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Research findings implicate free radicals particularly reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in the etiology of human degenerative diseases such as arthritis, inflammations, atherosclerosis, diabetics, central nervous system injury, ageing, cancer and others. The objective of this study was to conduct quantitative phytochemistry, in vitro anti-radical, and antioxidant activities of chloroform fruit extract of Ficus sycomorus L sourced from Kano, north-western Nigeria. Using standard procedures, the extract was measured for phytochemicals quantitatively. The extract was investigated for antioxidant activity using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, reducing power assay, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (phosphormolybdenum assay), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging assay. Results obtained indicate that alkaloids had the highest quantity, followed by phenols, tannins, and flavonoids. The result of in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity of the Ficus sycomorus chloroform fruit extract showed increase in antioxidant activity with an increase in concentration with SC50 value of 71.94µg/mL. However, the radical scavenging property of the extract was comparably many folds lower than the standard ascorbic acid (SC50 4.81μg/mL). Reducing power (IC50 51.99 µg/mL), TAC (IC50 44.94µg/mL), and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (IC50 117.6µg/mL) showed an increase in percentage inhibition and radical scavenging in dosedependent pattern. The fruit extract exhibited anti-radicals and antioxidant property due to the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids and other conjugated metabolites and it may be important in diseases involving oxidative stress such as age related cancers, stroke, inflammatory disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

The purpose of the paper is to determine the interrelationship between ur- ban planning and smart cities in the stages of construction and expansion and their applicability to Syrian cities after the war. According to a UN report, more than half of the worlds population live in urban areas. The report predicts that the world will see a surge in urbanization and that the citys population Will exceed six Billion by 2045. Cities based on integrated technological systems can respond to rapidly changing needs by providing pre-built facilities within the citys infrastructure environment in the areas of transportation, communications, information exchange, security, environmental quality and other vital needs, as well as a flexible planning structure. Smart cities are not limited to those that are established from the beginning by new technology, but also existent cities could turn into smart cities by introducing modern technology to its infrastructure and modifying its plans to ensure the intelligent expansion of its urban architecture in the future. Cities that are emerging from war situations and significantly damaged in their structure are a great opportunity to dynamically work on from the bottom up in urban planning and implementing smart city strategies as in the Syrian cities.

Background : Low-molecular components of colostrum (LMWCC) have a pronounced biological activity. We investigated the effect of different doses of LMWCC (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 5 g/100 g of body weight) on the behavior, dynamics of growth, acute and chronic toxicity, as well as the relative weight of the liver, spleen and kidneys of the experimental animals. Methods : We used 100 3-month male rats in the experiment. All animals were divided into 5 groups of 20 animals in each group, LMWCC was administered per os , and the control group received sterile water. Results : LMWCC revealed no pirogenic effect in a wide diapason of doses (0,01-5 g/100 g of animal mass). Immediately after the LMWCC administration the short-time decrease in the motion activity was observed. The low doses of LMWCC induced diarrhea in 10-20 % of of animals, the super-large dose – in 75% of animals. The acute toxicity of LMWCC (death of 15 % of animals) was detected only in super-large dose of LMWCC and it was accompanied by pronounced diarrhea. LMWCC influenced the mass of liver, spleen and kidney. 60 days after LMWCC administration the mass of liver was restored to control weight, but the mass of spleen and kidney was not restored. Conclusion : LMWCCdo not have chronic toxicity and can be attributed to non-toxic compounds with a possible side effect - a violation of the digestive system.

We investigate the low-temperature transport in 8 nm diameter Si junctionless nanowire field-eff\ud ect transistors fabricated by top down techniques with a wrap-around gate and two different\ud phosphorus doping concentrations. First we extract the intrinsic gate capacitance of the device\ud geometry from a device that demonstrates Coulomb blockade at 12 mK with over 500 Coulomb\ud peaks across a gate-voltage range of 6 V indicating the formation of an island in the entire 150\ud nm-long nanowire channel. In two other devices, made from silicon on insulator wafers that were\ud doped to an activated dopant concentration of Si:P 4 x 1019 cm-3 and 2 x 1020 cm-3, we observe\ud quantum interference and use the extracted gate coupling to determine the mean-free paths from\ud the dominant energy scale on the gate-voltage axis. For the higher doped device the analysis yields\ud a mean-free-path of 4 +- 2 nm, which is on the order of the average spacing of phosphorous atoms\ud and suggests scattering on unactivated or activated dopants. For the device with an implanted\ud phosphorous density of 4 x 1019 cm-3 the quantum interference effects suggest a mean-free-path of\ud 10 +- 2 nm, which is comparable to the nanowire width, and thus allows for coherent formation of\ud transversal modes. The results suggest that the low-temperature mobility is limited by scattering\ud on phosphorus dopants rather than the expected surface roughness scattering for nanowires with\ud diameters larger or comparable to the Fermi wavelength. A temperature dependent analysis of\ud Universal Conductance Fluctuations indicates a phase-coherence length greater than the nanowire\ud length for temperatures below 1.9 K and decoherence from 1D electron-electron interactions dominates\ud transport for higher temperatures. Our measurements therefore provide insight into scattering\ud and dephasing mechanisms in technologically relevant silicon device geometries, which will help with\ud future design choices with regards to e.g. doping density.

The author analyzes demographic trends among the Muslim populations of the USSR. The analysis is presented separately by republic. Consideration is given to both historical and current trends and to problems concerning available sources of data. The author reviews probable future developments in the Muslim population up to the year 2000. (ANNOTATION)