Search

Purpose: The present study aimed to assess the effect of RF and CP intervened PDT and Er, Cr: YSGG laser on microleakage in class V RMGIC restorations in permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: In-vitro eighty standardized class V cavities (4×4×2) were prepared in extracted permanent molars based on ICDAS II (International Caries Detection and Assessment System II) caries severity code 0. All samples were arbitrarily alienated into four groups: Group 1, PDT mediated riboflavin photosensitizer (RF) [concentration of 150 μg/mL]; Group 2, PDT with curcumin photosensitizer (CP) [concentration of 100 μg/mL]; Group 3, Er, Cr: YSGG laser application; Group 4, control group: rinsed and dried dentin. Cavities were restored with conventional RMGIC. The specimens were immersed in 0.5% Fuchsine solution for 24 hrs. and sectioned. Microleakage scores were assessed under a microscope. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were made at enamel and cementum margin respectively. Data were analyzed by non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon tests at the level of significance deemed p < 0.05. Results: Riboflavin and curcuminmediated PDT would produce a superior reduction (95% viz 90%) of microleakage as compared to Er, Cr: YSGG laser (85%), and no control groups. Cu-PDT observed the highest amount of microleakage with the least amount of microleakage in the control group. Conclusion: Riboflavin and curcumin photosensitizers mediated PDT and Er, Cr: YSGG laser has the potential to be utilized in class V cavities before RMGIC restorations at enamel margins without adversely affecting the marginal integrity.

Objectives The objective of this study was to assess bone biomarkers and cytokines in patients with conventional labial appliances (CLAs) and aligners. Materials and Methods Participants were recruited to undergo orthodontic treatment with CLAs and aligners according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Periodontal examination was accomplished at baseline and 4 weeks using the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BoP). Samples of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected at baseline (T0) before the start of treatment and at the 1-month follow-up (T1) to assess bone metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers. GCF from participants with CLAs and aligners was evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Comparison between labial conventional orthodontic treatment and aligners were assessed using an unpaired t-test. The difference between T0 and T1 was measured using a paired t-test. Results BoP, PI, and GI demonstrated no significant difference between participants treated with aligners and subjects with CLAs at baseline and at 4 weeks (P > .05). Bone markers and other biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin [IL]-α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8) showed significant differences (P < .05). Also, a significant difference between CLAs and aligners was noted among all biomarkers (P < .05) except IL-β. Conclusions Aligners and CLAs increase the level of inflammatory and bone metabolic biomarkers after 1 month.

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of chlorhexidine (CHX)-loaded poly-L-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles as a modifier of a commercial orthodontic adhesive via the assessment of physicochemical, biological, and mechanical properties at tooth-bracket interface. CHX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were synthesized using double emulsion-solvent evaporation method and characterized using transmission electron microscopy and Raman analysis. CHX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles in Transbond XT orthodontic adhesive were prepared using two different concentrations of the CHX (25 and 50%) and characterized for degree of conversion (DC), antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity testing. Bonded specimens were tested for shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) at tooth-bracket interface. The synthesized PLGA nanoparticles averaged between 60 and 80 nm in size. After loading CHX inside PLGA nanoparticles, the morphology of the PLGA nanoparticles was considerably changed. Orthodontic bracket bonded with 25% CHX-loaded PLGA-modified adhesive demonstrated DC scores similar to control group. Both 25 and 50% CHX-loaded PLGA-modified adhesive specimens showed higher antibacterial activity against S. mutans compared to control group. The least mean SBS values were exhibited by 50% CHX-loaded PLGA-modified adhesive samples, while a statistically significant difference was observed in the mean ARI values among all study groups at all-time points (p = .018). This study indicates that the addition of CHX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles in Transbond XT achieved stable bonds with enhanced antimicrobial and mechanical properties.

