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The rapid integration of renewable energy sources into power grids has created an urgent need for accurate energy demand and supply forecasting models capable of managing the inherent variability of renewable energy generation. The combination of fluctuating consumer demand patterns and high variability across different energy sources presents significant challenges in maintaining a reliable balance between supply and demand. To address these challenges, we propose a Attention-driven Bayesian-Optimized Hybrid Ensemble Framework (ABHEF), evaluated on Jeju Island’s energy mix data. ABHEF integrates state-of-the-art models—ConvBiLSTM (Convolutional Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory), ETCN (Enhanced Temporal Convolutional Network), TFT (Temporal Fusion Transformer), and DAT (Dual Attention Transformer)—to capture both short-term fluctuations and long-term trends in energy data. The proposed framework is evaluated on actual energy demand and supply data from Jeju Island, along with key weather attributes, thereby enhancing the model’s real-world applicability and accuracy. Bayesian optimization was applied to each model to determine optimal hyperparameters, to ensure the peak predictive performance. The output of the base models was stacked, and four meta-models (Gradient Boosting, LGBM, Ridge, and CatBoost) were applied. Among these, CatBoost demonstrated the best performance and was selected as the final meta-model. For hourly supply prediction, our selected meta-model achieved a 52% reduction in MAE and a 50% reduction in RMSE compared to BiLSTM, the best-performing standalone time-series model, validated through a consistent evaluation of accuracy metrics across all models on the same dataset. For hourly demand predictions, it achieved a 43% reduction in MAE and a 34% reduction in RMSE. For daily supply predictions, it demonstrated a 76% reduction in MAE and a 77% reduction in RMSE, while for daily demand predictions, the reductions were 70% in MAE and 69% in RMSE. These results highlight the superior accuracy of the proposed framework, offering significant benefits for energy management and resource planning in renewable energy systems.

Traditional closed-world object detection methods are limited to a predefined set of classes and struggle to recognize objects beyond these boundaries. This work proposes an improved Open-World Object Detection (OWOD) methodology that supports the identification and Incremental Detection of both known and unknown objects. Existing OWOD methods typically face uncertainties due to the adoption of complex and ambiguous strategies for discovering the unknown objects. Such approaches lower the detection accuracy of the known classes. To effectively tackle these challenges, this study presents a new Open-World Novelty and Outlier Detection (OWNOD). The framework integrates a dynamic thresholding mechanism a customized loss function and statistical verification technique optimize the simultaneous detection of both known and unknown objects. By combining these approaches, OWNOD enhances the balance between identifying new, unseen objects and maintaining accuracy for previously learned classes, effectively addressing the inherent complexities of open-world object detection. We benchmark against state-of-the-art methods, that includes the baseline ORE and ABLTL. We also report significant improvements across multiple metrics.For instance, in Task 1, K-mAP improved by 3.10 points, U-mAP by 2.20 points, and U-Recall by 9.50 points. In Task 2, K-mAP improved by 5.65 points, U-mAP by 2.43 points, and U-Recall by 2.46 points. In Task 3, we achieved gains of 4.14 points for K-mAP, 0.34 points for U-mAP, and 6.62 points for U-Recall. For Task 4, where all classes are known, we report a K-mAP improvement of 5.89 points, demonstrating the robustness and effectiveness of our model.

Open-world object detection is a challenging set of tasks in the realm of computer vision. In these tasks, the object detection model processes the input image or video and undergoes inference to identify objects or features present in the image or video. The main objective of the model is to identify the seen and unseen classes rather than identifying only the classes that that were introduced to it during training. The challenging task is to create instance-level true bounding boxes tightly around the true objects and classify and localize them with their true class labels, without missing any of the true object or assigning false positive labels to them. Motivated by the pressing need to advance the capabilities of open-world object detection we present a novel clustering technique called margin-based latent space clustering and deployed it in the classification head of the Faster RCNN. Furthermore, we propose a novel loss function called margin-based loss coupled with regularization parameters aiming to optimize the outlier identification. The proposed method is also capable of incremental learning. Overall, all four incremental tasks are assessed by employing benchmark evaluation metrics. The proposed method outperforms the existing state-of-the-art method, with significant improvements in mean average precision (mAP). We improved the mAP by 4.49% on task 1, 3.71% on task 2, 6.19% on task 3 and 2.81% on task 4. We also reduced the ‘Wilderness Impact and Absolute Open-Set Error’ metrics (For assessing the false positive detection, both metrics are employed), on every task.

The performance of facial recognition systems significantly decreases when faced with a lack of training images. This issue is exacerbated when there is only one image per subject available. Probe images may contain variations such as illumination, expression, and disguise, which are difficult to recognize accurately. In this work, we present a model that generates six facial variations from a single neutral face image. Our model is based on a CGAN, designed to produce six highly realistic facial expressions from one neutral face image. To evaluate the accuracy of our approach comprehensively, we employed several pre-trained models (VGG-Face, ResNet-50, FaceNet, and DeepFace) along with a custom CNN model. Initially, these models achieved only about 76% accuracy on single-sample neutral images, highlighting the SSPP challenge. However, after fine-tuning on the synthetic expressions generated by our CGAN from these single images, their accuracy increased significantly to around 99%. Our method has proven highly effective in addressing SSPP issues, as evidenced by the significant improvement achieved.