ward for knee arthroplasty were included. Patients were then followed up till 12 weeks for the clinical analysis of the preoperative and postoperative outcomes of the procedure. Western-Ontario and McMaster-Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Short Form Health Survey-scale, physical component-summary as well as mental-component summary were used for the critical analysis of the patients underwent knee arthroplasty. Knee Society-Score and Knee Society-Function Score determined the deformity, stability, pain and functional analysis. Results: The mean age of the cases was 66.91 ± 6.62 years. There were more females than males in this study with a comparative percentage of 20% vs 80% respectively. There were 60% left knee arthroplasty with 22% in grade IV. Range of motion as well as stability of the patients was also improved. SF-12 also showed a significant improvement in the Physical component-summary and mental-component summary levels. There was a reduction in pain and stiffness analyzed through Western-Ontario and McMaster-Universities Osteoarthritis Index scoring and more flexion as analyzed by range of motion. Conclusion: There is better scoring of patients from pre to postoperative state although still towards lower side and with poor motor functional outcomes. Key words: Ganglion, Neurodegenerative, Arthroplasty, Significance, Analysis

Objective: To assess the functional outcomes of noninvasive treatment for proximal humerus three parts and four parts fracture. Study Design: Prospective-cohort study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthopaedics, Sialkot Medical College, Sialkot from 1st January 2021 to 31st March 2022. Methodology: Fifty patients between 56-65 years and radiograpically both anterior and lateral views were taken. There was a follow up plan in each patient at half month, three months, six months and a year with repeated imaging. Oxford-Shoulder Score and EuroQol-5 Dimensions-3 Levels was used for finding primary functional results while secondary functional outcomes were score through Visual Analog Scoring and University of California at Los Angeles Shoulder Score. Results: The mean of the patients was 62.3±5.6 years with more females (70%) than males. Majority of the cases had a high incidence of fall due to feeling low in energy. The comparison of Oxford-Shoulder Score (OSS) and EQ 5D 3L method showed a high significance within each variable. Comparative imaging at follow ups have showed timely fixation of the humerus with non-invasive procedure with improved OSS values. One-year scores for Oxford-Shoulder Score were 33.1 with 95% confidence of interval while it was 0.59 for EQ-5D-3L. Considering the secondary outcomes it was noticed that mean outcomes score of treatment was 32.1 while visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score was 32.1 with 59.2 as VAS satisfaction score. Conclusion: Good functional outcome of displaced 3-part and 4-part fracture of proximal humerus. Keywords: Noninvasive treatment, Proximal humerus fractures, Osteoporosis Neers classification, Related functional aftermath, Functional outcome

Objective: To compare the closed reduction and percutaneous K wire fixation method outcomes in the treatment of supracondylar displaced fracture of elbow in children. Study Design: Prospective study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthopaedics, Arif Memorial Teaching Hospital, Lahore from 2nd April 2021 to 31st September 2021. Methodology: One hundred and seventy children were included. Those children having supracondylar displaced fractures of elbow with a grade 3 were included in the study as participant. K wires of 1.5-2cm were used after closed reductions were satisfactorily achieved. Padded-Back slabs at posterior position of elbow were applied. At 2 weeks’ suture removal and pin configuration was also observed. Callus production was observed through radiological x ray images. Results: Majority of the children belonged to the age group of 6-10 years. There were 59.4% males while 40.58% were females. Within the total number of cases 55% were administered two lateral parallel K wires while 45% were administered cross K wire. Pin tract infection was formed in 2.5% of lateral K wire cases while it was observed in only 1.2 % of Cross wire cases. Most of the children got the fracture while playing a sport. The recovery phase was of 3.5 months while fracture joined in a mean value of 1 month. Conclusion: Lateral percutaneous pin technique for the management of supracondylar fracture of humerus bone is a more suitable method and offers same results without involvement of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury. Keywords: Humerus, Ulnar nerve, Pin method, K-wire, Deformation