To evaluate the clinical and biochemical peri‑implant parameters using chloro‑aluminum phthalocyanine-(CAP) mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to non-surgical mechanical debridement (NSD) in cigarette smokers (CS) and never-smokers (NS) with peri‑implantitis.Thirty-two patients with peri‑implantitis [Group CS - 16 and Group NS - 16] were recruited for the trial. The study participants underwent two therapies: PDT + NSD and NSD alone. The clinical peri‑implant parameters assessed in this clinical trial were bleeding on probing (BP), crestal bone loss (CBL) peri‑implant pocket depth (PD), and peri‑implant plaque scores (PS), respectively. Peri-implant crevicular fluid was sampled and the quantification of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was performed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).BP was significantly reduced at 6 months after PDT+NSD in CS groups. Mean PD significantly reduced after both PDT+NSD and NSD subgroups within both NS and CS groups. Only at 6 months did PDT+NSD showed statistically significantly reduced IL-1β levels in the NS group. TNF-α levels significantly reduced in CS group with PDT+NSD and NSD alone at both 3 months and 6 months follow up.CAP-assisted PDT helped to improve the clinical and cytokine levels after non-surgical peri‑implant mechanical debridement in treating peri‑implantitis patients in smokers.

To assess the efficacy of disinfection of caries-effected dentin (CAD) using KTP laser and different decontamination methods using ozonated water (OW), Rose Bengal photosensitizer (RBP), chlorhexidine (CHX), and Er, YAG laser on the shear bond strength (SBS) of adhesive resin bonded to deciduous teeth.A total of 50 extracted and radiographically verified carious primary molars were collected and scrutinized according to ICDAS criteria. Specimens were allocated randomly into five groups (n = 10) as per the type of CAD disinfectants. KTP laser, OW, RBP, CHX (control), and Er, YAG laser. After cavity sanitization, a resin adhesive (prime and bond NT) was smeared on the dentinal exterior followed by incremental composite filling. SBS evaluation was performed by employing specimens in the universal testing machine. The debonded surface was assessed under 40x magnification in a stereomicroscope to ascertain fracture mode. Statistical analysis was done by using the ANOVA and the Post Hoc Tukey multiple comparison tests (p 0.05).The highest SBS was exhibited by group 2 i.e., when OW was employed for CAD disinfection (10.25 ± 0.24 MPa). Whereas, the lowest SBS bond value was unveiled by samples in group 3 when RBP was applied for dentin surface sanitization (7.85 ± 0.59 MPa).CAD disinfection with KTP laser (8.25 ± 0.41 MPa), CHX (8.19 ± 0.73 MPa), and RBP displayed comparable bond values (p 0.05).Ozonated water and Er, YAG laser could be employed as cavity disinfectants in primary teeth as they demonstrated better shear bond strength without jeopardizing the adhesive binding capacity of restorative resins bonded to caries-affected dentin.

Background and objective: To evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), and levels of osteoprotegrin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kap...

Introduction: Pakistan is considered an underdeveloped country. Health-related issues should be equally addressed as economic issues of the country. Knowledge about the burden of diseases is of essential importance which helps to priorities the strategic planning of health policy in the country. Aims and objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the burden of oral pathology cases reported to the Faciomaxillary OPD of Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Abbasi Shaheed hospital to analyze the Oral pathology cases. Through non-probability purposive sampling, all cases of oral pathologies reported in Faciomaxillary OPD of Abbasi Shaheed hospital in the last 5 years i.e. From July 2014 to June 2019 were included. The inclusion criteria were patients from both genders, aged between 6 months to 75 years, having complaints of oral pathological lesions. All other cases reported to the OPD, other than oral pathologies e.g., trauma, gunshot wound, etc. were excluded Results: Males account for many patients. A total of 2000 cases were recruited. Soft tissue pathologies were 1300 while 700 were hard tissue pathologies. The p-value for gender, age, and zones of Karachi was non-significant hence there was no relation between the variables with oral pathologies. Conclusion: The burden of oral pathology cases reported to the faciomaxillary OPD of Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, is quite high. More adequate and comprehensive planning and patient awareness should be executed to deal with ailments.

