Search

This work deals with gliding motion of bacteria over a non-Newtonian slime layer attached to a solid substrate. The surface of a glider is approximated with a simple wavy two-dimensional sheet while the sticky slime is modeled as Carreau–Yasuda fluid. The classical Navier–Stokes equations are transformed by using Galilean transformation and dimensionless variables. Flow beneath the organism is creeping and the lubrication assumption is also valid in this scenario, hence the equation is reduced to fourth-order BVP in terms of stream function. The basic purpose is to compute the gliding speed and flow rate of the slime which are present in the boundary conditions. MATLAB built-in bvp5c solver is utilized to calculate the numerical solution of the stream function. Further, unknowns (flow rate and cell speed) are refined by using modified Newton–Raphson method (MNRT). Further, these pairs are employed in the formula of energy expended. Velocity and stream function is also plotted for these computed pairs. This study is motivated by scientific interest and the desire to understand the dynamics of gliding bacteria. The findings of this study are thought to be beneficial in the development of artificial crawlers.

The overall objective of the current analysis is to examine how electroosmotic flow combined with peristaltic pumping phenomenon could ably contribute to intracellular fluid flow. The biofluid is taken as non-Newtonian Couple stress fluid, while micro-passage is approximated as two-dimensional inclined channel comprehending complex peristaltic walls. Following a traditional approach of peristaltic fluid flow problem balance of mass and momentum is utilized. Beside channel waves, flow is also generated by Lorentz force triggered by electric and magnetic fields. To integrate electric potential term Poisson-Boltzmann and Nernst Planck equation are utilized. Finally, a sixth order BVP in term of stream function is obtained by employing creeping flow, long wavelength and Debye-Hückel assumptions. A numerical solution is calculated and analyzed by plotting fluid velocity and level curves in MATLAB 2021b. It is observed that couple stress fluid flows with greater speed (in central region of the channel) as compared to Newtonian fluid. Moreover, electro-osmotic parameter and Debye-Hückel length are assistive factors to the fluid velocity in the lower half of the passage.

Mother nature utilizes an assembly of beating cilia to transport liquid in various circumstances. The arrays of these hair-like cellular appendages also aid in propelling microorganisms like spermatozoa and paramecium. In our implicit finite difference analysis, we present a pumping performance of a curved channel comprising mucus flow induced via active cilium. The non-Newtonian mucus is modelled as Carreau fluid model. The undulating cilia attached with curved walls are assumed to be complex wavy. The tips of these cilia form a complex wavy peristaltic curved passage with porous medium effects. Well-known continuity and momentum equations (in curvilinear coordinates) are utilized to model the flow problem. Cilia-driven flow is creeping which is based on low Reynolds number assumption. Moreover, long wavelength assumption is also employed in this analysis. The reduced fourth-order BVP is solved via implicit finite difference method (IFDM). The computed results are plotted by using MATLAB (2021a). The mucus velocity is plotted at three different cross-sections and flow rates. Moreover, velocity of mucus, pressure gradient, pressure rise, and level curves are also expounded for various rheological, porous and cilia-based parameters. A special case of straight passage is also presented in the graphical result section.

Inspired by the prevalence of non-Newtonian liquids in biological flows, our aim in this article is to elaborate on the flow of Carreau-Yasuda fluid generated by wavy cilia inside the micro-channel. The impact of complex wave and magnetic field (magnetohydrodynamics) are also taken into account. The low Reynolds number and large wavelength approximation are employed to simplify the problem. The finite-difference approach (finite-difference method) is utilized to get the convergent solution to the problem in MATLAB (2022b). The impact of emerging parameters on the axial velocity and streamlines is examined through various graphs. Moreover, a comparison among the Carreau-Yasuda fluid, Carreau fluid, and Newtonian fluid is also expounded.

The role of marine microbes in the aquatic ecosystem is dynamic. The current work explores the fluid mechanics of gliding organisms near a porous boundary. Surface roughness effects are utilized on the lower substrate. The ooze layer between the two-dimensional sheet (micro-swimmers) and the rough substrate is considered a non-Newtonian Jeffrey fluid. The laminar flow of incompressible slime is generated by organism movement. Darcy's law is applied to capture the porous effects. This law is compatible with our study since the laminar flow of slime is driven via bacterial movement. The lubrication assumption is utilized on Navier–Stokes equations. The closed-form solution of a reduced differential equation is calculated. The unknowns present in the boundary conditions are refined by the root-finding algorithm. Finally, the organism speed, flow rate, energy losses, and streamlines are visually represented. These obtained results are elaborated, and key points are mentioned at the end.