The physicochemical properties, swelling power, solubility, and digestibility of flour from four rice varieties (black, brown, white, and waxy rice flour) were analyzed. The results showed that the black and brown rice had high‐amylose percentage (21.8% and 20.5%), a relatively low percentage of starch content (68.1% and 79.1%), and lower swelling power (6.6% and 7.6%) and solubility (13.5% and 15.7%), respectively. Waxy rice flour attributed to lower gelatinization temperatures and higher enthalpy values. Meanwhile, the brown, black, and white rice showed higher gelatinization temperature and lower enthalpy value. The black and brown rice flour exhibited lower pasting and viscosity values as compared to waxy rice flour. The results showed that all rice flour had an A‐type X‐ray diffraction pattern, and after cooking all rice flour showed V‐type polymorphs except waxy rice flour. Brown and black rice flour after cooking have lower digestion rate than white rice and waxy rice flour, probably due to its lower expansion and solubility rates, and higher gelatinization temperature., Rosa Roxburghii seed oil was of high quality in terms of its high amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Heat treatment of R. roxburghii seed oil showed an increase in the relative percentage of linoleic acid and linolenic acid isomers with increasing temperature and time. The formation of linoleic acid and linolenic acid isomers followed a zero order reaction.

Background: Developmental dysplasia of the hip is a crucial condition of hip joint demobilizing the patient. If left untreated can cripple and cause premature arthritis at adulthood. Objective: To assess and compare the various methods of treatment, for patients suffering from developmental dysplasia of hip joint. Study Design: Prospective study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthopaedic, Sahara Medical College, Narowal from 1st July 2019 to 31st December 2020. Methodology: Forty five patients between 20-37 years of age were enrolled in the study having developmental dysplasia of hip. After complete radiological, physical and clinical examination the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of hip joint was made. Demographic information was taken on well structured questionnaire. In a cohort study design patient were divided into three groups in accordance with their administered surgical protocol post their consent. Each group had 15 cases. Three various surgical procedures were performed keeping complete quality performance and recovery was followed up to six months of time. Results: The mean age was 33±1.2 years. The maximum number of patients was admitted between 26-31 years of age. A total of 45 patients were admitted (46 hips). Within which 35 patients (77.7%) were females and 5 (22.3%) were males. There were 27 hip having developmental dysplasia of hip joint at left side including one with be the left and right side involved. 94.1% treatment success rate of periacetabular osteotomy followed by hip arthroscopy. Conclusion: Periacetabular osteotomy is best surgical procedure for developmental dysplasia of hip in young adults. Key words: Developmental dypslasia, Hip joint, Treatment, Dislocation

Background: Total knee arthroplasty is an important procedure requiring accuracy and skill. The choice of anesthesia for better outcomes is a mandatory requirement in this procedure. Objective: To compare the outcomes of general verses neuraxial/regional anesthesia for total knee arthroplasty. Study Design: Comparative analytical study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthopaedics, Sahara Medical College, Narowalfrom 1st April 2019 to 31st March 2021. Methodology: Ninety nine patients within the age group >45 years were divided into three groups according to the anaesthetic technique applied (general, spinal or epidural). They were divided in three groups and each group had 33 patients. Patient’s informed consent was taken. Clinical history and information regarding to their physical heath were recorded prior to operation. Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.6±7.16 years. There were 53.5% male and 46.5% females in total. The BMI among three groups had no significant variance. Blood loss during surgery and duration of surgery were lower in general anaesthesia group. Post-operative pain within six hours and transfusion rate was less in neuraxial/regional groups. Conclusion: Neuraxial anesthesia is related with improved and effective outcomes in total knee arthroplasty with patients having less complains of pain especially in epidural and spinal anesthesia respectively. Blood loss was slightly and insignificantly lower in general anesthesia than epidural or spinal anesthesia types. Key words: Anesthesia, General anesthesia, Spinal anesthesia, Epidural

