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Objective: As more than 50% of newly diagnosed endometrial cancers remain classified as 'no specific molecular subtype' (NSMP) due to a lack of established biomarkers to further improve molecular subtyping, this study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of ARID1A in endometrial cancers of NSMP subtype., Methods: Prospectively collected molecular profiling data of all consecutive patients with endometrial cancer who underwent primary surgery at our department between August 2017 and June 2022 and for whom both molecular profiling and clinical follow-up data were available were retrospectively evaluated. Tumor specimens were evaluated by combined mismatch repair protein immunohistochemistry and targeted next-generation hotspot sequencing. ARID1A mutational status, as defined by full-length gene sequencing, was matched with risk of recurrence, progression-free and disease-specific survival within the NSMP cohort., Results: A total of 127 patients with endometrial cancer were included. Among 72 patients with tumors of NSMP subtype (56.7%), ARID1A mutations were identified in 24 cases (33.3%). ARID1A mutations were significantly associated with a higher risk of recurrence (37.5% vs 12.5%, OR 4.20, 95% CI 1.28 to 13.80, p=0.018) and impaired progression-free survival (HR 3.96, 95% CI 1.41 to 11.15, p=0.009), but not with disease-specific survival. The results for both risk of recurrence (OR 3.70, 95% CI 1.04 to 13.13, p=0.043) and progression-free survival (HR 3.19, 95% CI 1.10 to 9.25, p=0.033) were confirmed in multivariable analysis compared with advanced tumor stage International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (2009) (FIGO ≥III) and impaired Eastern Clinical Oncology Group performance status (ECOG ≥1)., Conclusion: ARID1A appears to identify patients with endometrial cancer of NSMP subtypes with a higher risk of recurrence and could be used as a future prognostic biomarker. After clinical validation, ARID1A assessment could help to further sub-classify selected endometrial cancers and improve personalized treatment strategies., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© IGCS and ESGO 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: The prognosis of patients with advanced stage mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer remains poor due to a modest response to platinum-based chemotherapy and the absence of therapeutic alternatives. As targeted approaches may help to overcome these limitations, the present study evaluates biomarkers indicative of potential immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy response., Methods: All patients who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery from January 2001 to December 2020 and for whom formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples were available were included (n=35; 12 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage ≥IIb). To define sub-groups potentially suitable for checkpoint inhibition, expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (CD3+, CD8+, CD20+, CD45+, CD68+, FoxP3+), and AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A) immunostaining were evaluated in whole tissue sections and compared with clinicopathologic parameters and next-generation sequencing results, where available (n=11). Survival analyses were performed to assess whether identified sub-groups were associated with specific clinical outcomes., Results: In total, 34.3% (n=12/35) of tumors were PD-L1 positive. PD-L1 expression was associated with infiltrative histotype (p=0.027) and correlated with higher CD8+ (r=0.577, p<0.001) and CD45+ (r=0.424, p=0.011), but reduced ARID1A expression (r=-4.39, p=0.008). CD8+ expression was associated with longer progression-free survival (hazard ratio (HR) 0.85 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.99), p=0.047) and disease-specific survival (HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.73 to 1.00), p=0.044) in the sub-group with FIGO stage ≥IIb. Three (8.6%) samples demonstrated high PD-L1 expression at a combined positive score of >10, which was associated with increased CD8+ expression (p=0.010) and loss of ARID1A expression (p=0.034). Next-generation sequencing, which was available for all samples with a combined positive score of >10, showed KRAS mutations, BRCA wild-type status, and mismatch repair proficiency in all cases, but did not reveal genetic alterations potentially associated with a pro-immunogenic tumor environment., Conclusions: A sub-group of mucinous ovarian cancers appear to demonstrate a pro-immunogenic tumor environment with high PD-L1 expression, decreased ARID1A expression, and characteristic tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte infiltration patterns. Further clinical validation of anti-PD-L1/PD-1 targeting in selected mucinous ovarian cancers appears promising., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© IGCS and ESGO 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Aims: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare malignancy with a dismal prognosis. While the epithelioid type is associated with a more favourable outcome, additional factors are needed to further stratify prognosis and to identify patients who can benefit from multimodal treatment. As epithelioid MPM