Aim To assess bond integrity and failure mode after enamel pretreated with conventional and contemporary conditioning methods were bonded to metallic brackets (MB). Material and methods Forty maxillary central incisors were selected and disinfected. All specimens were mounted up to the cement-o-enamel junction and divided into four experimental groups randomly based on the enamel conditioning technique. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was used to condition enamel in group 1, Total-etch and rinse (TER) was used to treat samples in group 2, Specimens in group 3 were conditioned with ECL, and samples in group 4 surface pretreated with SEP. Bonding of MB was performed on the surfaces of all the specimens with a Transbond XT. Specimens from all investigated groups were positioned on a universal testing machine maintaining buccal surfaces similar to the direction of the force. After bracket debonding bond failure was assessed using ARI. The bond integrity of all four groups was compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Post hoc Tukey test was used for pairwise comparison among different groups. Results Group 2, TER+MB (15.38±0.14 MPa) displayed the highest bond value whereas the lowest values of SBS were exhibited by group 1, PDT+MB (10.11±0.17 MPa). The inter-group comparison revealed that specimens of group 2 and group 3, ECL+MB (14.61±0.55 MPa) demonstrated comparable bond strength (p>0.05). Conclusion Enamel conditioned with TER and ECL demonstrated comparable SBS. However, bond integrity after PDT and SEP (self-etch primer) surface treatment of enamel bonded with MB significantly lowered bond values.

Aim To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and modes of lithium disilicate ceramics (LDC) photosensitized by Er,Cr:YSGG (ECL) and fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser bonded to metallic bracket compared to traditional conditioning methods. Material and method Fifty LDC discs were polished and randomly allocated into 5 groups (n = 10) each. Group 1 were photosensitized with ECL + Silane (S). Group 2 were irradiated using CO2 laser + S. In group 3 LDC discs were treated with aluminium trioxide (Al2O3) air abrasion (AA). Moreover, samples in group 4 and 5 were conditioned with Hydrofluoric acid (HFA)+ S (Control) and Self-Etch Glass Ceramic Primer (SEGCP). Following conditioning regimen fifty maxillary central incisor brackets were pasted on LDC using adhesive material. SBS testing was performed by mounting the specimens on a universal testing machine. After debonding, sheared surface was examined under stereomicroscope to classify failure mode using adhesive remnant index (ARI). Mean and standard deviation (SD) were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison test at a significance level of p = 0.05. Results Among the conditioning groups the highest SBS values were presented by HFA + S (21.08 ± 1.06). The lowest SBS values were displayed by AA Al2O3 (12.61 ± 0.45). SBS of samples conditioned with SEGCP showed significant difference amongst all experimental groups (16.76 ± 0.81). Conclusion LDC photosensitized with CO2 and ECL has a potential to be recommended in clinical settings alternate to HFA + S when bonded to metallic bracket.

Aim The aim of the present in-vitro study was to explore bleached enamel reversal with phototherapy (Er,Cr:YSGG) when using two dissimilar bonding system to bond brackets on microleakage and shear bond strength. Material and Methods Amongst one twenty samples, ninety samples were bleached using 35% hydrogen peroxide. After the bleaching procedure, the teeth were randomly divided into three groups according to surface conditioning treatment (n = 30 each). Group 1: treated with Er,Cr:YSGG (ECL) Group 2: 10% sodium ascorbate (SA) and Group 3: Bleached only (BO). Based on the type of adhesive, specimens were further classified into eight subgroups. In subgroup 1,2,3 and no treatment (NT) (n = 15) adhesive Transbond XT was applied on already etched surface and these subgroups were named as NT-TEP, BO-TEP, ECL-TEP and SA-TEP. Similarly, in subgroup 5,6,7 and NT specimens (n = 15) were conditioned with Transbond Plus self-etching primer and these subgroups were named as NT-SEP, BO-SEP, ECL-SEP and SA-SEP. Samples from each subgroup were exposed to increasing load for evaluation of shear bond strength. Microleakage among subgroups were tested by immersing samples in Methylene blue prior one day. Analysis of variance and Tukey multiple comparisons test was used to assess data. Results The maximum and minimum bond strength was observed in group NT-TEP [17.14(2.54)] and BO-SEP [6.14(0.215)] respectively. Samples conditioned with phototherapy ECL-TEP [16.14(1.231)] exhibited comparable bond strength to specimens conditioned with sodium ascorbate (SA-TEP) [16.72(1.298)]. Similarly, bond strength values of ECL-SEP [13.43(0.921)] and SA-SEP were comparable. The highest microleakage score was demonstrated in BO-SEP [83.21(38.21)] whereas, the lowest microleakage scores were displayed in NT-TEP [23.73(13.45)]. Conclusion Er,Cr:YSGG phototherapy reversal on bleached enamel with etch and rinse adhesives has a potential to be used in clinical settings alternate to conventional sodium ascorbate when bonding orthodontic brackets.