Environmental stresses such as drought, temperature, salinity, air pollution, heavy metals, pesticides, and soil pH are major limiting factors in crop production because they affect almost all plant functions. Soil salinization is a serious stress condition causing major problem for crop productivity. To combat this salinity stress, Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is considered as innovative, effective and ecofriendly approach. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have various direct and indirect mechanisms which can be correlated with their ability to form biofilms, chemotaxis, and the production of exopolysaccharide, indole-3-acetic acids (IAA) and aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate (ACC) deaminase Investigations on the interaction of PGPR with other microbes and their effect on the physiological response of crop plants under different soil salinity regimes are still at an incipient stage. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of PGPR on lowering down the salt stress. Treatments were control (T1), Salt tolerant isolate KH-1 (T2), Salt tolerant isolate KH-2 (T3), Salt tolerant isolate KH-3 (T4), PGPR-I (Pseudimonas) (T5), PGPR-II (Azotobacter) (T6). Rice was sown under saline conditions at Soil Salinity Research Institute, Pindi Bhattian. With the inoculation of salt tolerant PGPR, plant growth and yield was improved. Result showed significant increase in plant height, biomass and yield over control. Inoculation of salt tolerant isolate KH-2 produced maximum grain yield in rice (4267 kg/ha) followed by PGPR-II and it was statistically significant from all other treatments along with control. It is concluded that with the application of salt tolerant isolate (KH-2), there is significant increase in rice production.

Anti‐digestive enzyme, antioxidant, anti‐proliferative and antibacterial activities of the extract from Moringa oleifera at different extraction temperatures.

Research background. Polysaccharides isolated from plants, fungi and bacteria are associated with immunomodulatory effects. Chickpea hull, which is regarded as food industrial waste, contains considerable amounts of antioxidants and bioactive compounds. Experimental approach. In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) hull (CHPS). In vitro study was conducted with RAW264.7 cell line while in vivo study was carried out using specific pathogen-free BALB/c mouse animal model. Results and conclusions. In in vitro test with RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells, the three purified fractions of chickpea hull polysaccharides showed potent immunomodulatory activity. Sample CHPS-3 showed stronger effect on cell viability, promoted the phagocytosis index to a greater extent and had the best effect on acid phosphatase activity. Moreover, it was found that CHPS-3 significantly (p, Pozadina istraživanja. Polisaharidi izolirani iz biljaka, gljivica i bakterija imaju dokazani imunomodulacijski učinak. Ljuska slanutka, koja se smatra otpadom prehrambene industrije, bogata je antioksidansima i bioaktivnim spojevima. Eksperimentalni pristup. U ovom smo radu ispitali imunomodulacijsku aktivnost polisaharida iz ljuske slanutka (Cicer arietinum L.) vrste kabuli. Ispitivanje je provedeno in vitro na staničnoj liniji RAW264,7, a in vivo na BALB/c miševima, uzgojenim u uvjetima bez patogena specifičnih za miševe. Rezultati i zaključci. U ispitivanju in vitro na makrofagu sličnim stanicama RAW264,7, tri pročišćene frakcije polisaharida iz ljuske slanutka imale su izraženu imunomodulacijsku aktivnost. Uzorak iz treće frakcije imao je veći utjecaj na preživljavanje stanica, znatnije je poboljšao fagocitni indeks i u najvećoj mjeri utjecao na aktivnost kisele fosfataze. Osim toga, taj je uzorak bitno (p

Given a graph G and an integer k, two players take turns coloring the vertices of G one by one using k colors so that neighboring vertices get different colors. The first player wins if at the end of the game all the vertices of G are colored. The game chromatic number χ g ( G ) is the minimum k for which the first player has a winning strategy. In this study, we prove that the game chromatic number of the splitting graphs of the path P n and cycle C n for n ≥ 5 is 4. We also answer a question posed by Xuding Zhu in [12] for the splitting graphs of path P n and n-cycle for all n ≥ 3

