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Abstract Background The phrase obesity paradox after stroke appears to be a recent phenomenon and was first coined in the early 2000s; thereafter, there has been a growing controversy about the phenomenon, with many studies in favor and a few others against it. Notably, obesity a major risk factor for stroke is now regarded as global pandemic. The purpose of this study was to carry out a systematic review on the impact of body weight on functional recovery, mortality, and survival among stroke survivors. Methods We searched PubMed and Google scholar from January 2011 to 2022. Studies were recruited if they reported the impact of body weight on functional recovery, mortality, and survival among stroke survivors. Results A total of 284,699 subjects (30-studies) were included, and 2 were RCTs and a nested case–control study. Seventeen (n = 197,833, two on intravenous thrombolysis-IVT), and two studies (n = 2565) on body weight and outcome among stroke patients receiving insulin were in support of the obesity paradox. Nine studies (n = 79,451, four on IVT) were against the obesity paradox. For body weight and outcome of ischemic stroke patients treated with IVT, a total of six studies (n = 2940) four against and two in support of the obesity paradox. In addition, two studies (n = 4124) reported on WHR, WC, and BMI on mortality and outcome. Conclusions Overall, the odds were in favor of the obesity paradox among stroke patients with their first-time stroke with no report on second-time stroke. The underweight patients showed the worst unfavorable outcome and mortality. Insulin resistance is a major factor underpinning the presence of a paradox among stroke patients with diabetes receiving treatment with insulin therapy. We recommend that the nutritional status of stroke patients be taken into consideration during management. More studies especially on RCT should be conducted to determine the impact of body weight other that BMI on mortality and functional recovery among stroke survivor of African descent.

Translation of messages from one language to another has been a daunting task to translators. There has been observed problems in communicating messages through translation especially from English to Hausa on the broadcast media in Sokoto, Nigeria where the electronic media (radio and television) mostly use the two languages to transmit messages to diverse audiences. Such audiences rely heavily on the translated news messages to respond to certain issues contained in the messages. The aim of this paper is to study some English-Hausa news translations on the Rima Radio Sokoto medium. The objectives are to: determine whether or not there is communication miscarriage in news translation in the radio medium, examine the nature of the translation in the medium, and determine how translation errors if any, can be addressed. Qualitative research method was employed via identification, description and interpretation of ten (10) extracts of news translation from English into Hausa, which form the data for the study. Among the findings of the study were that: there were numerous errors in the translation as identified in the data analysed and that, the errors identified were those of misrepresentation of forms, poor vocabulary and use of direct translation method where it was inappropriate. From the findings, it was recommended that the errors of communication miscarriage can be addressed through training and retraining of translators. It can therefore, be concluded that application of various theoretical concepts to the study of translation appears relevant in assessing translation as well as in carrying out better translation of messages to avoid communication miscarriage.

Introduction. Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can result in severe outcomes for both the pregnant woman and the developing fetus. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Zika virus infection among pregnant women who sought healthcare services at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital. Materials and methods. Serum samples were collected and analyzed using Enzyme Linked Immunoassay and RT-qPCR methods, while a structured questionnaire was used to gather relevant information about the participants. Results. The results showed that 53 out of the 180 pregnant women tested positive for Anti-Zika IgM antibodies, which represents a 29.4% prevalence rate. Subsequent RT-qPCR analysis found that only 6 out of the 53 positive samples contained Zika virus RNA. Fever and headache were the most commonly reported symptoms related to the infection. Conclusion. These findings indicate a potential outbreak of Zika fever in Northern Nigeria emphasizing the importance for pregnant women to take precautions to avoid getting infected.

Based on the available materials and literature, Islām got to America as far back as 1530 when the early African Muslim slaves were taken to the land of America. Elijah Muhammad was one of the Muslim who works and struggled hard on how Islam would be spread and progress in America. Later on, the Muslim Emigrants from various parts of the World also entered America around 19th Century. Hence, it's increasing the population and strengthening the growth of the religion of Islām in the area. The West particularly America known for her secularism, capitalism and extreme individualism with a political ideology not based on the recognition of the creator talk less of monotheism. From all indication, Islām continues to grow from strength to strength despite all odds in its way. Its therefore in the light of the above, the methodology adopted for this paper was historic and descriptive method in order to describe the nature of Islām in America and its practices among the black America and the emigrants during the early days of Islām. The paper concluded that Elijah Muhammad was a great revivalist, preacher and scholars in the spread of Islam in America. Islām equally penetrated in one way and the other into the nook and cranny of America through the peaceful preaching among the Muslim slaves and the people of America.

A large scale of nitrogen and oxygen production has been through a cryogenic air separation process. This process takes place in a distillation column at excessive energy consumption. The heat-integrated air separation column (HIASC) can save energy when utilizing minimum pressure while ensuring adequate heat distribution along the portion of the column. However, accurate prediction of thermodynamic and fluid properties requirement is critical for process optimization and potential energy saving. The nonequilibrium stage model is employed to gain insight into the thermodynamic properties. While examining the influence of these properties, essential process operating variables are optimized to save energy. The research result shows that more than 17% of energy is preservable in the HIASC.