shows remarkable morphological variability, the prognostic role of the five defined morphologies, the impact of the nuclear grading system and the mitosis-necrosis score were investigated in this study., Methods and Results: Tumour specimens of 192 patients with epithelioid MPM from five European centres were histologically subtyped. Nuclear grading and mitosis-necrosis score were determined and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and overall survival (OS). Digital slides of 55 independent cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were evaluated for external validation. Histological subtypes were collapsed into three groups based on their overlapping survival curves. The tubulopapillary/microcystic group had a significantly longer OS than the solid/trabecular group (732 days versus 397 days, P = 0.0013). Pleomorphic tumours had the shortest OS (173 days). The solid/trabecular variants showed a significant association with high nuclear grade and mitosis-necrosis score. The mitosis-necrosis score was a robust and independent prognostic factor in our patient cohort. The prognostic significance of all three parameters was externally validated in the TCGA cohort. Patients with tubulopapillary or microcystic tumours showed a greater improvement in OS after receiving multimodal therapy than those with solid or trabecular tumours., Conclusions: Histological subtypes of epithelioid MPM have a prognostic impact, and might help to select patients for intensive multimodal treatment approaches., (© 2020 The Authors. Histopathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The Hermes receptor CD44 is a multifunctional adhesion molecule that plays an essential role in the homing and invasion of neoplastic stem cells in various myeloid malignancies. Although mast cells (MCs) reportedly express CD44, little is known about the regulation and function of this receptor in neoplastic cells in systemic mastocytosis (SM). We found that clonal CD34 + /CD38 - stem cells, CD34 + /CD38 + progenitor cells, and CD117 ++ /CD34 - MCs invariably express CD44 in patients with indolent SM (ISM), SM with an associated hematologic neoplasm, aggressive SM, and MC leukemia (MCL). In addition, all human MCL-like cell lines examined (HMC-1, ROSA, and MCPV-1) displayed cytoplasmic and cell-surface CD44. We also found that expression of CD44 in neoplastic MCs depends on RAS-MEK and STAT5 signaling and increases with the aggressiveness of SM. Correspondingly, higher levels of soluble CD44 were measured in the sera of patients with advanced SM compared with ISM or cutaneous mastocytosis and were found to correlate with overall and progression-free survival. To investigate the functional role of CD44, a xenotransplantation model was employed using severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, HMC-1.2 cells, and a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against CD44. In this model, the shRNA-mediated knockdown of CD44 resulted in reduced MC expansion and tumor formation and prolonged survival in SCID mice compared with HMC-1.2 cells transduced with control shRNA. Together, our data show that CD44 is a RAS-MEK/STAT5-driven MC invasion receptor that correlates with the aggressiveness of SM. Whether CD44 can serve as therapeutic target in advanced SM remains to be determined in forthcoming studies., (© 2018 by The American Society of Hematology.)

Inhibition of Janus-kinase 1/2 (JAK1/2) is a mainstay to treat myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Sporadic observations reported the co-incidence of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas during treatment of MPN with JAK1/2 inhibitors. We assessed 626 patients with MPN, including 69 with myelofibrosis receiving JAK1/2 inhibitors for lymphoma development. B-cell lymphomas evolved in 4 (5.8%) of 69 patients receiving JAK1/2 inhibition compared with 2 (0.36%) of 557 with conventional treatment (16-fold increased risk). A similar 15-fold increase was observed in an independent cohort of 929 patients with MPN. Considering primary myelofibrosis only (N = 216), 3 lymphomas were observed in 31 inhibitor-treated patients (9.7%) vs 1 (0.54%) of 185 control patients. Lymphomas were of aggressive B-cell type, extranodal, or leukemic with high MYC expression in the absence of JAK2 V617F or other MPN-associated mutations. Median time from initiation of inhibitor therapy to lymphoma diagnosis was 25 months. Clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements were already detected in the bone marrow during myelofibrosis in 16.3% of patients. Lymphomas occurring during JAK1/2 inhibitor treatment were preceded by a preexisting B-cell clone in all 3 patients tested. Sequencing verified clonal identity in 2 patients. The effects of JAK1/2 inhibition were mirrored in Stat1 -/- mice: 16 of 24 mice developed a spontaneous myeloid hyperplasia with the concomitant presence of aberrant B cells. Transplantations of bone marrow from diseased mice unmasked the outgrowth of a malignant B-cell clone evolving into aggressive B-cell leukemia-lymphoma. We conclude that JAK/STAT1 pathway inhibition in myelofibrosis is associated with an elevated frequency of aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Detection of a preexisting B-cell clone may identify individuals at risk., (© 2018 by The American Society of Hematology.)