To promote extraction of flavonoids compounds from Moringa oliefera leaves (MOL) by ultrasound-assisted extraction, Box behken desing as a kind of response surface methodology was utilized. Moreover, five macrospores resins were used to investigate the kinetics of purification of flavonoids from the MOL extract. As results, the optimal conditions for maximizing flavonoids extraction were determined as follows: ratio of aqueous ethanol solution to material 52 mL/g, extraction time 43 min and extraction temperature 76 °C. Nevertheless, AB-8 resin was the suitable resin for purification of flavonoids with the following conditions: initial flavonoids concentration 20 mg/mL, eluting solvent 70% aqueous ethanol solution and 1.5 mL/min eluting flow rate. Moreover, five flavonoids (rutin, kaempferol acetyl glycoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-acetyl-glucoside and kaempferol 3-glucoside) were identified by HPLC-ESI-MS. Regarding to antioxidant activity purified flavonoids, the results showed that the scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals was 85.99% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, while the scavenging activity against 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radicals was 84.72% at 50 μg/mL. The results suggest that the flavonoids from MOL can be used in the development of functional foods.

The objectives of this study were to determine the optimal extraction conditions of polyphenols from Syzygium cumini seeds by response surface methodology and investigate their antioxidant activity and inhibition on α‐amylase and pancreatic lipase. As results, the optimal extraction conditions in the ultrasonic extraction process which maximised total polyphenols content, minimised the IC₅₀ values of α‐amylase and pancreatic lipase were determined as follows: extraction time 60 min, ethanol concentration 63% and solvent/solid ratio 44 mL g⁻¹. The main phenolic compounds in partially purified fraction of Syzygium cumini seeds were catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol, gallic, 5‐caffeoylquinic, caffeic and ferulic acids. In addition, the partially purified fraction inhibited 87.66 ± 5.55 and 86.61 ± 3.15% of α‐amylase and pancreatic lipase, respectively. The results suggested that Syzygium cumini seeds could be explored as a natural antioxidant and could be used as a source of highly antidiabetic and anti‐obesity bioactive compounds.

SUMMARY Research background Polysaccharides isolated from plants, fungi and bacteria are associated with immunomodulatory effects. Chickpea hull, which is regarded as food industrial waste, contains considerable amount of antioxidants and bioactive compounds. Experimental approach In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) hull (CHPS). In vitro study was conducted with RAW264.7 cell line while in vivo study was carried out using specific pathogen-free BALB/c mouse animal model. Results and discussion In in vitro test with RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells, the three purified fractions of chickpea hull polysaccharides showed potent immunomodulatory activity. Sample CHPS-3 showed stronger effect on cell viability, promoted the phagocytosis index to a greater extent and had the best effect on acid phosphatase activity. Moreover, it was found that CHPS-3 significantly (p

The main objective of this study is using calcium alginate to encapsulate Syzygium cumini seed polyphenolic extract to maintain its stability and functionality. Calcium chloride was exploited as a cross‐linking agent to get the final form as calcium alginate capsules. Two different methods for drying of capsules were conducted; freeze‐dried (FD.C) and vacuum dried (D.C). Encapsulation efficiency for FD.C and D.C was 75.96 ± 0.68% and 70.20 ± 0.59%, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs and the mechanical properties indicated that the polysaccharide networks of D.C were strongly firm to prevent the release of total phenolic content (TPC) in gastric phase. FD.C showed fragile polysaccharide networks however, prevented the release of TPC in gastric phase and exhibited more release of TPC than D.C in intestinal phase. The microencapsulation process improved the thermal stability of the extract with 171.97°C and 180.36°C for FD.C and D.C, respectively. NOVELTY IMPACT STATEMENT: Sodium alginate in combination with calcium chloride was exploited to fabricate controlled release microcapsules. The fabricated microcapsules physically interacted with Syzygium cumin seeds polyphenols. The polyphenolic microcapsules were characterized with high ability to preserve polyphenols in gastric conditions and admitted with release of polyphenols in intestinal conditions. Moreover, the resulted microcapsules increased the thermal stability of grafted polyphenols. Thus, the obtained results would pave a new technique for medical purposes as controlled release systems or more stable capsules for food additive.