Introduction: The lips just like any other part of the body could be affected ny myriads of diseases including infection and neoplasm. Surgical management of lip cancer is often challenging in both reconstructive options and outcomes. Aims: This study aimed to assess the pattern of presentation and management of lip cancer in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of cases of lip cancer managed at the Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, northern Nigeria, over 9 years. Data collected included patients' demographics, lip involved, treatment given, and the treatment outcomes data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25. Results: Of the 47 cases in the study, 31 (66.0%) were male and 16 (34.0%) were female and the majority of them were aged over 50 years. The range was 43–76 years with a mean of ± standard deviation of 55.06 ± 8.9. There were no statistically significant differences in either age or gender. The lower lip was involved in 41 (87.2%), whereas the upper lip was involved in 6 (12.8%) cases. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) constituted the majority at 42 (89.4%), which were mostly well differentiated. Of the 6 cases of the lower lip, 4 cases were basal cell carcinoma, 1 case was SCC, and the remaining 1 case was sebaceous carcinoma. A total of 38 (80.9%) patients were surgically treated, and the remaining 9 (19.1%), were referred to the oncology department. Of the various options available in the literature for lip reconstruction after tumor excision, nasolabial flap 17 (44.7%) was the most frequently used in our cases, and the outcome of all the surgeries was found satisfactory. Conclusion: Lip cancer is a relatively common cancer in the orofacial region, and the majority is SCC. All the cases of basal cell carcinoma occur in the upper lip. Several options are available for the reconstruction of the lip defect after resection, with the nasolabial flap being a versatile option.

The experiment was conducted in the animal production field, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, for the period from 14/6/2022 to 14/8/2022 inside a semi-exposed building with three treatments. Each treatment included three replicates, and each replicate included (6) fish in a closed bio-aquatic system, by weight 13.75±1.09, a filtration tank representing the mechanical and biological filter in an intensive aquatic system with a capacity of 100 liters each, two aquatic plants were grown Water thyme (Hydrilla Verticillata), Torpedo grass (Panicum Repens), except for the control treatment, which was similar to all treatments except for the presence of aquatic plants. The water was treated in a mechanical filter unit through sponge layer, then directing the water to the biological treatment by means of crushed gravel, in addition to the aquatic plants to filter the dissolved organic pollutants. The results showed a significant effect of aquatic plants at (p ≤0.05) on pH, Cloredait (Cl) nitrate (NO3,) nitrite (NO2), and ammonia. Water properties reflect to the biological system of organisms. There was a significant improvement in gain weight (G.W), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion efficiency (FCR) for treatments T2 and T3 compared with control treatment. While, the result of the correlation or interactions between water characteristics with growth parameters for Common carp fish showed significant effects at (P ≤0.05) and (P ≤0.01) level.

Exploiting waste materials to make cost-effective adsorbents and waste management methods are gaining more attention. In the current study, rubber wastes derived from dipping tank coagulum (DTC) in the glove manufacturing industry were converted into a novel polymeric-adsorbent via a simple sulfonation reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid and was used for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions commonly found in contaminated waters. FT-IR, EDX, FESEM, and BET techniques were used to characterize the rubber waste before and after modification. The highest MB removal efficiency of 99.03% was achieved in the condition of initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and temperature were 15 mg/L, 30 mg, pH 7, 300 min, and 25 °C, respectively. The adsorption of MB was analyzed using experimental data fitted in a monolayer isotherms model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 119 mg/g. The kinetic model was revealed to agree with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, SRW retained 90.45% of the removal percentage after four cycles of the repeated adsorption-desorption process. Conclusively, these findings suggest that rubber waste could be a suitable low-cost adsorbent to remove organic dyes from polluted water.

Entrepreneurial intention (EI) is one of the major contributing factors to the formation, growth and development of entrepreneurship. It promotes self reliance and brings about initiatives. Entrepreneurship on the other hand, has been considered as an engine of growth for economic growth and development of developed and emerging economies. Academic discussions and policy initiatives are increasing nowadays on the vital role of entrepreneurial development in a society. This has been buttressed by the recent loss of jobs due to 2008-2009 financial crisis as well as increasing unemployment across the globe. In Nigeria, the official rate of unemployment is around 24 percent while 46.5 percent of the youth population are unemployed. The unemployed rate among graduates has increased from 25.6 percent in 2003 to 42.7 percent in 2011. This unwelcome development requires a concerted effort at academic and governmental levels. The objective of this paper is to examine the entrepreneurial intention among University students in Nigeria. This will help to identify entrepreneurial intention which determines behaviour as well as the need to gauge entrepreneurial awareness among the respondents. The paper uses a modified version of Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) as the main framework of examining entrepreneurial intention. A sample size of 205 was drawn from Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU). Data was analysed using structural equation modeling. The findings show that, entrepreneurial attitude, subjective norm and power of behavioural control are all significant predictors of EI. In addition, other indirect relationships were also found to be significant. Overall the result shows the model fits the the data well.

