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Purpose: Pilonidal sinus incidence is increasing in surgical departments all over the world. Pilonidal sinus is under the influence of several factors. These factors are studied well in various parts of the world; however, these factors are understudied in Pakistan. This study aimed to find out the risk factors of pilonidal sinus among the patients diagnosed with pilonidal sinus. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among one hundred and eight patients with pilonidal sinus at Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi, for one year from January 2021 to January 2022. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained before the start of study. Patients’ enrollment was done according to a developed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Convenient sampling technique was also applied for recruitment of participants. Data was collected through a self-designed questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were utilized for the data analysis. Data analysis was performed by SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Findings: Pilonidal sinus frequency was high among the patients who had age group of 11 to 30 years (68.52%), male gender (62.96%), driving profession (37.96%), family history of pilonidal sinus (64.82%), high body mass index(60.18%), daily sitting for more than 6 hours (79.62%), sitting on hard surfaces (63.88%), hairy skin (55.55%), excessive sweating (68.52%), poor hygiene of sacrococcygeal region (77.78%), number of baths less than three times per week (61.11%), and light colored skin (62.04%). Recommendations: This study recommends that health authorities should make people educated regarding the risk factors that lead to pilonidal sinus. The study also recommends that people should reduce their body weight, sit over soft places and should avoid continuous sitting for long periods. People should take care of hygiene, especially of sacrococcygeal regions by shaving hair, drying moisture, and taking frequent baths.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common health issue all over the world and several factors predispose the people to urinary tract infection. Objective: The study aimed at determining the incidence of Urinary tract infection and factors associated with it. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among 205 patients in a tertiary care hospital of Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Simple convenient sampling and an established inclusion and exclusion criteria was applied to select the participants. After obtaining the informed consent from all participants, data was acquired via a self-designed proforma. Data analysis was carried out through SPSS version 25. Chi square test was applied to check the association between urinary tract infection and predisposing factors. The p-value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: The incidence of urinary tract infection was 12.68%. Urinary tract infection was significantly associated age group (p=0.003), gender (p=0.001), marital status (p=0.004), educational status (p=0.0001), socioeconomic status (p=0.005), previous history of UTI (p=0.0002), family history of UTI (p=0.0004), history of stone in urinary tract (p=0.003), history of recent use of antibiotics (p=0.04), history of catheterization (p=0.001), hygienic condition of external genitalia (p=0.0005), frequency of intercourse (p=0.04), history of diabetes mellitus (p=0.002), and hydration status (p=0.0007), whereas, association of urinary tract infection with holding urine was insignificant (p=0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of urinary tract infection was high among research population. Risk factors that could lead to UTI were young age, female gender, married marital status, lower educational status, lower socioeconomic status, previous history of UTI, family history of UTI, history of stone in urinary tract, history of recent use of antibiotics, history of catheterization, poor hygienic condition of external genitalia, high frequency of intercourse, history of diabetes mellitus, and dehydration. Recommendations: People should be educated about the UTI and its causes and prevention. People should also take special care when they are on antibiotics or when they are diabetics, to prevent UTI. People should maintain hygiene when they are catheterized and during intercourse. People should stay hydrated.

Objective: To determine the impact of translocation t(1;19) in paediatric patients diagnosed with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised data from January 2012 to January 2018 of paediatric patients diagnosed with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Data of patients having t(1;19) translocation with or without complex karyotype formed group A, while data of patients without any cytogenetic abnormality formed the control group B. Relapse and event-free survival were calculated and the outcomes were compared between the groups. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 450 subjects whose data was analysed, 84(18.7%) were included; 25(30%) in group A and 59(70%) were in group B. There were 21(84%) males and 4(16%) females in group A with mean age on presentation 3.68±0.6 years compared to 41(69.4%) males and 18(30.5%) females with mean age on presentation 4.0±0.92 (p>0.05). There were no differences between the groups in terms of baseline markers (p>0.05). The relapse and event-free survival rates were also not significantly different between the groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant difference related to outcomes of precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patients having t(1;19) translocation with or without complex karyotype and those without any cytogenetic abnormality, indicating that translocation t(1;19)-positive patients do not need treatment intensification. Key Words: Acute Pre-B ALL, Children, t (1;19), Oncoprotein E2A-PBX1.