The number of confirmed cases of COVID-affected patients are 1,123,000 and counting while more than 59,000 corroborated mortalities have occurred around the globe, as depicted by the data gathered through Johns Hopkins University. More than 228,000 people have reportedly recovered from COVID-19 till April 4 2020. Italy has the second highest deaths of COVID-19 in the world. There is dire need to evaluate the pattern of COVID-19 in Pakistan and compared with other developed countries. World Health Organization has developed website to provide latest data in form of new reported cases, mortality and recoveries. In Pakistan, mortality rate was found less than other developed countries and this hypothesis may be wrong that Pakistan neither will nor effected with virus due to climate conditions. The presented study had two objectives. The first was to describe the latest situation if COVID-19 in Pakistan and other developed countries. Second objective was to determine the latest situation about mortility rate in Pakistan and other developed countries. Comparative data was sketched and presented in the form of graph for 5 countries including Pakistan. All the data was obtained form WHO websites and from Pakistan government officials websites. Data was collected from Jan-2020 to 4 April-2020.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of bull exposure after calving on postpartum interval to estrus, in Nili-Ravi buffalo. Buffaloes were divided into 4 groups; BEC & BEI; exposed continuously or intermittently to the physical presence of bull, EPB & NE; exposed or not exposed to discharge waste (urine & feces) of bull. Buffaloes were exposed on d 5 after parturition. Postpartum interval to first behavioural estrus was shorter in BEC than BEI, EPB and NE treatments. The mean serum progesterone concentration did not differ significantly between BEC and other (BEI, EPB and NE) treatments. It was concluded that presence of bull has positive effect in reducing calving interval in Nili Ravi buffalo.

The present study was targeted to evaluate eight maize advance lines in comparison to one local check for green fodder yield potential and nutritional quality. The experiment was conducted at Fodder Research Institute, Sargodha during August 2017. The experiment was sown in a randomized complete block design with three replications having a plot size of 2.4 m x 6 m. The crop was harvested at 50% flowering stage and data regarding plant height, Number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, leaves weight per plant, stem weight per plant, leaves to stem weight ratio, green fodder yield, dry matter percentage, crude protein and crude fibre were recorded. The results showed that the performance of the advance lines; No.1501 and MS.2010 was best among all the studied genotypes in terms of fodder yield respectively. Both genotypes exhibited a good nutritional quality.

In the present study, digestion and fermentation (in vitro) of chickpea hull (CHPS) polysaccharides were analyzed, and CHPS effects were determined on gut microbes by using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results revealed that saliva, artificial gastric, and small intestinal juices had no effect on CHPS, but after fermentation of CHPS by human gut microbiota the molecular weight, reducing sugar and carbohydrate content decreased significantly. CHPS significantly modulated the gut microbial composition reflecting the potential to reduce obesity risk. Moreover, the decrease in pH was observed in the fermentation system, while short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were significantly increased. These results indicate that CHPS have potential and could be utilized as functional food components for the improvement of human gut health.

COVID19 is posing threat cosmopolitically encompassing more than 200 countries and making threat to entire population globally as pandemic. The cats, dogs and bovine are at threat which are close partner to human population. The veterinarians specially practicing are at risk when they encounter the sick animals. This study focus to the Pakistani veterinarian where animal population is under estimated or sometimes census is not performed. As Current population of domestic animals in Pakistan consist of 23.34 million buffaloes, 22.42 million cattle, 24.24 million sheep, 49.14 million goats, and with a huge population of dogs and cats without official census which may pose a threat to innocent population and even more a practicing veterinarian and veterinary paramedics are more at threat, if god forbids. There is need for further investigation its role and zoonotic perspective. Regarding practicing field veterinarians fighting without weapons against mass destructing pathogen and making vulnerability on wide.