Relatively little is known about the long-term outcome of patients with Helicobacter pylori (HP)-negative gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) with antibiotic therapy as sole management. We have analyzed all patients with HP-negative gastric MALT lymphoma undergoing antibiotic therapy as sole management of their disease. HP negativity was defined as negative histology, breath test and serology, and response to treatment, survival and long-term outcome was assessed together with clinico-pathological characteristics including t(11; 18) (q21; q21) translocation. Out of 97 patients with gastric MALT lymphoma, 24 were HP-negative, and 13 (5 females and 8 males) underwent only antibiotic management for initial therapy. Eight had stage I and five were found to have stage II disease, with three patients suffering from an underlying autoimmune disease. Antibiotic therapy consisted of standard HP eradication regimens consisting of clarithromycin in all patients, along with metronidazole in seven and amoxicillin in six plus a proton-pump inhibitor. After a median follow-up of 95 months (42-, 181+), 12/13 patients are alive. Six patients with stage I disease achieved an objective response (five complete (CR) and one partial remission, 46 %), four had stable disease (lasting 11-27 months), and three progressed. All patients with stable disease received chemotherapy, but only one patient due to clear cut progression. One patient relapsed 23 months after initial CR, and achieved a second CR with antibiotics now lasting 87 months. These results indicate that a relevant percentage of patients with HP-negative gastric MALT lymphoma may benefit from antibiotic therapy and do not require additional oncological therapies. Our data suggest that the remissions seen in these patients might be durable as evidenced by prolonged follow-up in our series.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic neoplasm characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome and the related BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein. Acceleration of CML is usually accompanied by basophilia. Several proangiogenic molecules have been implicated in disease acceleration, including the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). However, little is known so far about the cellular distribution and function of HGF in CML. We here report that HGF is expressed abundantly in purified CML basophils and in the basophil-committed CML line KU812, whereas all other cell types examined expressed only trace amounts of HGF or no HGF. Interleukin 3, a major regulator of human basophils, was found to promote HGF expression in CML basophils. By contrast, BCR-ABL1 failed to induce HGF synthesis in CML cells, and imatinib failed to inhibit expression of HGF in these cells. Recombinant HGF as well as basophil-derived HGF induced endothelial cell migration in a scratch wound assay, and these effects of HGF were reverted by an anti-HGF antibody as well as by pharmacologic c-Met inhibitors. In addition, anti-HGF and c-Met inhibitors were found to suppress the spontaneous growth of KU812 cells, suggesting autocrine growth regulation. Together, HGF is a BCR-ABL1-independent angiogenic and autocrine growth regulator in CML. Basophils are a unique source of HGF in these patients and may play a more active role in disease-associated angiogenesis and disease progression than has so far been assumed. Our data also suggest that HGF and c-Met are potential therapeutic targets in CML.

Background: Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been implicated in oncogenesis of various tumors and primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Dicer, a ribonuclease III-like enzyme is essential for miRNA processing., Objective: We initiated a retrospective study to characterize the alterations in the expression profile of Dicer in patients with primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL)., Methods: A total of 50 consecutive patients with primary CTCL were studied, with the majority having mycosis fungoides (n=34). Five patients had primary cutaneous CD 30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma, four patients each had lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous CD4-positive small/medium T-cell lymphoma, one primary cutaneous γδ T cell lymphoma, one Sézary syndrome and another subcutaneous panniculitis-like T cell lymphoma of αβ-phenotype. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin sections using a commercially available antibody against Dicer. Intensity of expression was correlated with clinical parameters including disease specific survival (DSS) and time to progression (TTP)., Results: After a median follow-up of 74 months (range: 1-271), 12/50 patients (24%) have died. Univariate and multivariate analysis for disease-specific survival showed Dicer expression and stage as a negative predictive factor in the sole group of MF patients (n=34) as well as in the heterogeneous group of patients (n=50), but not gender, histological subtype, primary localization of disease, age and recurrence of lymphoma (p>0.05)., Conclusion: Our data suggest Dicer expression as a possible molecular marker in patients with MF and apparently indicate that miRNA(s) might be of clinical relevance in CTCL., (Copyright © 2011 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Radioimmunotherapy using (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan has predominantly been used in patients with follicular lymphoma, but little is known about its activity in patients with extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). A total of six patients progressing/relapsing following conventional therapy for MALT lymphoma were treated with (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan at our institution. Two patients had gastric MALT lymphoma, one suffered from orbital MALT lymphoma, and two had cutaneous MALT lymphoma, while one patient had a widely disseminated lymphoma involving the stomach, lungs, lymph nodes, and salivary glands. All patients were at least in third relapse following various forms of therapy including Helicobacter pylori-eradication, radiation, chemotherapy, and application of rituximab. Following two doses of rituximab at 250 mg/m(2) at an interval of 1 week, (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan was given immediately at a dose of 0.4 mCi/kg body weight. Treatment was well tolerated apart from one episode of pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Four patients developed a complete remission (ongoing now for 4, 16, 23, and 24 months), one patient had a partial response lasting for 5 months, and one patient had stable disease for 13 months. After a follow-up of 9-29 months, all patients are alive. Application of (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan is active and safe in heavily pretreated patients with MALT lymphoma.

Introduction: A recent series from Italy has suggested a pathogenic link between hepatitis C virus and MALT lymphoma of the ocular adnexa. The hypothesis of our study was to prove this concept in Austrian patients with MALT lymphoma of the ocular adnexa., Materials and Methods: A total of 45 patients presenting with MALT lymphoma of the ocular adnexa were assessed for the presence of infection with hepatitis A, B and C. Furthermore, extensive staging to evaluate the extent of disease along with analysis of Helicobacter pylori-infection, the presence or absence of autoimmune diseases (AD) and assessment of MALT-lymphoma specific genetic changes was performed., Results: Only 2/45 (4%) patients were tested positive for hepatitis C, while 10/45 (22%) had an underlying AD and 15/39 (38%) had HP infection. Chromosomal aberrations were detected in 19 (54%) of 35 patients analyzed. Disseminated disease was a significant risk factor for relapse (p=0.014)., Discussion: Our series suggests that infection with hepatitis C is not a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma in the Austrian population, while a substantial proportion of these patients suffer from autoimmune conditions.