Objective: To find the levels of self-esteem, depression, anxiety and stress among prosthesis users. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted from June to November 2018 at Chal Foundation centres in Bagh and Swabi, Pakistan, and comprised prosthesis users of both genders aged 15-60 years. Rosenberg self-esteem scale and Depression anxiety and stress scale-21 were used to collect data which was analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Of the 400 subjects, 315(78.8%) were males and 85(21.2%) were females. The overall mean age was 38.03±11.86 years. Low level of self-esteem was found in 350(87.5%), depression in 374(93.4%), anxiety in 388(96.9%) and stress in 338(84.4%). Females showed significant association with stress (p=0.009). Conclusion: The level of self-esteem was low among majority of the participants and psychological well-being was found to be poor. Key Words: Amputation, Anxiety, Depression, Prosthesis users, Quality of life, Continuous...

The aim of the present clinical trial is to evaluate the clinical, bacterial, and immunological outcomes of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in adolescent patients with orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement (OTGE).A total of 26 adolescent patients, 16 girls and 10 boys, of mean age 16.8 years, undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment for at least 6 months (mean duration in months, 8.3 ± 1.9) and presenting with GE were included in the clinical trial. All patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with clinical diagnosis of OTGE were divided into two groups: Patients receiving full-mouth periodontal debridement (FMPD) 'Group-FMPD' and 'Group-PDT' included participants receiving methylene blue-assisted PDT in the selected area along with FMPD. Clinical periodontal assessments included the evaluation of plaque scores (PS), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and hyperplastic index (HI). The total bacterial counts of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Treponema denticola (T. denticola), and Tannerella forsythia (T. forsythia) were estimated and expressed as log CFU/mL of each bacteria. Cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.The mean percentage of PS and BOP statistically significantly reduced with both FMPD and PDT from baseline to 4 weeks (p0.05). Although mean PD significantly reduced in both the groups at all time points, there was significantly higher reduction with PDT as compared to FMPD at 2 weeks post treatment (p0.05). Inter-group comparison showed PDT demonstrated significantly higher HI at 2- and 4-weeks post treatment (p0.05). The mean log CFU/mL of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia showed statistically significantly higher reduction with PDT than FMPD (p0.05) at both 2-and 4-weeks follow-up. T. denticola reported significantly reduced levels at 2 weeks follow-up period only with PDT (p0.05). No statistically significant difference appeared when both treatment modalities were compared with one another (p0.05). Four weeks after periodontal treatment, IL-6 significantly reduced with PDT compared to FMPD (p0.05).PDT assisted in reducing bacterial counts and improving hyperplastic index in OTGE.