High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was utilized as an effective procedure for isolation of targeted three anthocyanins di-glucosides from Syzygium cumini (SC) pulp by using an optimized biphasic successful combination of different solvents. The resulted fractions described by HPLC/ESI-MS to be delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside (DDG), petunidin 3,5-diglucoside (PDG), and malvidin 3,5-diglucoside (MDG). A weight of 150 mg of sample yielded 7.53, 22.68, and 39.09 mg for DDG, PDG, and MDG, respectively. It was stated that the target three anthocyanins possessed strong antioxidant activities. Furthermore, MDG exhibited definite advantages for inhibition of nitric oxide release and pro-inflammatory mediators like mouse interleukin 6 (IL-6), mouse interleukin (IL-1β) and mouse tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. The results propose that HSCCC can be utilized to separate highly antioxidative and anti-inflammatory natural components from SC pulp. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments and considered one of the groups of bioactive compounds, which generally concentrate in the skin, and often also the flesh of some fruits and vegetables as glycosides like acylglycosides and aglycones of anthocyanidins. The fully ripe fruits of SC contain anthocyanins, like as delphinidin, cyanidin, and petunidin, which supply them a distinctive color and good antioxidant characteristics. HSCCC considers a system of liquid-liquid extraction with separating large quantities of materials, using a minimum of solvent. The findings of the study would pave a separation strategy for potential large-scale preparation of anthocyanins di-glucosides standards for compounds detection and reduce the inflammation symptoms through declining the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6, which will also enhance the future notification on the structure-activity correlations of anthocyanins di-glucosides.

Obesity is an unwanted result of varying behaviors and lifestyle. It is moreover the alterable factor for the growth of numerous enervate diseases. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence rate of obesity, overweight and associated factors in female students of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 200 subjects (females) with respective age 18-24 years study in The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (Located in Southern Punjab, Pakistan). All subjects divided into two age groups. Group-I (18-21), Group-II (≥22). Subjects were screened through a questionnaire, which consists of questions about intake of breakfast, fruits, vegetables, red meat, fast food, meal regularity and frequency. The results of the present study reveal that the prevalence rates of obesity and overweight were 7.5% and 9% respectively. The results reveal that there is the significant difference between taking in breakfast, red meat, fast food and meal frequency. But taking in fruits and vegetables does not show the significant difference. Meal irregularities and intake of unhealthy food were found as the major factors lead to obesity. Little sustained modifications’ in dietary habits and lifestyle can help to combat obesity. Keywords: Body Mass Index; Obesity; Prevalence http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80115

Flavonoids are phenolic substances naturally distributed in plants with potential antidiabetic activity through the inhibition of α-glucosidase. Therefore, the present study investigated the inhibitory effects of α-glucosidase activity by purified flavonoids (PF) isolated from Moringa oleifera leaves before and after simulated gastric digestion in the absence or presence of nitrate. Furthermore, the combined effects of PF, chlorogenic acid and acarbose to reduce the acarbose dosage that caused 50% inhibition of α-glucosidase activity were studied by using CompuSyn software. Five flavonoids (rutin, kaempferol acetyl glycoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-3-acetyl-glucoside) were identified by HPLC-ESI-MS. The results showed that at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, flavonoids and acarbose inhibited α-glucosidase activity by 54.41% and 69.17%, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed uncompetitive inhibition of α-glucosidase by PF. Flavonoids caused an 8.17 times reduction in acarbose concentration which was required to inhibit α-glucosidase. In the absence or presence of nitrate, the inhibitory activity decreased by 48.44% and 72.12%, respectively, after simulated gastric digestion when compared with undigested flavonoids. Rutin and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside showed the highest stability in the simulated gastric liquid, while quercetin-3-acetyl-glucoside and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside exhibited the highest stability in the simulated gastric liquid in the presence of nitrate.