The impact of Lactobacillus plantarum 1KMT on the survival rate, growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance of Oreochromis niloticus challenged with pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus 1T1 was investigated. This study was conducted in the Fisheries Department of National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), and Department of Biosciences of Comsats University Islamabad, Pakistan between August 2018 and August 2019. Sixty healthy fish (10.99 ± 1.1 g body weight) were acclimatised to laboratory conditions in 1000 L tank for 14 days. After, they were randomly divided equally into two groups G1 and G2 with one replication: G1 fed with the basal diet (BD) without probiotic (control), and group G2 was fed with 1x108 CFU.g-1 Lactobacillus plantarum 1KMT supplemented diet. The trial was conducted for a period of 60 days. The intestinal microflora, survival rate (SR), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) were checked after every ten days. After 60 days, the innate immune parameter levels were evaluated. For challenge study against Vibrio parahaemolyticus 1T1, eighteen fish from G2 were randomly selected and divided in two subgroups: G2A, with 1KMT continuous treatment and G2B in which treatment was stopped. After 21 days, the mortalities were recorded. The results showed that the intestinal microflora was significantly improved in G2 compared to G1. The survival rate was 96.5% and 86.0% in G2 and G1, respectively. The WG was not significantly affected, while the SGR and innate immunity parameters were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in G2 compared to G1. The mortality rate was 77.7% and 66.6% in G1 and subgroup G2B, respectively, while no mortality was observed in G2A after the challenge test. The Lactobacillus plantarum 1KMT improves the growth performance, survival rate, innate immunity and disease resistance of Nile tilapia.

The paper presents error bounds for the second order exponential Runge-Kutta method for parabolic abstract linear time-dependent differential equations incorporating non-smooth initial data. As an example for this particular type of problems, the paper presents a spatial discretization of a partial integro-differential equation arising in financial mathematics, where non-smooth initial conditions occur in option pricing models. For this example, numerical studies of the convergence rate are given

In this paper we present a comprehensive survey and developments of existing literature of non-associative rings and enumerate some of their various applications in different directions to date. These applications explain the voluminous work in different fields of non-associative rings and through which various algebraic structures in theoretical point of view could be developed.

The family Accipitridae consists of approximately 254 known living species that include eagles, hawks, vultures and kites. Forty species from this family are extant in Pakistan, of which 24 are resident. Only six species from the Accipitridae family were observed at Marala Head; Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus), Pariha Kite (Milvus migrans), White-Backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis), Long-billed Vulture (Gyps indicus), Shikra (Accipiter badius) and Black-Winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus). The highest number of any species from this family observed was of Gyps bengalensis (23) in December. Elanus caeruleus was the most sparsely populated species observed at the study site. No specific study is available on this family’s distribution and density from the study area for the study time period. However, studies on avifaunal diversity from different regions of Pakistan from different time frames help formulate an estimate on the individuals from this group. The study will help in providing sound basis for the future conservation activities regarding the family Accipitridae and their management, on sounder footing.

Introduction Rabies is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in numerous regions of the world. Annually, 60,000 deaths have been reported, mostly in Asia and Africa. Dogs are responsible for approximately 99% of human deaths due to rabies. Consequently, incidences of canine bites are increased yet rabies continues to remain a neglected disease in Pakistan. The objective of the study was to investigate the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) for rabies, among the participants from urban and rural population of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. Methods Data was collected by conducting household based cross-sectional survey over a period of 5 months (from January 2018 to May 2018). Quantitative data was collected in the form of questionnaires to investigate awareness and knowledge of rabies among the participants. The questionnaire compromised of socio-demographic features and degree of KAP with respect to rabies management and control. Results A total sample size of 434 participants responded in the study. Among them, 89.4% were found to have heard about rabies, 38.7% have no knowledge of signs and symptoms, 93.3% knew that infected dogs are the major cause of spreading rabies and 77.6% considered that the vaccination of animals is important for prevention of rabies. However, only 39.8% actively seek medical treatment at a hospital if bitten by a dog. From the 434 participants 61 reported dog bites, of which 68.8% (42/61) were male and 49.1% (30/61) belonged to age group of 6–25 years. Conclusion This study concludes that respondents have relatively limited knowledge, inconsistent attitude and poor practices towards rabies prevention and control. There is a high need of imparting knowledge to the population from multidisciplinary programs for effective management and prevention of rabies.