This study aimed to synthesize and characterize nanosilver particles (NSPs)-loaded Poly- l -glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) and to examine their mechanical properties as well as antibacterial and cytotoxicity activity. Additionally, this study investigated the association of NSPs-loaded PLGA NPs with tooth-bracket interface after mixing with commercially available orthodontic bracket adhesive for orthodontic bonding. PLGA NPs were formulated utilizing the emulsification solvent evaporation technique. NSPs-loaded PLGA NPs in orthodontic adhesive with two varying concentrations (2.5 wt.% and 5 wt.%) were characterized using the scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), degree of conversion (DC), antibacterial MTT assay, cytotoxicity, shear bond strength (SBS), and adhesive remnant index (ARI), were studies after bonding to the tooth structure. The formulated PLGA NPs were round to ovoid regular structures having an average size ranging between 50 nm and 80 nm. After loading NSPs inside PLGA NPs, the morphology of the PLGA NPs was altered significantly into irregular-shaped structures. Bracket specimens treated with 5 wt.% NSPs-loaded PLGA NPs-modified adhesive exhibited the minimum mean DC values (36.4 ± 8.2). A 5 wt.% NSPs-loaded PLGA NPs-modified adhesive samples exhibited more profound antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. The minimum mean SBS scores were shown by 5 wt.% NSPs-loaded PLGA NPs-modified adhesive specimens (8.6 ± 2.5 MPa). A statistically significant difference was noticed in the mean SBS and mean ARI scores among 5 wt.% and 2.5 wt.% NSPs-loaded PLGA NPs-modified adhesive samples (p

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the analgesic effect of a single application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on spontaneous pain and pain on chewing after placement of initial archwires. Methods Forty-two patients (26 women, 16 men) were randomly recruited for this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Each patient received super-elastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) initial archwires (0.012, 0.014, 0.016, and 0.018-inch [in]) in the maxilla for leveling and alignment for an interval of 4 weeks between archwires. One side of the mouth was randomly designated as experimental, while the other side served as placebo. After insertion of each archwire, the experimental side was irradiated with a diode laser for 3 seconds each on 5 points facially and palatally per tooth, from the central incisor to first molar. On the placebo side, the laser device was held the same way but without laser application. A numerical rating scale was used to assess the intensity of spontaneous and masticatory pain for the following 7 days. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare pain scores between sides. Results Patients in the LLLT group exhibited significantly lower mean scores for spontaneous pain after insertion of the initial two archwires (0.012-in and 0.014-in NiTi; p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for 0.016-in and 0.018-in wires between the LLLT and placebo groups. LLLT significantly reduced chewing pain scores (p < 0.05) for all archwires. Conclusions A single dose of LLLT considerably lessened postoperative pain accompanying the placement of super-elastic NiTi wires for initial alignment and leveling.

Purpose The aim of this laboratory study was to investigate the amount of bacterial destruction through riboflavin mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) around fixed orthodontic devices by using the two strains of bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis. Materials and methods A total of 80 metallic brackets were divided into four groups consisting of 20 brackets each. Group-I: riboflavin + LED irradiation; Group-II: riboflavin alone; Group-III: immersion in 0.2 % chlorhexidine gluconate solution and Group-IV: not submitted to any treatment. All metallic brackets were immersed in the standard bacterial solutions and incubated at 48 h. All samples were subjected to MTT assay for microbial cell viability testing after treatment. After 24 h of incubation, biofilms adhered on the mesh of metallic brackets after treatment were assessed by confocal laser microscopy. The total CFU/mL was estimated, and the results were log-transformed (log10) and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer test. P-value was set to Results The samples from group-IV showed the highest amount of relative biofilm viability compared to any other group while group-I (PDT) showed the least viability of the two bacterial strains studied (p 0.05). The biofilms on the samples from group-II and group-IV were largely viable indicating thick green staining across the mesh of the brackets. Among the group-III samples, there were predominantly dead cells as compared to the live cell staining. A considerable amount of red staining was observed with noticeable less green staining in group-I samples. Conclusion This laboratory investigation revealed that riboflavin mediated PDT significantly reduced the amounts of S. mutans and S. sanguinis around the orthodontic brackets.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on clinical gingival inflammatory parameters, bacterial load, proinflammatory cytokine status, and pain scores in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with gingivitis.Thirty adolescent undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with gingivitis were randomly divided into two groups: Group A - patients undergoing dental scaling (DS) with adjunctive photodynamic therapy (PDT) and Group BDS alone. Clinical gingival parameters including plaque scores, (PS), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) were assessed. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) were used to report the values of present pain intensity. Crevicular fluid was sampled to quantify the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The total bacterial counts for Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Tannerella forsythia (T. forsythia) were assessed. All examinations were performed at baseline, 1 week and 4 weeks.Both the treatment regimens reported statistically significant reduction in PS and BOP (p0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in PS and PD values when Group B was compared with Group A (p0.05). There was a statistically significant reduction noted for BOP in Group B when compared to Group A (p0.05). There was a statistically significant reduction in the microbial counts of T. forsythia in Group A when compared to Group B at week-1 (p0.05). During the 4-week follow-up, the counts for T. forsythia significantly increased. No significant changes could be seen in either of the pain scores in both the groups (p0.05). Both groups showed statistically significant reduction in the IL-6 and TNF-α levels. However, IL-6 was significantly reduced at 1 week, while TNF-a significantly reduced at 4 weeks of follow up among the participants in Group B.PDT has a positive effect in significantly reducing the periodontal microbial load in established gingivitis in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.