In this study, in-situ decoration of a binder-free pseudocapacitive NiCo2S4 and NiCo2S4/MWCNTs hybrid electrode has been synthesized via a wet chemical synthesis route on Ni foam. The hybrid electrodes of bimetallic metal sulfides were investigated using the X-ray diffraction technique and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical technique was used to investigate the electrochemical properties of the synthesized bimetallic metal sulfide materials. The good galvanostatic discharge time of 1077 s, the areal capacitance of 5.38 F/cm2, and specific capacitance of 2210 F/g were observed for NiCo2S4/MWCNTs hybrid electrode materials, respectively at 3 mA/cm2. The results show that the addition of highly conductive, MWCNTs, and the synergic effects of bimetallic sulfides (Ni, Co) greatly contribute to the excellent electrochemical properties, making the NiCo2S4/MWCNTs hybrid electrode as a potential material for supercapacitor applications.

The objectives of the study were to determine the dose-dependent effects of active immunization against inhibin α-subunit (AIINHA) on ovarian dynamics, concentrations of progesterone (P4), pregnancy rate (PR), embryonic and fetal losses (EFL), and prolificacy during the non-breeding season when there was imposing of a progestin-based treatment regimen to induce estrus in Beetal goats. Goats (n = 30) were randomly assigned into following groups: 1) saline (G-CON-0 mg; n = 10), 2) small dose (G-AIINHA-0.5 mg; n = 10), and 3) large dose (G-AIINHA-1 mg; n = 10). The primary administration of inhibin immunogen was administered at Day -48, followed by another administration at Day -20, and subsequently there was induction of estrus using a progestin based treatment regimen that included a single administration of progestin-containing sponge and PGF2α at Day -8. The sponge was removed, and GnRH was administered at Day -3 followed by breeding (Day 0) at standing estrus. Results indicated mean diameter of the follicles, size of pre-ovulatory follicles and corpora lutea, and post-breeding P4 concentrations were greater (P 0.05) among groups, whereas prolificacy rate was greater (P = 0.04) in goat does of the G-AIINHA-0.5 than G-CON-0 groups. The data from this study indicate G-AIINHA-0.5 is the recommended dose of inhibin immunogen to enhance the reproductive performance during non-breeding season in Beetal goats when estrus is induced using a progestin-based treatment regimen.

Alfalfa is one of the most important forage crops worldwide because of its wide range of adaptability and good forage quality. Seed yield is generally considered to be of secondary importance and is characterized by often poor seed yield and seed quality. A field experiment was conducted to determine the impact of boric acid foliar applications along with a basal dose during anthesis to enhance the alfalfa seed yield in agro-ecological conditions of Sargodha. In foliar boric acid fertilization 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 boric acid along with basal dose 23-80-50 (NPK kg ha-1) was used. Phosphorous and potash were applied at the time of sowing while nitrogen will be applied in two split doses; half at sowing time and half of 1st irrigation. Two foliar applications, 1st at intensive plant growth stage and the 2ndat the beginning of the blossoming of the crop. The concentration of boric acid solutions used were 2 ,4 , 6 ,8 and 10 glit-1 which produces a seed yield of 161.7, 167.9,171.3, 175.0,186.7 and 176.1 kg ha-1 in year 2015-16 while next year in 2016-17 produces a seed yield of 286.5, 299.2,304.6, 308.3, 312.1 and 310.1kg ha-1 respectively which is higher than year 2015-16. Foliar fertilization with boron influenced forming of slightly higher number of seeds in the pod. Boron influenced the average increase of yield, with a slightly greater difference compared to control. Number of seeds per pod in boric acid dose of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 remained 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.6, 6.8 and 6.7respectively in year 2016-17 which were higher than 4.3,4.4,4.5, 4.5,4.9 and 4.7 in year 2015-16. Overall 8 g liter-1 boric acid foliar fertilization produces 8.9 % higher seed yield, 11.4 % higher no of seeds per pod compared to control in the year 2016-17 while produces 15.4% higher seed yield and 13.9 % higher no of seeds per pod as compared to control in the year 2015-16.