The soricidae family comprises of nearly 23 genera out of which approximately 200 species have been associated with the Eurasian region (IUCN, 1995). A lot of ambiguity surrounds this family, especially where taxonomic classification is concerned; also, not much is known about their geographic location. Five protected parks from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) were explored for population trend studies of family soricidae. Dhirkot Nature Reserve (DNR) was observed in February, 2008, Banjosa Nature Reserve (BNR) in May-June, 2009, Tolipir National Park (TNP) in April to May, 2008, Pir Chanasi National Park (PCNP) in April to May, 2010 and Pir Lasura National Park (PLNP) from June to July, 2009. Only four species belonging to the soricidae family were found; Suncus etruscus, Suncus murinus, Sorex minutus thibetanus and Crocidura pullata. The Asiatic white toothed shrew was only observed in PCNP, DNR and BNR. Suncus murinus was only observed in PCNP. Sorex minutus thibetanus was only observed in Banjosa Nature Reserve. Suncus etruscus was only observed from DNR and BNR.

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite of veterinary and human public health importance for which birds act as an intermediate host. No information is available about the epidemiology of T. gondii in wild birds of Pakistan. The present study was designed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii antibodies in wild birds of District Kasur, Punjab Province, Pakistan. A total of 200 wild birds of 28 species were captured from four tehsils (administrative subdistricts of districts) of the district Kasur and their serum samples screened for the presence of T. gondii antibodies using a latex agglutination test (cut-off value: 1:64). Twenty-five (13%) individual birds and 13 (46%) of the bird species were seropositive for T. gondii antibodies. There were statistical differences in T. gondii prevalence between adults and young (15% and 7%, respectively, P=0.001) and healthy and sick (11% and 50%, respectively, P=0.000) while there were not differences between genders, sites, urbanicity, and tehsils. The present study provides evidence of T. gondii antibodies in wild birds of Pakistan.

Zooplanktons are important fish and waterfowl food. Limnological studies of Marala Wetlands, a complex created by three rivers, i.e., Jammu Tawi, Chenab and Manawar Tawi, entering Bajwat area located 25 km from North of Sialkot city from state of Jammu and Kashmir, were carried out between October, 2000 to September 2001. This survey was carried out to create a checklist of zooplanktons existing in the study site which would help in future studies relating to aquatic biodiversity and ecological studies of wetlands. A minimum of 25 species of zooplanktons were present in the wetland area, which can be included into 4 major animal groups. Amoeba, Paramecium, Opalina and Euglena were the dominant species. Crustaceans were represented by Daphnia, Moina, Cyclops. Insects observed at river Jammu included mosquito larvae, water spider and dragonflies of unidentified species. The Maximum number of zooplanktons were recorded in March, April, May & then in September and October as observed throughout study period.

In this article, an optical image encryption algorithm based on chaotic baker’s map is presented. The stego-image is encrypted with the help of double random phase encoding algorithm and then produced disorder with the help of chaotic transformation. Security test shows that the reading of proposed algorithm is very close to the optimal values.

This manuscript is about a modified image encryption algorithm based on coupled map lattices and substitution box transformation. The places of the pixels of image are mix up by using chaotic tent map and after that employing delayed coupled map lattices and S-box transformation to puzzle the association between the original image and the encrypted image. The simulation results validate that the propose technique possesses better strength for realistic image encryption.

The aim of this work is to make use of the mean of absolute deviation (MAD) method for the evaluation process of substitution boxes used in the advanced encryption standard. In this paper, we use the MAD technique to analyze some popular and prevailing substitution boxes used in encryption processes. In particular, MAD is applied to advanced encryption standard (AES), affine power affine (APA), Gray, Lui J., Residue Prime, S8 AES, SKIPJACK, and Xyi substitution boxes.

The theory of chaos is applied to the construction of substitution boxes used in encryption applications. The synthesis process of the proposed substitution boxes is presented, which is based on chaotic Baker’s map and TDERC chaotic sequences. The objectives of the new substitution box are to provide enhanced resistance against differential and linear cryptanalysis. The constructed substitution boxes uses Galois field elements and relies on discrete chaotic maps while keeping differential and linear approximation probabilities to desired levels.

In this paper, we use the fractional Laplace decomposition method (FLDM) to solve fractional chaotic systems that have various applications in engineering. The FLDM is simple to apply and, moreover, has advantages of manipulating the series solution in an efficient way. We have used the obtained series solutions to generate chaotic sequences.

This paper presents an image encryption scheme based on complete shuffling algorithm: limited in the skew tent-map-predicated image cryptosystem and chaotic substitution box transformation. The proposed image encryption algorithm provides extra confusion due to the inclusion of a chaotic S-box. It is well known from the literature that simple image encryption based on a total shuffling scheme is not secure against a chosen cipher text attack. We then projected an extended algorithm which does well against a chosen cipher text attack. Furthermore we analyze the proposed technique for unified average changing intensity (UACI) and NPCR analysis to determine its strength.