Bacterial spores are metabolically inactive and highly resistant to harsh environmental conditions in nature and during decontamination processes in food and related industries. However, inducing germination using specific germinants in dormant spores can convert them into vegetative cells which are metabolically active and fragile. The potential utility of a "germinate to eradicate" strategy, also known as germination-inactivation, has been validated in foods. Meanwhile, the strategy has sparked much interest in triggering and maximizing spore germination. Although many details of the spore germination process have been identified over the past decades, there remain many uncertainties, including some signal transduction mechanisms involved in germination. In addition, the successful implementation of the germination-inactivation strategy relies on the sensitive detection of germinative biomarkers within minutes of germination initiation and the optimal timing for the subsequent inactivation step. Meanwhile, the emergence of biomarkers has renewed attention to the practical application of the spore germination process. Here, this review presents the current knowledge of the germination mechanisms of Bacillus spore, influencing factors, and germination biomarkers. It also covers a detailed discussion on the development of germination-inactivation as a spore eradication strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feeding trials were conducted to determine the effects of selected fruit wastes on hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and Malaysian mahseer (Tor tambroides). Seven experimental diets were formulated and produced using fruit wastes from pineapple skin (PS), pineapple crown (PC), jackfruit skin (JS), jackfruit pulp (JP), grated coconut (GC), mixed fruit wastes (JP + GC), and the control (CN). Triplicate groups of juvenile red tilapia (4.22 ± 0.05 g) and mahseer (2.31 ± 0.05 g) were fed twice daily to satiation for 60 days per trial. All fish fed with fruit-waste diets showed significantly (p

This study evaluated the influence of drum speed, moisture content, and feed rate on the performance indices of groundnut sheller using Ex-Dakar groundnut variety. Response surface methodology was used to study the influence of input variables and optimize the processing conditions. The developed second-order polynomial model adequately described the performance responses, including output capacity, shelling and cleaning efficiencies, and kernel damage. The input variables indicated significant influences on performance responses. The optimized processing variables for the responses were drum speed of 210 rpm, moisture content of 8%, and feed rate of 350 kg∙h−1. The optimum responses obtained were output capacity of 302.52 kg∙h−1, shelling efficiency of 97.61%, cleaning efficiency of 53.16%, and kernel damage of 4.04%. These performance responses were validated experimentally and were close to the observed results.

A drug is any substance capable of altering the functioning of a person's body and mind. In this paper, a deterministic nonlinear model was adapted to investigate the behavior of drug abuse and addiction that incorporates intervention in the form of awareness and rehabilitation. In the mathematical analysis part, the positivity and boundedness of the solution and the existence of drug equilibria have been ascertained, which shows that the model consists of two equilibria: a drug-free equilibrium and a drug endemic equilibrium point. The drug-free equilibrium was found to be both globally and locally asymptotically stable if the effective reproduction number is less than or equal to one ( R c ≤ 1). Furthermore, we were able to show the existence of a unique drug endemic equilibrium whenever R c > 1. Global asymptotic stability of a drug endemic equilibrium point has been ascertained using a nonlinear Lyapunov function of Go–Volterra type, which reveals that the drug endemic equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable if an effective reproduction number is greater than unity and if there is an absence of a reversion rate of mended individuals (i.e., ω = 0). In addition, an optimal control problem was formulated to investigate the optimal strategy for curtailing the spread of the behavior using control variables. The control variables are massive awareness and rehabilitation intervention of both public and secret addicted individuals. The optimal control simulation shows that massive awareness control is the best to control drug addiction in a society. In sensitivity analysis section, the proportion of those who are exposed publicly shows to be a must sensitive parameter that can reduce the reproduction number, and the effective contact rate shows to be a must sensitive parameter to increase the reproduction number. Numerical simulations reveal that the awareness rate of exposed publicly and the rehabilitation rate of addicted publicly are very important parameters to control drug addiction in a society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As trypanocide, several side effects have been reported in the use of Isometamidium chloride. This study was therefore, designed to evaluate its ability to induce oxidative stress and DNA damage using D. melanogaster as a model organism. The LC50 of the drug was determined by exposing the flies (1–3 days old of both genders) to six different concentrations (1 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg per 10 g of diet) of the drug for a period of seven days. The effect of the drug on survival (28 days), climbing behavior, redox status, oxidative DNA lesion, expression of p53 and PARP1 (Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerase-1) genes after five days exposure of flies to 4.49 mg, 8.97 mg, 17.94 mg and 35.88 mg per 10 g diet was evaluated. The interaction of the drug in silico with p53 and PARP1 proteins was also evaluated. The result showed the LC50 of isometamidium chloride to be 35.88 mg per 10 g diet for seven days. Twenty-eight (28) days of exposure to isometamidium chloride showed a decreased percentage survival in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Isometamidium chloride significantly (p < 0.05) reduced climbing ability, total thiol level, Glutathione-S-transferase, and Catalase activity. The level of H2O2 was significantly (p < 0.05) increased. The result also showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the relative mRNA levels of p53 and PARP1 genes. The in silico molecular docking of isometamidium with p53 and PARP1 proteins showed high binding energy of −9.4 Kcal/mol and −9.2 Kcal/mol respectively. The results suggest that isometamidium chloride could be cytotoxic and a potential inhibitor of p53 and PARP1 proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]