Purpose The aim of the present randomized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on halitosis in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods Forty-five adolescents with halitosis undergoing orthodontic treatment were equally randomized into three groups: Group – I: provision of treatment through PDT on dorsum of tongue; Group – II: provision of treatment with the help of tongue scrappers (TS); Group – III: provision of treatment with the help of TS and adjunctive PDT. Presence of halitosis confirmed on the basis of gas chromatography and estimation of oral malodour with a cysteine challenge and H2S values recorded ≥112 parts per billion (ppb). A portable device Oral Chroma™ was used for performing breath analysis. A total of 5 bacterial species including P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and T. denticola were studied as the proportion of sites defined as having ≥1.0 × 105 bacterial cells. Results The mean age of the participants in Group-I, II and III were 15.4 years, 13.8 years, and 14.2 years, respectively. The median values for Group-I, II and III at initial breath analysis were 874 ppb, 613 ppb and 1089 ppb, respectively. After treatment with the respective therapeutic modalities, a statistically significant difference was seen among groups after 2-weeks (p Table 3 ). After applying Kruskal-Wallis test, group-III showed the highest amount of reduction in H2S concentration (100 %) at final 2-weeks breath analysis compared to group-I and group-II (p = 0.0001). Descriptive statistics for all bacteria showed that group-III (TS + PDT) statistically significantly reduced the proportional distribution of all bacteria at 2-week follow-up (p Conclusion PDT along with tongue scrapping showed effective immediate reduction of H2S concentration and reduction of oral pathogens in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with short-term follow up. Long-term evaluation and complete eradication of halitosis needs to be explored in further clinical trials. In addition, the cost of PDT and its potential side effects should not be disregarded.

Objective: To evaluate the skeletal variations amongst individuals and to compare the measurements with the standardized linear and angular values of Bjork Jarabak’s analysis. Methods: This study was conducted at POS Department, King Khalid University on 100 adult Saudi patients recruited through convenience sampling. It was conducted between April to September 2017, had inclusion criteria of patients between the age group 17 to 22 years showing normal occlusion. After history and examinations, lateral cephalographs were taken, scanned and traced using Dolphin Imaging Software and Cephalometric points were recognized. Linear and angular dimensions were calculated according to Bjork-Jarabak’s method. Results: Analysis and assessment of Saudi male and female values revealed considerable variation in the anterior and posterior cranial base lengths (p

This cross-sectional study was done to evaluate linear and angular measurement of lip morphology in Saudi adults and their comparison with the norms. After taking their history and physical examination, the patients were referred for a lateral Cephalograph using Dolphin Imaging Software. Linear and angular measurements related to lip morphology were recorded. Significant differences were found in the lower lip to E line, upper and lower lip protrusion, upper and lower lip to S line and upper and lower lip thickness, nasolabial angle, Z angle, with Saudi males having more prominent, thicker lips than the Saudi females. Comparison with the norms revealed that both lips are prominent among Saudi males, while in females there is an increased prominence of the lower lip. Value of the lower lip to H line is increased in both genders, males have prominent and thicker upper lips compared to the females and the lower lip in both genders is more prominent compared to the norms.